Charting the evolution of approaches employed by the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunizations (GAVI) to address inequities in access to immunization: A systematic qualitative review of GAVI policies, strategies and resource allocation mechanisms through an equity lens (1999-2014)

BMC Public Health

Volumn 15, Issue 1, 2015, Pages

  Gandhi, Gian ^a  

^a UNITED NATIONS   (United States)

Author keywords

Equity of access to immunization; Equity of access to vaccines; Gavi the vaccine alliance; GAVI alliance; GAVI budget caps; GAVI eligibility; GAVI policies.; Gender inequality in immunization; Global alliance for vaccines and immunization; Immunization coverage disparities; Immunization resource allocation mechanisms

Indexed keywords

VACCINE;

COOPERATION; ECONOMICS; FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT; HEALTH CARE DISPARITY; HEALTH CARE PLANNING; HEALTH DISPARITY; HEALTH EQUITY; HUMAN; IMMUNIZATION; INCOME; INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION; POLICY; PREVENTIVE HEALTH SERVICE; RESOURCE ALLOCATION; SOCIOECONOMICS; VACCINATION;

COOPERATIVE BEHAVIOR; FINANCIAL SUPPORT; HEALTH EQUITY; HEALTH RESOURCES; HEALTH STATUS DISPARITIES; HEALTHCARE DISPARITIES; HUMANS; IMMUNIZATION; IMMUNIZATION PROGRAMS; INCOME; INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION; POLICY; RESOURCE ALLOCATION; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS; VACCINATION; VACCINES;

EID: 84960391780     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14712458     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-2521-8     Document Type: Article

References (244)

1. GAVI Secretariat. GAVI Board Meeting Final Minutes, 21-22 November 2013, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Geneva: GAVI Alliance; 2013.
2. Newman R, de Chaisemartin A, van Nieuwenhuizen A. GAVI Alliance strategy 2016-2020, (Document 09 from the GAVI Board Meeting, 18-19 June 2014). Geneva: GAVI Alliance; 2014.
3. GAVI Secretariat. GAVI Alliance Board, 18-19 June 2014, Geneva, Switzerland, Final Minutes. Geneva: GAVI Alliance; 2014.
4. UN System Task Team on the Post-2015 UN Development Agenda. Realizing the Future We Want for All - Report to the Secretary-General. New York: United Nations; 2012.
5. UN System Task Team on the Post-2015 UN Development Agenda. A renewed global partnership for development. New York: United Nations; 2013.
6. United Nations Task Team on the Post-2015 UN Development Agenda. Addressing inequalities: The heart of the post-2015 agenda and the future we want for all. New York: United Nations; 2012.
7. The Lancet, "Editorial: Health and the post-2015 development agenda," The Lancet, vol. 381, no. 9868, p. 699, 2 March 2013.
8. Presern C. Placing populations' health at the heart of the post-2015 agenda. Bull World Health Organ. 2013;91(7):467-467A.
9. Berkley S, Chan M, Dybul M, Hansen K, Lake A, Osotimehin B, et al. A healthy perspective: the post-2015 development agenda. Lancet. 2013;381(9872):1076-7.
10. Fehling M, Nelson B, Venkatapuram S. Limitations of the Millennium Development Goals: a literature review. Global Public Health: An International Journal for Research, Policy and Practice. 2013;8(10):1109-22.
11. Vandemoortele J. If not the millennium development goals, then what? Third World Q. 2011;32(1):9-25.
12. Gwatkin D. How much would poor people gain from faster progress towards the millennium development goals for health? Lancet. 2005;365:813-7.
13. Waage J, Banerji R, Campbell O, Chirwa E, Collender G, Dieltiens V, et al. The millennium development goals: A cross-sectoral analysis and principles for goal setting after 2015. Lancet. 2010;376:991-1023.
14. Reidpath D, Morel C, Mecaskey J, Allotey P. The millennium development goals fail poor children: The case for equity-adjusted measures. PLoS Med. 2009;6:4.
15. Carrera C, Azrack A, Begkoyian G, Pfaffmann J, Ribaira E, O'Connell T, et al. The comparative cost-effectiveness of an equity-focused approach to child survival, health, and nutrition: a modelling approach. Lancet. 2012;380(9850):1341-51.
16. Amouzou A, Kozuki N, Gwatkin DR. Where is the Gap?: The contribution of disparities within developing countries to global inequalities in under-five mortality. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:216.
17. Chee G, Molldrem V, Hsi N, Chankova S. Evaluation of the GAVI Phase 1 Performance (2000-2005). Bethesda: Abt Associates Inc.; 2008.
18. Cambridge Economic Policy Associates (CEPA LLP) in association with Applied Strategies. Second GAVI Evaluation. London: CEPA LLP; 2010.
19. Chee G, Fields R, Hsi N, Whitney S. Evaluation of GAVI Immunization Services Support Funding. Bethesda: Abt Associates Inc. in conjunction with the Academy for Educational Development (AED); 2004.
20. Chee G, Hsi N, Carlson K, Chankova S, Taylor P. Evaluation of the First Five Years of GAVI Immunization Services Support Funding. Bethesda: Abt Associates Inc.; 2007.
21. Chee G, Zheng X, Nakhimovsky S. Evaluation of GAVI-Government of China Hepatitis B Vaccination Program. Bethesda, MD: Abt Associates; 2012.
22. HLSP. GAVI Health Systems Strengthening Support Evaluation (Volume 2: Full Evaluation Report). London: HLSP; 2009.
23. ICF International. Evaluation of GAVI Gender Policy - Final Report. Geneva: ICF Macro Inc; 2013.
24. Cambridge Economic Policy Associates (CEPA). Evaluation of GAVI Support to CSOs - Evaluation Report. Geneva: GAVI Secretariat; 2012.
25. Levin A, Pyle D, Dia O, Rock M, Callahan R. Evaluation of GAVI's Injection Safety Support. Arlington: JSI R&T; 2008.
26. Hansen P, Bchir A, Stormont L. GAVI Alliance Evaluation Workplan 2015, (Document 4 from the Evaluation Advisory Committee (EAC) Meeting, 26-27 March 2014). Geneva: GAVI Alliance; 2014.
