Source-to-sink sedimentary systems and global carbon burial: A river runs through it

Earth-Science Reviews

Volumn 153, Issue , 2016, Pages 30-42

  Leithold, Elana L ^a   Blair, Neal E ^b   Wegmann, Karl W ^a  

^a NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Northwestern University   (United States)

Author keywords

Carbon cycle; Organic carbon; Source to sink

Indexed keywords

BURIAL (GEOLOGY); CARBON CYCLE; ORGANIC CARBON; SOURCE-SINK DYNAMICS; TRANSFORMATION;

EID: 84960104428     PISSN: 00128252     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2015.10.011     Document Type: Review

References (138)

1. Alam M.J., Nagao S., Aramaki T., Shibata Y., Yoneda M. Transport of particulate organic matter in the Ishikari River, Japan during spring and summer. Nucl. Inst. Methods Phys. Res. B 2007, 259:512-517.
2. Alin S.R., Aalto R., Goñi M.A., Richey J.E., Dietrich W.E. Biogeochemical characterization of carbon sources in the Strickland and Fly rivers, Papua New Guinea. J. Geophys. Res. 2008, 113. 10.1029/2006JF000625.
3. Aller R.C. Mobile deltaic and continental shelf muds as suboxic, fluidized bed reactors. Mar. Chem. 1998, 61:143-155.
4. Aller R.C. Conceptual models of early diagenetic processes: the muddy seafloor as an unsteady batch reactor. J. Mar. Res. 2004, 62:815-835.
5. Aller R.C., Blair N.E., Brunskill G.J. Early diagenetic cycling, incineration, and burial of sedimentary organic carbon in the central Gulf of Papua (Papua New Guinea). J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf. 2008, 113:F02S09.
6. Allison M.A., Kuehl S.A., Martin T.C., Hassan A. Importance of flood-plain sedimentation for river sediment budgets and terrigenous input to the oceans: insights from the Brahmaputra-Jamuna River. Geology 1998, 26:175-178.
7. Baudin F., Disnar J.-R., Martinez P., Dennielou B. Distribution of the organic matter in the channel-levees systems of the Congo mud-rich deep-sea fan (West Africa). Implications for deep offshore petroleum source rocks and global carbon cycle. Mar. Pet. Geol. 2010, 27:995-1010.
8. Berner R.A. Burial of organic carbon and pyrite sulfur in the modern ocean: its geochemical and environmental significance. Am. J. Sci. 1982, 282:451-473.
9. Berner R.A. A new look at the long-term carbon cycle. GSA Today 1999, 9:1-6.
10. Berner R.A. The Phanerozoic carbon cycle 2004, Oxford University Press, New York, (150 pp.).
11. Bianchi T.S. The role of terrestrially derived organic carbon in the coastal ocean: a changing paradigm and the priming effect. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2011, 108:19473-19481.
12. Biscara L., Mulder T., Martinez P., Baudin F., Etcheber H., Jouanneau J.-M., Garlan T. Transport of terrestrial organic matter in the Ogooué deep sea turbidite system (Gabon). Mar. Pet. Geol. 2011, 28:1061-1072.
13. Blair N.E., Aller R.S. The fate of terrestrial organic carbon in the marine environment. Ann. Rev. Mar. Sci. 2012, 10.1146/annurev-marine-120709-142717.
14. Blair N., Leu A., Moñoz E., Olsen J., Kwong E., DesMarais D. Carbon isotopic fractionation in heterotrophic microbial-metabolism. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1985, 50:996-1001.
15. Blair N.E., Leithold E.L., Ford S., Peeler K., Holmes J., Perkey D. The persistence of memory: the fate of ancient sedimentary organic carbon in a modern sedimentary system. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2003, 67:63-73.
16. Blair N.E., Leithold E.L., Aller R.C. From bedrock to burial: the evolution of particulate organic carbon across coupled watershed-continental margin systems. Mar. Chem. 2004, 92:141-152.
17. Blair N.E., Leithold E.L., Brackley H., Trustrum N., Page M., Childress L. Terrestrial sources and export of particulate organic carbon in the Waipaoa sedimentary systems: problems, progress, and processes. Mar. Geol. 2010, 270:108-118.
18. Blair N., Ginnane C., Childress L., Leithold L. The fate of small active margin river POC in the marine environment. Mineral. Mag. 2013, 77:713.
