The conflict between pteropodid bats and fruit growers: Species, legislation and mitigation

Bats in the Anthropocene: Conservation of Bats in a Changing World

Volumn , Issue , 2015, Pages 377-426

  Aziz, Sheema Abdul ^a   Olival, Kevin J ^b   Bumrungsri, Sara ^c   Richards, Greg C ^d   Racey, Paul A ^e  

^a MUSÉUM NATIONAL D'HISTOIRE NATURELLE   (France)

^b ECOHEALTH ALLIANCE   (United States)

^c PRINCE OF SONGKLA UNIVERSITY   (Thailand)

^d Bat Fauna Consultant   (Australia)

^e UNIVERSITY OF EXETER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84960383895     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-25220-9_13     Document Type: Chapter

References (146)

1. Albayrak I, Asan N, Yorulmaz T (2008) The natural history of the Egyptian fruit bat, Rousettus aegyptiacus, in Turkey (Mammalia: Chiroptera). Turk J Zool 32:11-18
2. Amman BR, Jones MEB, Sealy TK et al (2014a) Oral shedding of Marburg virus in experimentally infected Egyptian fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus). J Wildl Dis (ahead of print)
3. Amman BR, Nyakarahuka L, McElroy AK (2014b) Marburgvirus resurgence in Kitaka mine bat population after extermination attempts, Uganda. Emerg Infec Dis 20(10):1761-1764
4. Andrianaivoarivelo RA, Jenkins RKB, Petit EJ et al (2012) Rousettus madagascariensis (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) shows a preference for native and commercially unimportant fruits. Endanger Species Res 19:19-27
5. Ayensu EA (1974) Plant and bat interactions in West Africa. Ann Mo Bot Gard 61:702-727
6. Bicknell JR (2002) The need for aversion agents for managing flying-foxes on crops and the difficulties in attracting research funds. In: Eby P, Lunney D (eds) Managing the grey-headed flying-fox as a threatened species in NSW. Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, Mosman, NSW, pp 63-69
7. Biel E (2002) The cost to orchardists in the management of the grey-headed flying-fox. Who pays? A community benefit approach. In: Eby P, Lunney D (eds) Managing the grey-headed flying-fox as a threatened species in NSW. Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, Mosman, NSW, pp 47-52
8. Bollen A, Van Elsacker L (2002) Feeding ecology of Pteropus rufus (Pteropodidae) in the littoral forest of Sainte Luce, SE Madagascar. Acta Chiropterol 4:33-47
9. Bomford M, O'Brien PH (1990) Sonic deterrents in animal damage control: a review of device tests and effectiveness. Wildl Soc Bull 18:411-422
10. Bower C (2002) Management issues in minimisation of damage by flying-foxes to horticultural crops. In: Eby P, Lunney D (eds) Managing the grey-headed glying-fox as a threatened species in NSW. Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, Mosman, NSW, pp 77-79
11. Boonkird K, Wanghongsa S (2004) On the population number and distribution of flying foxes (Pteropus lylei) in central plain. In: 2003 Annual Report of Wildlife Research Division. Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Bangkok, pp 89-100 (In Thai)
12. Bumrungsri S, Leelapaibul W, Racey PA (2007) Resource partitioning in sympatric Cynopterus bats in lowland tropical rainforest, Thailand. Biotropica 39:241-248
13. Bumrungsri S, Harbit A, Benzie C et al (2008) The pollination ecology of two species of Parkia in southern Thailand. J Trop Ecol 24:467-475
14. Bumrungsri S, Sripaoraya E, Chongsiri T et al (2009) The pollination ecology of durian (Durio zibethinus) in southern Thailand. J Trop Ecol 25:85-92
15. Burns J (2009) Extinction threat to flying fox. BBC Online, 25 August, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8221132.stm. Accessed 5 Nov 2013
16. Campbell J, Greer N (1994) Controlling pest losses-why, how, how much? In: Bird and bat control for horticulture and aquaculture, Nambour, Queensland, 18 May 1994. Seminar proceedings, Department of Environment and Heritage, Queensland, pp 38-41