27. Gouglas D, Henderson K, Plahte J, Årdal C, Røttingen J-A. Evaluation of the GAVI Alliance Co-financing Policy. Draft Report commissioned by the GAVI Alliance. Oslo: Norwegian Institute of Public Health; 2014.
28. Hansen P, Bchir A, Stormont L. GAVI Alliance Full Country Evaluations, (Document 6 from the EAC Meeting, 26-27 March 2014). Geneva: GAVI Alliance; 2014.
29. Oliver A, Mossialos E. Equity of access to health care: outlining the foundations for action. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2004;58:655-8.
30. Culyer AJ. Equity - some theory and its policy implications. J Med Ethics. 2001;27:275-83.
31. Macinko J, Starfield B. Annotated Bibliography on Equity in Health, 1980-2001. Int J Equity Health. 2002;1:1.
32. Culyer AJ. The Dictionary of Health Economics. 2nd ed. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing Inc.; 2010. p. 180-1.
33. Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, Gotzsche PC, Ioannidis JP, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: explanation and elaboration. BMJ. 2009;339:b2700.
34. Booth A. Cochrane or cock-eyed? How should we conduct systematic reviews of qualitative research? Coventry University: Paper presented at the Qualitative Evidence-based Practice Conference, Taking a Critical Stance; 2001.
35. Shaw R, Booth A, Sutton A, Miller T, Smith J, Young B, et al. Finding qualitative research: an evaluation of search strategies. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2004;4:5.
36. Hannes K. Chapter 4: Critical appraisal of qualitative research. In: Noyes J, Booth A, Hannes K, Harden A, Harris J, Lewin S, Lockwood C (editors), Supplementary Guidance for Inclusion of Qualitative Research in Cochrane Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Version 1 (updated August 2011). Cochrane Collaboration Qualitative Methods Group, 2011. Available from URL http://cqrmg.cochrane.org/supplemental-handbook-guidance.
37. Norris N. Error, Bias and Validity in Qualitative Research. Educational Action Research. 1997;5(1):172-6.
38. Elo S, Kriinen M, Kanste O, Plkki T , Utriainen K, Kyngs H. Qualitative Content Analysis: A Focus on Trustworthiness. SAGE Open. 2014;4(1).
39. Affolder R, Zaffran M, Lob-Levyt J. Global Immunization Challenge: Progress and Opportunities. Maternal and Child Health. US: Springer; 2009. p. 417-33.
40. Muraskin W. The last years of the CVI and the birth of the GAVI. In: Publice-Private Partnerships for Public Health. Cambridge: Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies; 2002. p. 115-68.
41. Cambridge Economic Policy Associates (CEPA). Discussion Paper: The Story of GAVI's Evolution (Board paper from GAVI Alliance and Fund Joint Board meeting, May 11-12, 2007). Geneva: GAVI Secretariat; 2007.
42. Batson A. The Problem And Promise Of Vaccine Markets In Developing Countries. Health Aff. 2005;24(3):690-3.
43. Hausdorff W. Prospects for the use of new vaccines in developing countries: cost is not the only impediment. Vaccine. 1996;14(13):1179-86.
44. The Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization Partnering With The Vaccine Fund. Progress Report. Geneva: GAVI & The Vaccine Fund; 2002.
45. Batson A. Sustainable introduction of affordable new vaccines: the targeting strategy. Vaccine. 1998;16:S93-8.
46. Sandberg K, Andresen S, Bjune G. A new approach to global health institutions? A case study of new vaccine introduction and the formation of the GAVI Alliance. Soc Sci Med. 2010;71:1349-56.
47. Hardon A, Blume S. Shifts in global immunization goals (1984-2004): Unfinished agendas and mixed results. Soc Sci Med. 2005;60:345-56.
48. GAVI Secretariat. Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization, Meeting of the Proto-Board, Seattle, USA, 12-13 July 1999, Final Report. Geneva: GAVI Secretariat; 1999.
49. GAVI Secretariat. Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization, Second Board Meeting & Launch Event, Davos, Switzerland, 31 January 2000: Executive Summary & Annexes. Geneva: GAVI Secretariat (GAVI/00.01); 2000.
50. GAVI Secretariat. GAVI Alliance Progress Report 2005. Geneva: GAVI Secretariat; 2006.
51. GAVI Secretariat. Options for Promoting Synergy Between GAVI and Sustainable Measles Mortality Reduction. (Paper #7 presented to the 12th GAVI Board Meeting, 09-10 December 2003). Geneva: GAVI Secretariat; 2003.
52. GAVI Secretariat. 12th GAVI Board Meeting, Geneva, Switzerland, 9-10 December 2003, Final Summary Report. Geneva: GAVI Secretariat; 2003.
53. GAVI Secretariat. Polio Eradication Strategic Plan 2004-2008: 'Finishing the Job and Protecting our Investment'. (Paper #6 presented to the 12th GAVI Board Meeting, 09-10 December 2003). Geneva: GAVI Secretariat; 2003.
54. Nossal GJ. Gates, GAVI, the glorious global funds and more: all you ever wanted to know. Immunol Cell Biol. 2003;81(1):20-2.
55. Martin J-F, Marshall J. New tendencies and strategies in international immunisation: GAVI and The Vaccine Fund. Vaccine. 2003;21:587-92.
56. Hardon, A. Immunisation for all. HAI Europe. 6(1); 2001.
57. GAVI Secretariat. 18th GAVI Alliance Board Meeting, 20 June 2006, Washington, D.C., USA, Final Minutes. Geneva: GAVI Secretariat; 2006.
58. GAVI Secretariat. GAVI Alliance Strategy (2007-10). Geneva: GAVI Secretariat; 2006.
59. GAVI Secretariat. 16th GAVI Board Meeting, 19-20 July 2005, Paris, France, Final Minutes. Geneva: GAVI Secretariat; 2005.
60. GAVI Secretariat. General principles for use of GAVI/VF resources in phase 2, (Board paper for the 16th GAVI Board Meeting, 19-20 July 2005). Geneva: GAVI Secretariat; 2005.
61. GAVI Secretariat. GAVI Alliance Strategy 2011-2015 (Board paper from the GAVI Board Meeting, 16-17 June 2010). Geneva: GAVI Alliance; 2010.