19. Bohacs K.M., Grabowski G.J., Carroll A.R., Mankiewicz P.J., Miskell-Gerhardt K., Schwalbach J.R., Wegner M.B., Simo J.A. Production, destruction, and dilution-the many paths to source-rock development. SEPM Special Publication 2005, 82:61-101. N.B. Harris (Ed.).
20. 2: II. Theoretical modeling. Am. J. Sci. 2006, 306:575-615.
21. Boot C.S., Ettwein V.J., Maslin M.A., Weyhenmeyer C.E., Pancost R.D. A 35,000 year record of terrigenous and marine lipids in Amazon Fan sediments. Org. Geochem. 2006, 37:208-219.
22. 2. Geology 2010, 38:255-258.
23. Bouchez J., Gaillardet J., Lupker M., Louvat P., France-Lanord C., Maurice L., Armijos E., Moquet J.S. Floodplains of large rivers: weathering reactors or simple silos?. Chem. Geol. 2012, 332-333:166-184.
24. Bouchez J., Galy V., Hilton R.G., Gaillardet J., Moreira-Turcq P., Perez M.A., France-Lanord C., Maurice L. Source, transport and fluxes of Amazon River particulate organic carbon: Insights from river sediment depth-profiles. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2014, 133:280-298.
25. Brackley H.L., Blair N.E., Trustrum N.A., Carter L., Leithold E.L., Canuel E.A., Johnston J.H., Tate K.R. Dispersal and transformation of organic carbon across an episodic, high sediment discharge continental margin, Waipaoa Sedimentary System, New Zealand. Mar. Geol. 2010, 270:202-212.
26. Burdige D.J. Burial of terrestrial organic matter in marine sediments: a re-assessment. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 2005, 19:1-7.
27. Burns K.A., Brunskill G., Brinkman D., Zagorskis I. Organic carbon and nutrient fluxes to the coastal zone from the Sepik River outflow. Cont. Shelf Res. 2008, 28:283-301.
28. Canfield D.E. Factors influencing organic-carbon preservation in marine-sediments. Chem. Geol. 1994, 114:315-329.
29. 14C) and organic tracers. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2013, 118:33-55.
30. Clark K.E., Malhi Y., New M., Hilton R.G., West A.J., Grocke D.R., Bryant C.L., Ascough P.L., Caceres A.R. New views on "old" carbon in the Amazon River: Insight from the source of organic carbon eroded from the Peruvian Andes. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 2013, 16. 10.1002/ggge.20122.
31. Cole J.J., Prairie Y.T., Caraco N.F., McDowell W.H., Tranvik L.J., et al. Plumbing the global carbon cycle: Intergrating inland waters into the terrestrial carbon budget. Ecosystems 2007, 10:171-184.
32. Collister J.W., Rieley G., Stern B., Eglinton G., Fry B. Compound-specific delta C-13 analysis of leaf lipids from plants with differing carbon-dioxide metabolisms. Org. Geochem. 1994, 21:619-627.
33. Copard Y., Di-Giovanni C., Martaud T., Albéric P., Oliver J.-E. Using Rock-Eval 6 pyrolysis for tracking fossil organic carbon in modern environments: implications for the roles of erosion and weathering. Earth Surf. Process. Landf. 2006, 31:135-153.
34. Coynel A., Seyler P., Etcheber H., Meybeck M., Orange D. Spatial and seasonal dynamics of total suspended sediment and organic species in the Congo River. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 2005, 19. 10.1029/2004GB002335.
35. Dickinson W.R., Suczek C.A. Plate tectonics and sandstone compositions. Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull. 1979, 63:2164-2182.
36. Drenzek N.J., Hughen K.A., Montluçon D.B., Southon J.R., dos Santos G.M., Druffel E.R.M., Glosan L., Eglinton T.I. A new look at old carbon in active margin sediments. Geology 2009, 37:239-242.
37. Dunne T., Mertes L.A.K., Meade R.H., Richey J.E., Forsberg B.R. Exchange of sediment between the floodplain and channel of the Amazon River in Brazil. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 1998, 110:450-467.
38. Ehleringer J.R., Buchmann N., Flanagan L.B. Carbon isotope ratios in belowground carbon cycle processes. Ecol. Appl. 2000, 10:412-422.
39. Farquhar G.D., Ehleringer J.R., Hubick K.T. Carbon isotope discrimination and photosynthesis. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 1989, 40:503-537.