17. Chakravarthy AK, Girish AC (2003) Crop protection and conservation of frugivorous bats in orchards of hill and coastal regions of Karnataka. Zoos' Print J 18:1169-1171
18. Charles L, Benjamin N (2010) Ruler bans hunting of wildlife. The Star, 5 March
19. Chua KB, Koh CL, Hooi PS et al (2002) Isolation of Nipah virus from Malaysian island flyingfoxes. Microb Infect 4:145-151
20. Clulow S, Blundell AT (2011) Deliberate insectivory by the fruit bat Pteropus poliocephalus by aerial hunting. Acta Chiropterol 13:201-205
21. Comensoli P (2002) The impact upon fruit growers of a decision to list the grey-headed flyingfox as a Vulnerable species under the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act. In: Eby P, Lunney D (eds) Managing the grey-headed flying-fox as a threatened species in NSW. Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, Mosman, NSW, pp 53-55
22. Del Vaglio MA, Nicolau H, Bosso L et al (2011) Feeding habits of the Egyptian fruit bat Rousettus aegyptiacus on Cyprus island: a first assessment. Hystrix Ital J Mamm 22:281-289
23. Dewhurst (1998) Correspondence from Queensland Fruit and Vegetable Growers to DPI. Quoted by Teagle S 2002
24. Divljan A, Parry-Jones K, Eby P (2009) Report on deaths and injuries to grey-headed flyingfoxes, Pteropus poliocephalus shot in an orchard near Sydney, NSW. Aust Zool 35:698-710
25. Dolbeer RR, Fiedler LR, Rasheed H (1988) Management of fruit bat and rat populations in the Maldive Islands, Indian Ocean. In: Crabb AC, Marsh RE (eds) Proceedings of the vertebrate pest conference, vol 13, pp 112-118. University of California, Davis Don't Shoot Bats 2013. Lethal crop protection is not effective. http://www.dontshootbats.com/crop-protection.html. Accessed 18 November 2013
26. Eby P (1990) Seed dispersal and seasonal movements by grey-headed flying foxes and the implications for management. In: Slack J (ed) Flying-fox workshop proceedings. Wollongbar Agricultural Institute, Wollongbar, pp 28-32
27. Eby P (1995) The biology and management of flying foxes in NSW. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Hurstville, NSW
28. Eby P, Lunney D (2002) Managing the grey-headed flying-fox Pteropus poliocephalus as a threatened species: a context for the debate. In: Eby P, Lunney D (eds) Managing the greyheaded flying-fox as a threatened species in NSW. Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, Mosman, NSW, pp 1-15
29. Entwistle AC, Corp N (1997) The diet of Pteropus voeltzkowi, an endangered fruit bat endemic to Pemba Island, Tanzania. Afr J Ecol 35:351-360
30. Epstein JH, Olival KJ, Pulliam JRC et al (2009) Pteropus vampyrus, a hunted migratory species with a multinational home-range and a need for regional management. J Appl Ecol 46:991-1002
31. Field H, Young P, Yob JM et al (2001) The natural history of Hendra and Nipah viruses. Microb Infect 3:307-314
32. Fleming TH, Kress WJ (2011) A brief history of fruit and frugivores. Acta Oecol 37:521-530
33. Fleming TH, Geiselman C, Kress WJ (2009) The evolution of bat pollination-a phylogenetic perspective. Ann Bot 104:1017-1043
34. Fogarty R, Halpin K, Hyatt AD et al (2008) Henipavirus susceptibility to environmental variables. Virus Res 132:140-144
35. Fujita F (1988) Flying foxes and economics. BATS Magazine 6(1). http://www.batcon.org/index.php/media-and-info/bats-archives.html?task=viewArticle&magArticleID=318. Accessed 3 March 2013
36. Fujita MS, Tuttle MD (1991) Flying foxes (Chiroptera, Pteropodidae)-threatened animals of key ecological and economic importance. Cons Biol 5:455-463
37. Funakoshi K, Watanabe H, Kunisaki T (1993) Feeding ecology of the northern Ryukyu fruit bat, Pteropus dasymallus dasymallus, in a warm-temperate region. J Zool Lond 230:221-230