62. GAVI Secretariat. GAVI Alliance Business Plan 2011-2015 (Board paper from the GAVI Board Meeting, 30 November - 1 December 2010). Geneva: GAVI Alliance; 2010.
63. GAVI Secretariat. GAVI Alliance Board Meeting, 30 November - 1 December 2010, Kigali, Rwanda, Final Minutes. Geneva: GAVI Alliance; 2010.
64. de Chaisemartin A, Greene B, Goldstein C, Hugo C, Schwalbe N, Dutson T, et al. 2013-2014 Business plan and budget (Board paper for the GAVI Alliance Board Meeting, 4-5 December 2012). Geneva: GAVI Alliance; 2012.
65. Bärnighausen T, Berkley S, Bhutta ZA, Bishai DM, Black MM, Bloom DE, et al. Reassessing the value of vaccines. The Lancet Global Health. 2014;2(5):e251-2.
66. Vandersmissen W. WHO expectation and industry goals. Vaccine. 2001;19(13-14):1611-5.
67. Jimenez J. Vaccines - a wonderful tool for equity in health. Vaccine. 2001;19:17-9. pp. 2201-2205, 21 March 2001.
68. Children's Vaccine Initiative. An agenda to expedite global prevention of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease. Geneva: World Bank/Rockefeller Foundation/World Health Organization/United Nations Children's Fund/United Nations Development Programme; 1998.
69. Mahoney R, Maynard JE. The introduction of new vaccines into developing countries. Vaccine. 1999;17:7-8. p. 646-652.
70. GAVI Secretariat. The Evidence Base - Investing in immunisation through the GAVI Alliance,March 2010. [Online]. Available: http://www.gavi.org/Library/Publications/The-evidence-base/Investing-in-immunisation-through-the-GAVI-Alliance - -The-Evidence-Base/. [Accessed 29 November 2015].
71. Lob-Levyt J. Contribution of the GAVI Alliance to improving health and reducing poverty. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2011;366(1579):2743-7.
72. Kane MA, Brooks A. New immunization initiatives and progress toward the global control of hepatitis B. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2002;15(5):465-9.
73. Pearson M, Clarke J, Ward L, Grace C, Harris DCM. Evaluation of the International Finance Facility for Immunisation (IFFIm). London: HLSP; 2011.
74. GAVI Secretariat. GAVI investment in rotavirus and pneumococcal vaccines. (Document A.1 from GAVI Alliance Board Meeting, 28-29 November 2006). Geneva: GAVI Secretariat; 2006.
75. Measles Partnership. Measles Investment Case II (Paper#5 from 16th GAVI Board Meeting, 19-20 July 2005). Geneva: GAVI Secretariat; 2005.
76. WHO, UNICEF. Investment Case for Maternal and Neonatal Tetanus Elimination (Paper#6 from 16th GAVI Board Meeting, 19-20 July 2005). Geneva: GAVI Secretariat; 2005.
77. WHO, UNICEF. Investment Case for the Polio Stockpile (Paper#7 from 16th GAVI Board Meeting, 19-20 July 2005). Geneva: GAVI Secretariat; 2005.
78. Rheingans R, Atherly D, Anderson J. Distributional impact of rotavirus vaccination in 25 GAVI countries: estimating disparities in benefits and cost-effectiveness. Vaccine. 2012;30(1):A15-23.
79. Hinman AR. Immunization, equity, and human rights. American Journal Of Preventive Medicine. 2004;26(1):84-8.
80. GAVI Secretariat. GAVI Alliance Progress Report 2007. Geneva: GAVI Secretariat; 2008.
81. Lewis RF, Kisakye A, Gessner BD, Duku C, Odipio JB, Iriso R, et al. Action for child survival: elimination of Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis in Uganda. Bull World Health Organ. 2008;86:292-301.
82. Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, et al. Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380(9859):2095-128.
83. Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet. 2015;385(9963):117-71.
84. Vandelaer J, Zaffran M, Malvolti S, Salinas D, Brooks A, Cornejo S. Country Programmes Strategic Issues. (Document 10 from the GAVI Board Meeting, 10-11 December 2014). Geneva: GAVI Alliance; 2014.
85. GAVI Secretariat. Vaccine Investment Strategy Independent Review Committee Report, May 28th to 30th, 2008. Geneva: GAVI Alliance; 2008.
86. GAVI Secretariat. GAVI Alliance Board Meeting, 25-26 June 2008, Geneva, Switzerland, Final Minutes. Geneva: GAVI Alliance; 2008.
87. GAVI Secretariat. GAVI's Vaccine Investment Strategy, (Document AF.3 from the GAVI Alliance and Fund Board meeting - 25-26 June 2008). Geneva: GAVI Alliance; 2008.
88. GAVI Secretariat. Meningitis Investment Case. (Document AF.10 from the GAVI Alliance Board meeting, 29-30 Oct 2008). Geneva: GAVI Secretariat; 2008.
89. GAVI Secretariat. GAVI's Vaccine Investment Strategy, (Document AF.6 from the GAVI Alliance Board Meeting, 29-30 October 2008). Geneva: GAVI Alliance; 2008.
90. GAVI Secretariat. GAVI Alliance Board Meeting, 29-30 October 2008, Geneva, Switzerland, Final Minutes. Geneva: GAVI Alliance; 2008.
91. Kallenberg J, Nguyen A. Vaccine Investment Strategy (Document 08 from the GAVI Board Meeting, 21-22 November 2013). Geneva: GAVI Alliance; 2013.
92. GAVI Secretariat. GAVI Alliance Board Meeting, 21-22 November 2013, Phnom Penh, Cambodia, Final Minutes. Geneva: GAVI Alliance; 2013.
93. Kim SY, Sweet S, Chang J, Goldie SJ. Comparative evaluation of the potential impact of rotavirus versus HPV vaccination in GAVI-eligible countries: a preliminary analysis focused on the relative disease burden. BMC Infect Dis. 2011;11:174.
94. Markowitz LE, Tsu V, Deeks SL, Cubie H, Wang SA, Vicari AS, et al. Human papillomavirus vaccine introduction - the first five years. Vaccine. 2012;30(5):F139-48.