40. Feng X., Vonk J.E., van Dongen B.E., Gustafsson O., Smeiletov I.P., Dudarec O.V., Wang Z., Montulcon D.B., Wacker L., Eglinton T.I. Differential mobilization of terrestrial carbon pools in Eurasian Arctic river basins. PNAS 2013, 110. 10.1073/pnas.1307031110.
41. Galy V., Eglinton T.I. Protracted storage of biospheric carbon in the Ganges-Brahmaputra basin. Nat. Geosci. 2011, 4:843-847.
42. Galy V., France-Lanord C., Beyssac O., Faure P., Kudrass H., Palhol F. Efficient organic carbon burial in the Bengal fan sustained by the Himalayan erosional system. Nature 2007, 450:407-410.
43. Galy V., France-Lanord C., Lartiges B. Loading and fate of particulate organic carbon from the Himalaya to the Ganga-Brahmaputra delta. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2008, 72:1767-1787.
44. Galy V., France-Lanord C., Beyssac O., Lartiges B., Rahman M. Organic carbon cycling during Himalayan erosion: processes, fluxes, and consequences for the global carbon cycle. Climate Change and Food Security in South Asia 2011, 163-179. 10.1007/978-90-481-9516-9_12. R. Lal (Ed.).
45. Galy V., Hein C., France-Lanord C., Eglinton T.I. The evolution of carbon signatures carried by the Ganges-Brahmaputra systems: a source-to-sink perspective. Biogeochemical Dynamics at Major River-coastal Interfaces: Linkages with Global Change 2013, 353-372. Cambridge University Press. W.J. Cai, M.A. Allison, T.S. Bianchi (Eds.).
46. Gao Q.Z., Tao Z., Yao J., Ding Z.F., Liu K.X. Elemental and isotopic signatures of particulate organic carbon in the Zengjiang River, southern China. Hydrol. Process. 2007, 21:1318-1327.
47. Ghadeer A.G., MacQuaker J.H.S. The role of event beds in the preservation of organic carbon in fine-grained sediments: analyses of the sedimentological processes operating during deposition of the Whitby Mudstone Formation (Toarcian, Lower Jurassic) preserved in northeast England. Mar. Pet. Geol. 2012, 35:309-320.
48. Gibbs R.J. Amazon River: environmental factors that control its dissolved and suspended load. Science 1967, 156:1734-1737.
49. Goñi M.A. Record of terrestrial organic matter composition in Amazon Fan sediments. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Reseuls 1997, 55:519-530. Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX. R.D. Flood, D.J.W. Piper, A. Klaus, L.C. Peterson (Eds.).
50. Goñi M.A., Yunker M.B., MacDonald R.W., Eglinton T.I. The supply and preservation of ancient and modern components of organic carbon in the Canadian Beaufort Shelf of the Arctic Ocean. Mar. Chem. 2005, 93:53-73.
51. Goñi M.A., Monacci N., Gisewhite R., Crockett J., Nittrouer C., Ogston A., Alin S.R., Aalto R. Terrigenous organic matter in sediments from the Fly River delta-clinoform system (Papua New Guinea). J. Geophys. Res. 2008, 113. 10.1029/2006JF000653.
52. Goñi M.A., Hatten J.A., Wheatcroft R.A., Borgeld J.C. Particulate organic matter export by two contrasting small mountainous rivers from the Pacific Northwest, USA. J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci. 2013, 118:112-134. 10.1002/jgrg.20024.
53. Goñi M.A., Moore E., Kurtz A., Portier E., Alleau Y., Merrell D. Organic matter compositions and loadings in soils and sediments along the Fly River, Papua New Guinea. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2014, 140:275-296.
54. Hatten J.A., Goñi M.A., Wheatcroft R.A. Chemical characteristics of particulate organic matter from a small, mountainous river system in the Oregon Coast Range, USA. Biogeochemistry 2012, 107:43-66.
55. Hedges J.I., Keil R.G. Sedimentary organic matter preservation: an assessment and speculative synthesis. Mar. Chem. 1995, 49:81-115.
56. Hedges J.I., Oades J.M. Comparative organic geochemistries of soils and marine sediments. Org. Geochem. 1997, 27:319-361.
57. Hedges J.I., Parker P.L. Land-derived organic matter in surface sediments of the Gulf of Mexico. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1976, 40:1019-1029.