38. Galil J, Stein M, Horoviz A (1976) On the origin of the sycamore fig (Ficus sycomorus L.) in the Middle East. Gard Bull XXIX:191-205
39. Gough JD (1992) Drift nets of the northern rivers. In: Blade K (ed) Fruit crop protection seminar. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Australia, pp 14-17
40. Gough J (2002) The increasing need for netting fruit orchards against bat and bird damage and the increasing problems in affording netting. In: Eby P, Lunney D (eds) Managing the greyheaded flying-fox as a threatened species in NSW. Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, Mosman, NSW, pp 56-57
41. Groseth A, Feldmann H, Strong JE (2007) The ecology of Ebola virus. Trends Microbiol 15:408-416
42. Gumal MT, Irwan M, Brandah CJ et al (1998) The ecology and role of the large flying fox (Pteropus vampyrus) in Sarawakian rain forests-Keluang embet embet. Hornbill 2:82-95
43. Hadjisterkotis E (2006) The destruction and conservation of the Egyptian fruit bat Rousettus aegyptiacus in Cyprus: a historic review. Eur J Wildl Res 52:282-287
44. Hall LS, Richards GC (1987a) Crop protection and management of flying-foxes (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae). Aust Mammal 10:137-139
45. Hall LS, Richards GC (1987b) The flying-fox problem in eastern Australia. In: Proceedings of the 1987 Australian vertebrate pest control conference, Coolangatta, pp 279-283
46. Hall J, Willis B (1992) Netting orchards against flying foxes, birds and hail. In: Blade K (ed) Fruit crop protection seminar. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Australia, pp 24-28
47. Halpin K, Young PL, Field HE, Mackenzie JS (2000) Isolation of Hendra virus from pteropid bats: a natural reservoir of Hendra virus. J Gen Virol 81:1927-1932
48. Harrison DL (1964) The Mammals of Arabia. Insectivora, Chiroptera, Primates. Ernest Bern Limited, London
49. Harrison DL, Bates PJJ (1991) The Mammals of Arabia. Harrison Zoological Museum, 2nd edn. Lakeside Printing, London
50. Harrison ME, Cheyne SM, Darma F et al (2011) Hunting of flying foxes and perceptions of disease risk in Indonesian Borneo. Biol Cons 144:2441-2449
51. Heaney L, Rosell-Ambel G, Tabaranza B et al (2008) Pteropus dasymallus. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.3. http://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed 25 July 2015
52. Hicks PG (1967) Observations on the diseases and conditions of cocoa pods in Papua and New Guinea-Pod losses 1962-1965. P N G Agr J 19:5-9
53. Hodgkison R, Balding ST, Zubaid A et al (2003) Fruit Bats (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) as seed dispersers and pollinators in a lowland Malaysian rain forest. Biotropica 35:491-502
54. Hodgkison R, Balding ST, Zubaid A et al (2004) Temporal variation in the relative abundance of fruit bats (Megachiroptera: Pteropodidae) in relation to the availability of food in a lowland Malaysian rain forest. Biotropica 36:522-533
55. Huang JC-C, Jazdzyk E, Nusalawo M, et al (2014) Is Bat coffee a potential "wing-wing" tool for biodiversity conservation in southwestern Sumatra? Paper presented at the 16th international bat research conference, Hotel Herradura, San José, 11-15 Aug 2013, Bat Res News (in press)
56. IUCN (2014) IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.2. http://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed 10 Nov 2014
57. Izhaki I, Korine C, Arad Z (1995) The effect of bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus) dispersal on seed germination in eastern Mediterranean habitats. Oecologia 101:335-342
58. Kandasamy D (2009) Flying foxes facing extinction. The Malay Mail, 2 Sept
59. Khan MSU, Hossain J, Gurley ES et al (2011) Use of infrared camera to understand bats' access to date palm sap: implications for preventing Nipah virus transmission. EcoHealth 7:517-525