95. Brooks A, Nguyen A, Malvolti S. Polio and routine immunisation (Document 13 from the GAVI Board Meeting, 21-22 November 2013). Geneva: GAVI Alliance; 2013.
96. GAVI Secretariat. Vaccine Investment Implementation Plans. (Document #6 from GAVI Programme and Policy Committee (PPC) Meeting, 1-2 October 2009). Geneva: GAVI Secretariat; 2009.
97. GAVI Independent Review Committee (IRC). Report for the GAVI Board: November 7th - 22nd 2013. Geneva: GAVI Secretariat; 2013. Available at: http://www.gavi.org/Library/GAVI-documents/IRC-reports/Final-report-for-IRC-Nov-2013/. [Accessed 01 May 2015].
98. Berkley S. Report of the Chief Executive Officer (Document 03 from the GAVI Board Meeting, 21-22 November 2013). Geneva: GAVI Alliance; 2013.
99. Malvolti S, Kelly P, Islam M. Country Programmes update (Document 11 from the GAVI Board Meeting, 21-22 November 2013). Geneva: GAVI Alliance; 2013.
100. GAVI Independent Review Committee (IRC). Report for the GAVI Board: 19 March, 2014. Geneva: GAVI Secretariat; 2014. Available at: http://www.gavi.org/Library/GAVI-documents/IRC-reports/Final-report-for-IRC-Feb-March-2014/. [Accessed 01 May 2015].
101. GAVI Independent Review Committee (IRC). IRC Report on IPV New Proposals for the GAVI Board: 18 May 2014. Geneva: GAVI Secretariat; 2014. Available at: http://www.gavi.org/Library/GAVI-documents/IRC-reports/Final-report-for-IPV-IRC-April-2014/. [Accessed 01 May 2015].
102. GAVI Independent Review Committee (IRC). IRC Report on New Proposals for the GAVI Board: June to July 2014. Geneva: GAVI Secretariat; 2014. Available at: http://www.gavi.org/Library/GAVI-documents/IRC-reports/Final-Report-for-IRC-July-2014/. [Accessed 01 May 2015].
103. GAVI Independent Review Committee (IRC). IRC Report on New Proposals for the GAVI Board: November 2014. Geneva: GAVI Secretariat; 2014. Available at: http://www.gavi.org/Library/GAVI-documents/IRC-reports/Final-Report-for-IRC-Nov-2014/. [Accessed 01 May 2015].
104. GAVI Secertariat. Guidelines for Applications for New and Underused Vaccines Support 2007. Geneva: GAVI Secertariat; 2007.
105. GAVI Secertariat. Guidelines for Applications for NVS and HSS in 2014. Geneva: GAVI Secertariat; 2014.
106. GAVI Secertariat. General Guidelines for Expressions of Interest And Applications for all Types of Gavi Support in 2015. Geneva: GAVI Secertariat; 2014.
107. GAVI Secretariat. Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization, Third Board Meeting, Oslo, Norway, 13-14 June 2000: Executive Summary & Annexes. Geneva: GAVI Secretariat (GAVI/00.03); 2000.
108. GAVI Secretariat. Recommended Supply Strategy for Hib and HepB Containing Vaccines. (Document AF.7 from GAVI Fund Board Meeting, 6-7 December 2005). Geneva: GAVI Secretariat; 2005.
109. GAVI Secretariat. Global Vaccine Supply: the Changing Role of Suppliers (Paper#8 from 16th GAVI Board Meeting, 19-20 July 2005). Geneva: GAVI Secretariat; 2005.
110. Moon S, Jambert E, Childs M, von Schoen-Angerer T. A 'win-win solution?': A critical analysis of tiered pricing to improve access to medicines in developing countries. Glob Health. 2011;7:39.
111. Balasegaram M. Is tiered pricing the way for vaccines? Comment. Lancet. 2014;384(9946):852.
112. Berkley S. Improving access to vaccines through tiered pricing. Lancet. 2014;383(9936):2265-7.
113. Nguyen A, Furrer E. Vaccine supply and procurement strategy for the period 2011-2015 (Document 12 from the GAVI Board Meeting, 16-17 November 2011). Geneva: GAVI Alliance; 2011.
114. Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI), the Global Fund for Children's Vaccines (The Fund). Guidelines on Country Proposals for Support to Immunization Services and New and Under-used Vaccines. Geneva: GAVI Secretariat; 2000.
115. GAVI Secretariat. Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization, First Board Meeting, New York, USA, 28 October 1999: Executive Summary & Annexes. Geneva: GAVI Secretariat (GAVI/99.02); 1999.
116. The World Bank, World Bank Data: GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US $)" 2013. [Online]. Available: http://api.worldbank.org/datafiles/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD-Indicator-MetaData-en-EXCEL.xls. [Accessed 14 August 2013].
117. GAVI Secretariat. GAVI Alliance Country Handbook. Geneva: GAVI Secretariat; 2008.
118. WHO/UNICEF. WHO and UNICEF estimates of national immunization coverage (WUENIC). (2013). [Online]. Available: http://www.data.unicef.org/data.unicef.org-wuenic-2013rev-coverage-update17OCT2014-10707d6.xlsx?file=data.unicef.org-wuenic-2013rev-coverage-update17OCT2014-107.xlsx&type=topics. [Accessed 29 November 2015]
119. WHO-AFRO. Evaluation of The Progress on Yellow Fever Control in Africa, and the use of GAVI/VF Support (Paper#18 from 16th GAVI Board Meeting, 19-20 July 2005). Geneva: GAVI Secretariat; 2005.
120. GAVI Secretariat. Country eligibility in Phase 2 (Board paper from 14th GAVI Board Meeting, 4-5 December 2004). Geneva: GAVI Secretariat; 2004.
121. GAVI Secretariat. 14th GAVI Board Meeting, 4-5 December 2004, Abuja, Nigeria, Final Minutes. Geneva: GAVI Secretariat; 2004.
122. McKinney S. GNI Data: GAVI Eligibility and Review Options (Paper for the GAVI Working Group Meeting, 16-17 May 2006). Washington DC: USAID (Unpublished); 2006.
123. GAVI Secretariat. Country support policies in phase 2 (Board paper from 17th GAVI Board Meeting, 6-7 December 2005). Geneva: GAVI Alliance; 2005.