58. Hedges J.I., Ertel J.R., Quay P.D., Grootes P.M., Richey J.E., et al. Organic C-14 in the Amazon River system. Science 1986, 231:1129-1131.
59. Hedges J.I., Keil R.G., Benner R. What happens to terrestrial organic matter in the ocean?. Org. Geochem. 1997, 27:195-212.
60. Henrichs S.M., Reeburgh W.S. Anaerobic mineralization of marine sediment organic-matter rates and the role of anaerobic processes in the ocean carbon economy. Geomicrobiol J. 1987, 5:191-237.
61. Hilton R.G., Galy A., Hovius N. Riverine particulate carbon from an active mountain belt: importance of landslides. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 2008, 22. 10.1029/2006GB002905.
62. Hilton R.G., Galy A., Hovius N., Chen M.C., Horng M.J., Chen H. Tropical-cycle-driven erosion of the terrestrial biosphere from mountains. Nat. Geosci. 2008, 1:759-762.
63. Hilton R.G., Galy A., Hovius N., Horng M.-J., Chen H. The isotopic composition of particulate organic carbon in mountain rivers of Taiwan. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2010, 74:3164-3181.
64. Hilton R.G., Meunier P., Hovius N., Bellingham P.J., Galy A. Landslide impact on organic carbon cycling in a temperate montane forest. Earth Surf. Process. Landf. 2011, 10.1002/esp.2191.
65. Hilton R.G., Galy A., Hovius N., Kao S.J., Horng M.J., Chen H. Climatic and geomorphic controls on the erosion of terrestrial biomass from subtropical mountain forest. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 2012, 26. 10.1029/2012GB004314.
66. Hilton R.G., Gaillardet J., Calmels D., Birck J.L. Geological respiration of a mountain belt revealed by the trace element rhenium. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2014, 403:27-36.
67. Hossler K., Bauer J.E. Amounts, isotopic character, and ages of organic and inorganic carbon exported from rivers to ocean margins: 1. Estimates of terrestrial losses and inputs to the Middle Atlantic Bight. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 2013, 27:331-346.
68. Huc A.Y., Bertrand P., Stow D.A.V., Gayer J., Vandenbroucke Organic sedimentation in deep offshore settings: the Quaternary sediments approach. Mar. Pet. Geol. 2001, 18:513-517.
69. Huguet C., de Lange J., Gustafsson O., Middelburg J.J., Sinninghe Damste J.S., Schouten S. Selective preservation of soil organic matter in oxidized marine sediments (Madeira Abyssal Plain). Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2008, 72:6061-6068.
70. Huh C.-A., Lin H.-L., Lin S., Huang Y.-W. Modern accumulation rates and a budget of sediment off the Gaoping (Kaoping) River, SW Taiwan: a tidal and flood dominated depositional environment around a submarine canyon. J. Mar. Syst. 2009, 76:405-416.
71. Jarvis A., Reuter H.I., Nelson E., Guevara E. Hole-filled SRTM for the globe Version 4, available from the CGIAR-CSI SRTM 90 m, Database http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org.
72. Kao S.J., Liu K.K. Particulate organic carbon export from a subtropical mountainous river (Lanyang Hsi) in Taiwan. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1996, 41:1749-1757.
73. Kao S.J., Shiah F.K., Wang C.H., Liu K.K. Efficient trapping of organic carbon in sediments on the continental margin with high fluvial sediment input off southwestern Taiwan. Cont. Shelf Res. 2006, 26:2520-2537.
74. Kao S.J., Dai M.H., Wei K.Y., Blair N.B., Lyons W.B. Enhanced supply of fossil organic carbon to the Okinawa Trough since the last deglaciation. Paleoceanography 2008, 23. 10.1029/2007PA001440.
75. Kao S.J., Hilton R.G., Selvaraj K., Dai M., et al. Preservation of terrestrial organic carbon in marine sediments offshore Taiwan: mountain building and atmospheric carbon dioxide sequestration. Earth Surf. Dyn. 2014, 2:127-139.
76. Kastner T.P., Goñi M.A. Constancy in the vegetation of the Amazon Basin during the late Pleistocene: evidence from the organic matter composition of Amazon deep sea fan sediments. Geology 2003, 31:291-294.