60. Kingston T (2010) Research priorities for bat conservation in Southeast Asia: a consensus approach. Biodivers Conserv 19:471-484
61. Korine C, Izhaki I, Arad Z (1998) Comparison of fruit syndromes between the Egyptian fruit-bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus) and birds in East Mediterranean habitats. Acta Oecol 19:147-153
62. Korine C, Izhaki I, Arad Z (1999) Is the Egyptian fruit-bat Rousettus aegyptiacus a pest in Israel? An analysis of the bat's diet and implications for its conservation. Biol Cons 88:301-306
63. Kunz TH, de Torrez EB, Bauer D et al (2011) Ecosystem services provided by bats. Ann NY Acad Sci 1223:1-38
64. Lane DJW, Kingston T, Lee BPY-H (2006) Dramatic decline in bat species richness in Singapore, with implications for Southeast Asia. Biol Cons 131:584-593
65. Law B, Eby P, Somerville D (2002) Tree-planting to conserve flying-foxes and reduce orchard damage. In: Eby P, Lunney D (eds) Managing the grey-headed flying-fox as a threatened species in NSW. Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, Mosman, NSW, pp 84-90
66. Lee Y-F, Takaso T, Chiang T-Y et al (2009) Variation in the nocturnal foraging distribution of and resource use by endangered Ryukyu flying foxes (Pteropus dasymallus) on Iriomotejima Island, Japan. Contr Zool 78:51-64
67. Leroy EM, Rouquet P, Formenty P et al (2004) Multiple Ebola virus transmission events and rapid decline of central African wildlife. Science 303:387-390
68. Leroy EM, Kumulungui B, Pourrut X et al (2005) Fruit bats as reservoirs of Ebola virus. Nature 438:575-576
69. Leroy EM, Epelboin A, Mondonge V et al (2009) Human Ebola outbreak resulting from direct exposure to fruit bats in Luebo, Democratic Republic of Congo, 2007. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis 9:723-728
70. Lewis RE, Harrison DL (1962) Notes on bats from the Republic of Lebanon. Proc Zool Soc Lond 138:473-486
71. Lobova TA, Geiselman CK, Mori SA (2009) Seed dispersal by bats in the neotropics. New York Botanical Garden, New York (Mem New York Bot Gard 101)
72. Lokkers C (1990) Colony dynamics of the green tree ant (Oecophylla smaragdina Fab.) in a seasonal tropical climate. PhD dissertation, James Cook University
73. Long E, Racey PA (2007) An exotic plantation crop as a keystone resource for an endemic megachiropteran, Pteropus rufus in Madagascar. J Trop Ecol 23:1-11
74. Luby SP, Rahman M, Hossain MJ et al (2006) Foodborne transmission of Nipah virus, Bangladesh. Emerg Infect Dis 12:1888-1894
75. Lumlertdacha B, Boongird K, Wanghongsa S et al (2005) Survey for bat lyssaviruses, Thailand. Emerg Infect Dis 11:232-236
76. Luskin MS (2010) Flying foxes prefer to forage in farmland in a tropical dry forest landscape mosaic in Fiji. Biotropica 42:246-250
77. Mackenzie JS, Field HE, Guyatt KJ (2003) Managing emerging diseases borne by fruit bats (flying foxes), with particular reference to henipaviruses and Australian bat lyssavirus. J Appl Microbiol 94:59S-69S
78. Madkour G (1977) Rousettus aegyptiacus (Megachiroptera) as a fruit eating bat in A.R. Egypt. Agric Res Rev 55:167-172
79. Mahmood-Ul-Hassan M, Gulraiz TL, Rana SA et al (2010) The diet of Indian flying-foxes (Pteropus giganteus) in urban habitats of Pakistan. Acta Chiropterol 12:341-347
80. Makin D, Mendelssohn H (1987) Israel wipes out its bats. Ecologist 16:1-2
81. Marshall AG (1983) Bats, flowers and fruit: evolutionary relationships in the Old World. Biol J Linn Soc 20:115-135
82. Martin L, McIlwee AP (2002) The reproductive biology and intrinsic capacity for increase of the grey-headed flying-fox Pteropus poliocephalus (Megachiroptera), and the implications of culling. In: Eby P, Lunney D (eds) Managing the grey-headed flying-fox as a threatened species in NSW. Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, Mosman, NSW, pp 91-108