124. Shearer JC, Stack ML, Richmond MR, Bear AP, Hajjeh RA, Bishai DM. Accelerating policy decisions to adopt haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine: a global, multivariable analysis. PLoS Med. 2010;7:3.
125. Levine OS, Bloom DE, Cherian T, de Quadros C, Sow S, Wecker J, et al. The future of immunisation policy, implementation, and financing. Lancet. 2011;378(9789):439-48.
126. WHO. Meeting of the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on immunization, November 2012 - Conclusions and recommendations. The Weekly Epidemiological Record (WER), World Health Organization. 2013;1(88):1-16. [Online]. Available: http://www.who.int/wer/2013/wer8801.pdf?ua=1. [Accessed 13 October 2014].
127. GAVI Secretariat. GAVI Alliance Eligibility Policy (Board paper from GAVI Alliance Board Meeting, 17-18 November 2009). Geneva: GAVI Alliance; 2009.
128. Shebaya S, Sutherland A, Levine O, Faden R. Alternatives to national average income data as eligibility criteria for international subsidies: a social justice perspective. Dev World Bioeth. 2010;10(3):141-9.
129. Schneider E, Topal C, Hutchinson B, Sakchalathorn N. Perspectives from Industry: Tiered Pricing and Vaccine Access. Seattle, WA: The National Bureau of Asian Research; 2012.
130. International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers & Associations (IFPMA). Vaccine Industry Commitment to Global Access, Innovation and Sustainability - The Role of Tiered Pricing for Vaccines across Countries. Geneva: IFPMA; 2013.
131. GAVI Secertariat. Guidelines for Applications for New and Underused Vaccines Support 2013. Geneva: GAVI Secertariat; 2013.
132. GAVI Secretariat. Guidance note on GAVI's approach to HSS and the application process for 2013. Geneva: GAVI Secretariat; 2013.
133. GAVI Secretariat, GAVI's mission," GAVI Alliance, 2015. [Online]. Available: http://www.gavi.org/about/mission/. [Accessed 29 November 2015].
134. GAVI Secretariat. GAVI Programme and Policy Committee (PPC) Meeting, 4 June 2009, Geneva, Switzerland, Final Minutes. Geneva: GAVI Secretariat; 2009.
135. GAVI Secretariat. GAVI Alliance Board Meeting, 17-18 November 2009, Hanoi, Viet Nam, Final Minutes. Geneva: GAVI Secretariat; 2009.
136. GAVI Secretariat. GAVI Alliance Country Eligibility Policy (version 1), 18 November 2009. [Online]. Available: http://www.gavialliance.org/library/gavi-documents/policies/gavi-alliance-country-eligibility-policy/. [Accessed 04 January 2014].
137. GAVI Secretariat. GAVI Alliance Board Meeting, 16-17 June 2010, Geneva, Switzerland, Final Minutes. Geneva: GAVI Alliance; 2010.
138. GAVI Secretariat. GAVI Alliance Board Meeting, 7-8 July 2011, Geneva, Switzerland, Final Minutes. Geneva: GAVI Alliance; 2011.
139. Nguyen A, Furrer E. Review of Eligibility Threshold (Board paper to the GAVI Alliance Board, 16-17 November 2011). Geneva: GAVI Alliance; 2011.
140. GAVI Secretariat. GAVI Alliance Board Retreat, 16-17 April 2012, Oslo, Norway, Note of Discussions for Day One. Geneva: GAVI Alliance; 2012.
141. GAVI Secretariat. GAVI Alliance Board Meeting, 12-13 June 2012, Washington DC, USA, Final Minutes. Geneva: GAVI Alliance; 2012.
142. GAVI Secretariat. GAVI Alliance Board Retreat, 21-22 March 2013, Barcelona, Spain, Note of Discussions. Geneva: GAVI Alliance; 2013.
143. Glassman A, Duran D, Sumner A. Global Health and the New Bottom Billion: What do Shifts in Global Poverty and Disease Burden Mean for Donor Agencies? Global Policy. 2013;4(1):1-14.
144. GAVI Secretariat. Annex 3 - GAVI Alliance Strategy 2011-2015 (Board paper from GAVI Alliance Board meeting, 30 November - 1 December 2010). Geneva: GAVI Alliance; 2010.
145. GAVI Secretariat. Country Eligibility Policy Revision (Paper to the Programme & Policy Committee meeting, October 2009). Geneva: GAVI Alliance; 2009.
146. GAVI Secretariat. Fifth GAVI Alliance Board Meeting, 21-22 June 2001, London, United Kingdom, Final Minutes. Geneva: GAVI Secretariat; 2001.
147. Starling M, Brugha R, Walt G. New products into old systems: The global alliance for vaccines and immunizations (GAVI) from a country perspective. Save the children London. 2002. Available at: http://www.eldis.org/vfile/upload/1/document/0708/DOC11488.pdf. [Accessed 19 October 2013]
148. Liang X, Cui F, Hadler S, Wang X, Luo H, Chen Y, et al. Origins, design and implementation of the China GAVI project. Vaccine. 2013;31(9):J8-J14.
149. Cui F, Liang X, Gong X, Chen Y, Wang F, Zheng H, et al. Preventing hepatitis B though universal vaccination: reduction of inequalities through the GAVI China project. Vaccine. 2013;31(9):J29-35.
150. Kane M, Hadler S, Lee L, Shapiro C, Cui F, Wang X, et al. The inception, achievements, and implications of the China GAVI Alliance Project on Hepatitis B Immunization. Vaccine. 2013;31(9):15-20.
151. Government of India. Proposal Submitted to the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI) and the Vaccine Fund. Geneva: GAVI Secretariat; 2002.
152. Balaji KA. GAVI and the Vaccine Fund - a boon for immunization in the developing world. India J Public Health. 2005;48(2):45-8.
153. GAVI Secretariat. Annex 1: GAVI Strategic Framework 2004-05, (Paper #1 presented to the 11th GAVI Board Meeting, 15-16 July 2003). Geneva: GAVI Secretariat; 2003.
154. GAVI Secretariat. Eleventh GAVI Board Meeting, Washington DC USA, 15-16 July 2003, Final Summary Report. Geneva: GAVI Secretariat; 2003.
155. GAVI Secretariat. GAVI Workplan, 2004-2005, (Paper #13 - Annex 1 presented to the 12th GAVI Board Meeting, 09-10 December 2003). Geneva: GAVI Secretariat; 2003.
156. GAVI Secretariat. Interim Technical Report on the GAVI Work Plan 2004-05 (Board paper from 14th GAVI Board Meeting, 4-5 December 2004). Geneva: GAVI Secretariat; 2004.
157. GAVI Secretariat. Joint GAVI Alliance Work Plan 2006-07 (Board paper from the 17th GAVI Board Meeting, 6-7 December 2005). Geneva: GAVI Secretariat; 2005.
158. GAVI Secretariat. GAVI support to large countries in phase 2, (Paper #16 from 16th GAVI Board Meeting, 19-20 July 2005). Geneva: GAVI Secretariat; 2005.
159. GAVI Secretariat. Revision and alignment of country support policies in Phase 2. (Document A8 from 17th GAVI Board Meeting, 6-7 December 2005). Geneva: GAVI Secretariat; 2005.
160. GAVI Secretariat. 17th GAVI Board Meeting and Joint Alliance Fund Board Meeting Report, 6-7 December 2005, New Delhi, India. Geneva: GAVI Alliance; 2005.
161. GAVI Secretariat. GAVI support for India (Board paper from Joint GAVI Alliance & Fund Board meeting, 28-29 Nov 2007). Geneva: GAVI Alliance; 2007.
162. GAVI Secretariat. GAVI Alliance and Fund Board Meeting, 28-29 Nov 2007, Cape Town, South Africa, Final Minutes. Geneva: GAVI Alliance; 2007.
163. Government of India. Proposal for the introduction of Hepatitis-B vaccine in the Universal Immunization Programme in better performing states. Geneva: GAVI Alliance; 2005.
164. Government of India. Proposal for New Vaccine Support (Hib vaccine support). Geneva: GAVI Alliance; 2008.
165. GAVI Secretariat, "Donors commit vaccine funding to achieve historic milestone" Press Release. Available at: http://www.gavi.org/library/news/press-releases/2011/donors-commit-vaccine-funding-to-achieve-historic-milestone-in-global-health/#sthash.ReBp6dup.dpuf. [Accessed 01 November 2015].
166. GAVI Secretariat. GAVI Board Teleconference, 31 March 2000, Final Minutes. Geneva: GAVI Secretariat; 2000.
167. Brugha R, Starling M, Walt G. GAVI, the first steps: lessons for the Global Fund. Lancet. 2002;359:435-8.
168. Heaton A, Keith R. A Long Way to Go: A critique of GAVI's initial impact.2002. Save the Children UK. [Online]. Available: http://www.savethechildren.org.uk/sites/default/files/docs/A-long-way-to-go-1.pdf. [Accessed 1 September 2014].
169. Lu C, Michaud CM, Gakidou E, Khan K, Murray CJ. Effect of the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunisation on diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis vaccine coverage: an independent assessment. Lancet. 2006;368(9541):1088-95.
170. Lim SS, Stein DB, Charrow A, Murray CJ. Tracking progress towards universal childhood immunisation and the impact of global initiatives: a systematic analysis of three-dose diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis immunisation coverage. Lancet. 2008;372(9655):2031-46.
171. McKinsey and Company. Achieving Our Immunization Goal: Final Report. Washington, DC: McKinsey and Company; 2003.
172. The Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (Norad) on behalf of the GAVI Secretariat. Addressing Health Systems Barriers to Immunization: Outcome of Consultation With Countries. Geneva: GAVI Alliance; 2003.
173. Norad on behalf of the GAVI Secretariat. Alleviating System-Wide Barriers to Immunization: issues and conclusions from the Second GAVI Consultation with Country Representatives and Global Partners, Oslo, Norway. Geneva: GAVI Alliance; 2004.
174. GAVI Secretariat. Independent Review Committee Report on the health systems support investment case. (Document A6 from the 17th GAVI Board Meeting, 6-7 December 2005). Geneva: GAVI Secretariat; 2005.
175. GAVI Secretariat. Proposal for GAVI to Invest in Health Systems Strengthening (HSS) Support (Document A6a from the 17th GAVI Board Meeting, 6-7 December 2005). Geneva: GAVI Alliance; 2005.
176. Goeman L, Galichet B, Porignon DG, Hill PS, Hammami N, Essengue Elouma M-S, et al. The response to flexibility: country intervention choices in the first four rounds of the GAVI Health Systems Strengthening applications. Health Policy & Planning. 2010;25(4):292-9.
177. GAVI Secretariat. Guidelines for GAVI Alliance Health System Strengthening (HSS) Applications. Geneva: GAVI Alliance; 2006.
178. Grundy J, Moodie R. An approach to health system strengthening in the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea (North Korea). Int J Health Plann Manage. 2009;24(2):113-29.
179. GAVI Secretariat. Revised Guidelines for: GAVI Alliance Health System Strengthening (HSS) Applications. Geneva: GAVI Alliance; 2007.
180. Tin N, Lwin S, Kyaing N, Htay T, Grundy J, Skold M, et al. An approach to health system strengthening in the Union of Myanmar. Health Policy. 2010;95(2-3):95-102.
181. GAVI Secretariat. Enhancing civil society participation in the GAVI Alliance. (Document A.2 from GAVI Alliance Board Meeting, 28-29 November 2006). Geneva: GAVI Secretariat; 2006.
182. GAVI Secretariat. 19th GAVI Alliance Board Meeting, 29 November 2006, Berlin, Germany, Final Minutes. Geneva: GAVI Alliance; 2006.
183. GAVI Secretariat. Guidelines for GAVI Alliance CSO Support: Support to Strengthen the Involvement of Civil Society Organisations in Immunisation and Related Health Services. Geneva: GAVI Alliance; 2007.
184. GAVI Secretariat. Information Note: Gender-Related Barriers to Vaccination Services. Available at: http://www.gavi.org/Library/Publications/GAVI/Gender-related-barriers-to-vaccination-services-information-note/. [Accessed 01 November 2014].
185. GAVI Secretariat. Health Systems Strengthening Resource Allocation (Board paper from the GAVI Alliance Board at their meeting, 16-17 June 2010). Geneva: GAVI Alliance; 2010.