83. Mateo R (2009) Lead poisoning in birds in Europe and the regulations adopted by different countries. In: Watson RT, Fuller M, Pokras M et al (eds) Ingestion of lead from spent ammunition: implications for wildlife and humans. The Peregrine Fund, Boise, Idaho, pp 71-98
84. Meyer C, Struebig M, Willig M (in press) Responses of tropical bats to habitat fragmentation, logging and deforestation. In: Kingston T, Voigt CC (eds) Bats in the anthropocene. Springer, New York, pp 63-94
85. McConkey KR, Drake DR (2006) Flying foxes cease to function as seed dispersers long before they become rare. Ecology 87:271-276
86. McLachlan B (2002) NPWS operational management of commercial crop damage by flyingfoxes-licensing in practice, a far north coast perspective. In: Eby P, Lunney D (eds) Managing the grey-headed flying-fox as a threatened species in NSW. Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, Mosman, NSW, pp 80-83
87. Mickleburgh S, Hutson AM, Racey PA (1992) Old World Fruit Bats-an action plan for their conservation. IUCN, Gland
88. Mickleburgh S, Waylen K, Racey PA (2009) Bats as bushmeat-a global review. Oryx 43:217-234
89. Minifie G, Willi B (1990) Duranet cloth and supporting systems. In: Slack JM (ed) Flying fox workshop proceedings, Wollongbar Agricultural Institute, Wollongbar. NSW Agriculture and Fisheries, Australia, pp 47-55
90. Moran S, Keidar H (1993) Checklist of vertebrate damage to agriculture in Israel. Crop Prot 12:171-182
91. Myers N, Mittermeier RA, Mittermeier CG et al (2000) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403:853-858
92. Nahar N, Sultana R, Gurley ES et al (2010) Date palm sap collection: exploring opportunities to prevent Nipah transmission. EcoHealth 7:196-203
93. Nakamoto A, Kinjo K, Izawa M (2007) Food habits of Orii's flying-fox, Pteropus dasymallus inopinatus, in relation to food availability in an urban area of Okinawa-jima Island, the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan. Acta Chiropterol 9:237-249
94. Nakamoto A, Kinjo K, Izawa M (2009) The role of Orii's flying-fox (Pteropus dasymallus inopinatus) as a pollinator and seed disperser on Okinawa-jima Island, the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan. Ecol Res 24:405-414
95. Nelson SL, Miller MA, Heske EJ et al (2000) Nutritional consequences of a change in diet from native to agricultural fruits for the Samoan fruit bat. Ecography 23:393-401
96. Nelson SL, Masters DV, Humphrey SR et al (2005) Fruit choice and calcium block use by Tongan fruit bats in American Samoa. J Mammal 86:1205-1209
97. Nyhagen DF, Turnbull SD, Olesen JM et al (2005) An investigation into the role of the Mauritian flying fox, Pteropus niger, in forest regeneration. Biol Cons 122:491-497
98. Oleksy R, Racey PA, Jones G (2015) High-resolution GPS tracking reveals habitat selection and the potential for long-distance seed dispersal by Madagascan flying foxes Pteropus rufus. Glob Ecol Conserv 3:678-692
99. Olival KJ, Hayman DTS (2014) Filoviruses in Bats: current knowledge and future directions. Viruses 6:1759-1788
100. Parry-Jones KA, Augee ML (2001) Factors affecting the occupation of a colony site in Sydney, New South Wales by the grey-headed flying-fox Pteropus poliocephalus (Pteropodidae). Aust Ecol 26:47-55
101. Phillips WWA (1980) Manual of Mammals of Sri Lanka (Part 1). Wild Life and Nature Protection Society of Sri Lanka
102. Picot M, Jenkins RBK, Ramilijoana O et al (2007) The feeding ecology of Eidolon dupreanum (Pteropodidae) in eastern Madagascar. Afr J Ecol 45:645-650
103. Price V (2013) Trouble in paradise: mapping human-wildlife conflict in the western Indian Ocean. Unpublished MSc thesis, Imperial College, London, UK
104. Qumsiyeh MB (1980) New records of Bats from Jordan. Säugetierkd Mitt 1:36-39