186. GAVI Secretariat. GAVI Alliance Board Meeting, 16-17 November 2011, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Final Minutes. Geneva: GAVI Alliance; 2011.
187. GAVI Secretariat. Performance Based Funding (Board paper for the GAVI Alliance Board Meeting, 16-17 November 2011). Geneva: GAVI Alliance; 2011.
188. Matsuoka S, Obara H, Nagai M, Murakami H, Chan Lon R. Performance-based financing with GAVI health system strengthening funding in rural Cambodia: a brief assessment of the impact. Health Policy & Planning. 2013;29(4):456-65.
189. Storeng KT. The GAVI Alliance and the 'Gates approach' to health system strengthening. Global Public Health: An International Journal for Research, Policy and Practice. 2014;9(8):865-79.
190. GAVI Secretariat. Vaccine Fund supplemental assistance to support new vaccine introduction for countries with >80% DTP3 coverage. Geneva: GAVI Alliance; 2001.
191. GAVI Secretariat. New vaccines introduction grant - recommendation for policy change (Board paper for the 20th GAVI Alliance and Fund Board meeting, 11-12 May 2007). Geneva: GAVI Alliance; 2007.
192. GAVI Secretariat. 20th GAVI Alliance and Fund Board Meeting, 11-12 May 2007, Geneva, Switzerland, Final Minutes. Geneva: GAVI Alliance; 2007.
193. Shearer JC, Walker DG, Riskoc N, Levine OS. The impact of new vaccine introduction on the coverage of existing vaccines: A cross-national, multivariable analysis. Vaccine. 2012;30(52):7582-7.
194. Hyde TB, Dentz H, Wang SA, Burchett HE, Mounier-Jack S, Mantel CF. The New Vaccine Introduction Impact Published Literature Working Group. The impact of new vaccine introduction on immunization and health systems: A review of the published literature. Vaccine. 2012;30(45):6347-58.
195. Ndiritu M, Cowgill KD, Ismail A, Chiphatsi S, Kamau T, Fegan G, et al. Immunization coverage and risk factors for failure to immunize within the Expanded Programme on Immunization in Kenya after introduction of new Haemophilus influenzae type b and hepatitis b virus antigens. BMC Public Health. 2006;6:132.
196. Levin A, Wang SA, Levin C, Tsu V, Hutubessy R. Costs of Introducing and Delivering HPV Vaccines in Low and Lower Middle Income Countries: Inputs for GAVI Policy on Introduction Grant Support to Countries. PLoS One. 2014;9:6.
197. Gandhi G, Lydon P. Updating the evidence base on operational costs of supplementary immunization activities for current and future accelerated disease control, elimination and eradication efforts. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:67.
198. Nguyen A, Furrer E. Vaccine introduction grants and operational support for campaigns (Board paper to the GAVI Alliance Board, 12-13 June 2012). Geneva: GAVI Alliance; 2012.
199. The Financing Task Force of GAVI, "Immunization financing: Guidelines For Preparing A National Immunization Program Financial Sustainability Plan " 2014. [Online]. Available: http://www.who.int/immunization/programmes-systems/financing/tools/en/FSP-Guidelines-Final-April-2004.pdf. [Accessed 29 November 2015].
200. GAVI Secretariat. Financial sustainability for immunisation in the poorest countries: lessons from GAVI 2000-2006. Geneva: GAVI Alliance; 2007 [Online]. Available at: http://www.gavi.org/library/gavi-documents/finance/financial-sustainability-for-immunisation-in-the-poorest-countries/. [Accessed 1 November 2014].
201. Kamara L, Milstien J, Patyna M, Lydon P, Levin A, Brenzel L. Strategies for financial sustainability of immunization programs: A review of the strategies from 50 national immunization program financial sustainability plans. Vaccine. 2008;26(51):6717-26.
202. GAVI Secretariat. GAVI policies regarding introduction of hepB, Hib and yellow fever in phase 2: issues for further exploration. (Paper#8 from 15th GAVI Board Meeting, 28-29 April 2005). Geneva: GAVI Secretariat; 2005.
203. GAVI Secretariat. New vaccines co-financing Q & A. Geneva: GAVI Alliance; 2007.
204. GAVI Secretariat. GAVI's Co-financing Policy: Proposed Revision (Board paper from the GAVI Board Meeting, 30 November - 1 December 2010). Geneva: GAVI Alliance; 2010.
205. GAVI Secretariat. GAVI Alliance Cofinancing Policy (version 1), 01 December 2010. [Online]. Available: http://www.gavialliance.org/library/gavi-documents/policies/gavi-alliance-revised-co-financing-policy/. [Accessed 04 January 2014].
206. GAVI Secretariat. 2007 Work Plan Achievements within the GAVI Alliance 2007-10 Strategy. Geneva: GAVI; 2008.
207. GAVI Secretariat. 2010 Work Plan Information / Update. Geneva: GAVI Secretariat; 2011.
208. Vandelaer J, Bilous J, Nshimirimana D. Reaching Every District (RED) approach: A way to improve immunization performance. Bull World Health Organ. 2008;86:3. pp. A-B.
209. Ryman T, Macauley R, Nshimirimana D, Taylor P, Shimp L, Wilkins K. Reaching every district (RED) approach to strengthen routine immunization services: evaluation in the African region, 2005. J Public Health. 2010;32(1):18-25.
210. Ryman T, Trakroo A, Wallace A, Gupta S, Wilkins K, Mehta P, et al. Implementation and evaluation of the Reaching Every District (RED) strategy in Assam, India, 2005-2008. Vaccine. 2011;29(14):2555-60.
211. WHO, UNICEF, CDC, USAID. In-Depth Evaluation of the REACHING EVERY DISTRICT APPROACH in the African Region. Arlington: IMMUNIZATIONbasics Project; 2007.
212. GAVI Secretariat. GAVI 2007 Work Plan - Update (Paper to the Joint GAVI Executive Committee meeting, 25 September 2007). Geneva: GAVI Alliance; 2007.
213. GAVI Secretariat. Improving GAVI's Engagement and Effectiveness in Fragile States (Board paper for the 19th GAVI Alliance Board Meeting, 29 November 2006). Geneva: GAVI Alliance; 2006.