105. Qumsiyeh MB, Disi AM, Amr ZS (1992) Systematics and distribution of the bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) of Jordan. Dirasat 19B:101-118
106. Racey PA, Nicoll ME (1984) Mammals. In: Stoddart DR (ed) Biogeography and ecology of the Seychelles Islands. Dr W Junk, The Hague, pp 607-626
107. Rahman MA, Hossain MJ, Sultana S et al (2012) Date palm sap linked to Nipah virus outbreak in Bangladesh, 2008. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis 12:65-72
108. Rahman SA, Hassan L, Epstein JH et al (2013) Risk factors for Nipah virus infection among pteropid bats, Peninsular Malaysia. Emerg Infect Dis 19:51-60
109. Ramlugun TMRRS (2013) An assessment of fruit bat damage caused by the Mauritian fruit bat (Pteropus niger) in a litchi (Litchi chinensis) orchard. BSc thesis, University of Mauritius
110. Ratcliffe FN (1931) The flying fox (Pteropus) in Australia. Report for co-operative work conducted on behalf of the Council for Scientific Research, the New South Wales Department of Agriculture, and the Queensland Home Secretary's Department, Melbourne
111. Reilly T, Slack J (1990) Cost and returns of netting low-chill stonefruit orchards. In: Slack JM (ed) Flying fox workshop proceedings. Wollongbar Agricultural Institute, Wollongbar, 22 August 1990. NSW Agriculture and Fisheries, Australia, pp 61-65
112. Richards GC (1990) The Spectacled flying fox, Pteropus conspicillatus, in north Queensland. 2. Diet, feeding ecology and seed dispersal. Aust Mammal 13:25-31
113. Richards GC, Hall LS, Parish S (2012) A natural history of Australian Bats: working the night shift. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne
114. Roberts TJ (1997) The Mammals of Pakistan. Oxford University Press, Karachi
115. Robyn S (2007) Suivi et essai d'estimation de la population de chauve-souris frugivore (Pteropus niger) a l'Ile Maurice (monitoring and population estimate of a fruit bat [Pteropus niger] in Mauritius). Université Paul Cézanne, Memoir de Stage
116. Rogers J (2002) The economic and social implications of flying-fox predation on the north coast of NSW. In: Eby P, Lunney D (eds) Managing the grey-headed flying-fox as a threatened species in NSW. Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, Mosman, NSW, pp 58-62
117. Rimba (2012) Special update: Terengganu protects flying foxes! http://myrimba.org/2012/02/16/special-update-terengganu-protects-flying-foxes/. Accessed 19 May 2013
118. Scanlon AT, Petit S, Sternberg LDS (2013) Insectivory in Fijian flying foxes (Pteropodidae). Aust J Zool 61:342-349
119. Singaravelan N (2002) Foraging behaviour of fruit bats in orchards. PhD thesis, Madurai Kamaraj University
120. Singaravelan N, Marimuthu G (2006) Muntingia calabura-an attractive food plant of Cynopterus sphinx-deserves planting to lessen orchard damage. Acta Chiropterol 8:239-245
121. Singaravelan N, Marimuthu G, Racey PA (2009) Do all fruit bats deserve to be listed as vermin in the Indian Wildlife (Protection) & Amended Acts-a critical review. Oryx 43:608-613
122. Simmons N (2005) Chiroptera. In: Wilson DE, Reeder DAM (eds) Mammals of the World-a taxonomic and geographic reference. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, pp 312-529
123. Slack J (1990) Flying-fox damage in low-chill stone fruit orchards. In: Slack JM (ed) Flying-fox workshop proceedings. NSW Agriculture and Fisheries, Wollongbar, NSW, pp 55-60
124. Spitzenberger F (1979) Die Säugetierfauna Zyperns. Teil II: Chiroptera, Lagomorpha, Carnivora und Artiodactyla. Ann Nat Hist Mus 82:439-465
125. Srinivasulu C, Srinivasulu B (2002) Greater short-nosed fruit bat (Cynopterus sphinx) foraging and damage in vineyards in India. Acta Chiropterol 4:167-171
126. Stacey P (1990) Fruit industry focus-exotic fruit industry, NSW North Coast. In: Slack JM (ed) Flying fox workshop proceedings, Wollongbar Agricultural Institute. NSW Agriculture and Fisheries, Australia, pp 13-16
127. Stacey P (1992) To net or not to net. In: Blade K (ed) Fruit crop protection seminar. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Australia, pp 20-23
128. Stier SC, Mildenstein TL (2005) Dietary habits of the world's largest bats: the Philippine flying foxes, Acerodon jubatus and Pteropus vampyrus lanensis. J Mammal 86:719-728
129. Struebig MJ, Harrison ME, Cheyne SM et al (2007) Intensive hunting of large flying foxes Pteropus vampyrus natunae in Central Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo. Oryx 41:390-393
130. Swanepoel R, Leman PA, Burt FJ et al (1996) Experimental inoculation of plants and animals with Ebola virus. Emerg Infect Dis 2:321-325
131. Teagle S (2002) Queensland Flying-fox Consultative Committee-formation, outcomes and future strategies. In: Eby P, Lunney D (eds) Managing the grey-headed flying-fox as a threatened species in NSW. Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, Mosman, NSW, pp 109-116
132. Teoh TH (2005) Logging and hunting killing bats. The Star, 5 June
133. Thiriet D (2010) Flying fox conservation laws, policies and practices in Australia-a case study in conserving unpopular species. Australas J Nat Resour Law Policy 13:161-194
134. Tidemann CR (1999) Biology and management of the grey-headed flying-fox, Pteropus poliocephalus. Acta Chiropterol 1:151-164
135. Tidemann R, Kelson SI, Jamieson G (1997) Flying-fox damage to orchard fruit in Australia-incidence, extent and economic impact. Aust Biol 10:179-186
136. Towner JS, Amman BR, Sealy TK et al (2009) Isolation of genetically diverse Marburg viruses from Egyptian fruit bats. PLoS Path 5:e1000536
137. Ullio L (2002) To net or not to net that is the question! But is it the answer? In: Eby P, Lunney D (eds) Managing the grey-headed flying-fox as a threatened species in NSW. R Zool Soc New South Wales, Mosman, NSW, pp 70-76
138. VanMele P (2008) The importance of ecological and socio-technological literacy in R&D priority setting: the case of a fruit innovation system in Guinea, West Africa. Int J Agric Sust 6:183-194
139. VanMele P, Camara K, Vaysierres JF (2009) Thieves, bats and fruit flies: local ecological knowledge on the weaver ant Oecophylla longinoda in relation to three 'invisible' intruders in orchards in Guinea. Int J Pest Manage 55:57-61
140. Verghese A (1998) Non-destructive control of the bat, Cynopterus sphinx Vahl (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) in grapes (Vitis vinifera Linnaeus) in India. Int J Pest Manage 44:81-85
141. Vincenot CE, Koyama L, Russo D (2015) Near threatened? First report of unsuspected humandriven decline factors in the Ryukyu flying fox (Pteropus dasymallus). Mammal Biol 80:273-277
142. Waples K (2002) Review of the NPWS policy on the mitigation of commercial crop damage by flying-foxes. In: Eby P, Lunney D (eds) Managing the grey-headed flying-fox as a threatened species in NSW. R Zool Soc New South Wales, Mosman, NSW, pp 39-46
143. Weber N, Duengkae P, Fahr J et al (2015) High-resolution GPS tracking of Lyle's flying fox between temples and orchards in central Thailand. J Wildl Manage 79:957-968
144. Williams NSG, McDonnell MJ, Phelan GK et al (2006) Range expansion due to urbanization: increased food resources attract grey-headed flying-foxes (Pteropus poliocephalus) to Melbourne. Aust Ecol 31:190-198
145. Win SS, Mya KM (2015) The diet of the Indian Flying Fox Pteropus giganteus (Brünnich. 1782) (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) in Myanmar-conflicts with local people? J Threat Taxa 7:7568-7572
146. Yapa WB, Kumarasinghe J, Digana PMCB et al (1999) Food preferences (three food types) of Sri Lankan short-nosed fruit bat Cynopterus sphinx (Chiroptera) in a semi-natural condition. Vidyodaya J Sci 8:109-116