214. Carvalho S. Engaging with Fragile States: An IEG Review of World Bank Support to Low-Income Countries Under Stress. Washington, D.C: Independent Evaluation Group (IEG), The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) / The World Bank; 2006.
215. GAVI Secretariat. GAVI Alliance Board Meeting, 4-5 December 2012, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania, Final Minutes. Geneva: GAVI Alliance; 2012.
216. Nguyen A, Matterson A-C, Kelly P. GAVI and fragile states: a country by country approach (Board paper for the GAVI Alliance Board Meeting, 4-5 December 2012). Geneva: GAVI Alliance; 2012.
217. GAVI Secretariat. GAVI Alliance fragility and immunisation policy (version 1.0), 5 December 2012. [Online]. Available: http://www.gavi.org/library/gavi-documents/policies/fragility-and-immunisation - -a-country-by-country-approach/. [Accessed 29 November 2015].
218. de Chaisemartin A, Dutson T, Goldstein C, Greene B, Meier ML, Schwalbe N. Update for 2014 to two-year business plan and budget (Document 15 from the GAVI Board Meeting, 21-22 November 2013). Geneva: GAVI Alliance; 2013.
219. Jones N, Walsh C, Buse K. Gender And Immunization Abridged Report - A Knowledge Stocktaking Exercise and an Independent Assesment of the GAVI Alliance. London: Overseas Development Institute; 2008.
220. GAVI Secretariat. The GAVI Alliance Gender Policy. Geneva: GAVI Alliance; 2008.
221. Hilber A, Bosch-Capblanch X, Schindler C, Beck L, Sécula F, McKenzie O, et al. Gender and Immunisation: Report to SAGE, November 2010. Geneva: WHO; 2010.
222. Widyono M, Sherris J. Sex-disaggregated immunization coverage data: Input from key stakeholders. Geneva: WHO; 2010.
223. GAVI Secretariat. The GAVI Alliance Gender Policy (version 2),22 November 2013. [Online]. Available: http://www.gavi.org/library/gavi-documents/policies/gavi-alliance-gender-policy/. [Accessed 04 May 2015].
224. GAVI Secretariat. Managing GAVI's finances (Board paper from GAVI Alliance Board Meeting, 17-18 November 2009). Geneva: GAVI Alliance; 2009.
225. GAVI Secretariat. CEO Report to the Board (Board paper from the GAVI Alliance Board Meeting, 16-17 June 2010). Geneva: GAVI Alliance; 2010.
226. GAVI Secretariat. GAVI Alliance Pilot Prioritisation Mechanism (Board paper from GAVI Alliance Board Meeting 16-17 June 2010). Geneva: GAVI Alliance; 2010.
227. GAVI Secretariat. GAVI Alliance Pilot Priorisation Mechanism, 17 June 2010. [Online]. Available: http://www.gavi.org/Library/GAVI-documents/Policies/GAVI-Alliance-Prioritisation-Mechanism/. [Accessed 29 November 2015].
228. Muraskin W. The Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization: is it a new model for effective public-private cooperation in international public health? Am J Public Health. 2004;94(11):1922-5.
229. Musgrove P. Public spending on health care: how are different criteria related? Health Policy. 1999;47(3):207-23.
230. UNICEF, "Narrowing the Gaps to Meet the Goals," 7 September 2010. [Online]. Available: http://www.unicef.org/publications/files/Narrowing-the-Gaps-to-Meet-the-Goals-090310-2a.pdf. [Accessed 7 January 2014].
231. GAVI Secretariat. Executive Secretary / CEO Report to the Board. (Document AF.1a from GAVI Alliance & Fund Board meeting, 29-30 Oct 2008). Geneva: GAVI Secretariat; 2008.
232. GAVI Secretariat. GAVI's Financial Situation. (Document 3 from GAVI Alliance Board Retreat, 2-3 March 2009). Geneva: GAVI Secretariat; 2009.
233. Gandhi G, Lydon P, Cornejo S, Brenzel L, Wrobel S, Chang H. Projections of costs, financing, and additional resource requirements for low- and lower middle-income country immunization programs over the decade, 2011-2020. Vaccine. 2013;31 Suppl 2:B137-48.
234. Ozawa S, Stack M, Bishai D, Mirelman A, Friberg I, Niessen L, et al. During The 'Decade Of Vaccines', The Lives Of 6.4 Million Children Valued At $231 Billion Could Be Saved. Health Aff. 2011;30(6):1010-20.
235. Multilateral Organisation Performance Assessment Network (MOPAN). GAVI Organisational Effectiveness Assessment. Paris: The MOPAN Secretariat; 2012.
236. GAVI Secretariat. GAVI Alliance Graduation Policy (version 1), 18 November 2009. [Online]. Available: http://www.gavi.org/library/gavi-documents/policies/gavi-alliance-graduation-policy/. [Accessed 29 November 2015].
237. Levine M, Robins-Browne R. Vaccines, global health and social equity. Immunol Cell Biol. 2009;87:274-8.
238. Whitehead M. The concepts and principles of equity in health. Int J Health Serv. 1992;22:429-45.
239. Braveman P, Gruskin S. Defining equity in health. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2003;57(4):254-8.
240. GAVI Secretariat. Monitoring and Evaluation Framework and Strategy, GAVI Alliance 2011-2015. Geneva: GAVI Alliance; 2011.
241. The World Bank. World Bank GNI per capita Operational Guidelines & Analytical Classifications, 2013. [Online]. Available: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/OGHIST.xls. [Accessed 14 August 2013].
242. GAVI Secretariat. Annex 7: Country eligibility for support from GAVI and The Vaccine Fund. (Paper #7 presented to the 11th GAVI Board Meeting, 15-16 July 2003). Geneva: GAVI Secretariat; 2003.
243. GAVI Secretariat. 11th GAVI Alliance Board Meeting, 15-16 July 2003, Washington D.C., USA, Final Minutes. Geneva: GAVI Secretariat; 2003.
244. The World Bank. FY06 LICUS List (Low-Income Countries Under Stress),2010. [Online]. Available: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTLICUS/Resources/511777-1269623894864/FY6toFY9Fragile-States-List-formerly-LICUS.pdf. [Accessed 01 May 2015].