77. Keil R.G., Mayer L.M., Quay P.D., Richey J.E., Hedges J.I. Loss of organic matter from riverine particles in deltas. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1997, 61:1507-1511.
78. Kineke G.C., Woolfe K.J., Kuehl S.A., Milliman J.D., Dellapenna T.M., Purdon R.G. Sediment export from the Sepik River, Papua New Guinea: evidence for a divergent sediment plume. Cont. Shelf Res. 2000, 20:2239-2266.
79. Komada T., Druffel E.R.M., Trumbore S.E. Oceanic export of relic carbon by small mountainous rivers. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2004, 31. 10.1029/2004GL019512.
80. Konyukhov A.I. Oil source rocks at Mesozoic and Cenozoic continental margins: communication 2. Oil source rocks at continental margins in the second half of the Cretaceous and in the Cenozoic. Lithol. Miner. Resour. 2012, 47:419-436.
81. Kudrass H.R., Michels K.H., Wiedicke M., Suckow A. Cyclones and tides as feeders of a submarine canyon off Bangladesh. Geology 1998, 26:715-718.
82. Kuehl S.A., Levy B.M., Moore W.S., Allison M.A. Subaqueous delta of the Ganges-Brahmaputra river system. Mar. Geol. 1997, 144:81-96.
83. Kuehl S.A., Allison M.A., Goodbred S.L., Kudrass H. The Ganges-Brahmaputra delta. SEPM Spec. Publ. 2005, 83:413.
84. Larsen I.L., Montgomery D.R., Greenberg H.M. The contribution of mountains to global denudation. Geology 2014, 42:527-530. 10.1130/G35136.1.
85. Leithold E.L., Hope R.S. Deposition and modification of a flood layer on the northern California shelf: Lessons from and about the fate of terrestrial organic carbon. Mar. Geol. 1999, 154:183-195.
86. Leithold E.L., Blair N.E., Perkey D.W. Geomorphological controls on the age of particulate organic carbon from small mountainous and upland rivers. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 2006, 20.
87. Leithold E.L., Blair N.E., Childress L.B., Brulet B.R., Marden M., Orpin A.R., Kuehl S.A., Alexander C.R. Signals of watershed change preserved in organic carbon buried on the continental margin seaward of the Waipaoa River, New Zealand. Mar. Geol. 2013, 346:355-365.
88. Ludwig W., Probst J.L., Kempe S. Predicting the oceanic input of organic carbon by continental erosion. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 1996, 10:23-41.
89. Masiello C.A., Druffel E.R.M. Carbon isotope geochemistry of the Santa Clara River. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 2001, 15:407-416.
90. Mayorga E., Aufdenkampe A.K., Masiello C.A., Krusche A.V., Hedges J.I., Quay P.D., Richey J.E., Brown T.A. Young organic matter as a source of carbon dioxide outgassing from Amazonian rivers. Nature 2005, 436:538-541.
91. Meade R.H., Dunne T., Richey J.E., Santos U.de M., Salati E. Storage and remobilization of suspended sediment in the lower Amazon River of Brazil. Science 1985, 228:488-490.
92. Meybeck M. Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorous transport by world rivers. Am. J. Sci. 1982, 282:401-450.
93. Michels K.H., Suckow A., Breitzke M., Kudrass H.R., Kottke B. Sediment transport in the shelf canyon "Swatch of No Ground" (Bay of Bengal). Deep Sea Res. II Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 2003, 50:1003-1022.
94. Middelburg J.J. A simple rate model for organic-matter decomposition in marine sediments. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1989, 53:1577-1581.
95. Milliman J.D., Farnsworth K.L. River discharge to the coastal ocean: a global synthesis 2011, Cambridge University Press, (384 pp.).
96. Milliman J.D., Kao S.J. Hyperpycnal discharge of fluvial sediment to the ocean: impact of super-typhoon Herb (1996) on Taiwanese rivers. J. Geol. 2005, 113:503-516.
97. Moreira-Turq P., Bonnet M.P., Amorim M., Bernardes M., Lagane C., Maurice L., Perez M., Seyler P. Seasonal variability in concentration, age, and fluxes of particulate organic carbon exchanged between the floodplain and the Amazon River. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 2013, 27:119-130. 10.1002/gbc.20022.
98. Mullenbach B.L., Nittrouer C.A. Rapid deposition of fluvial sediment in Eel Canyon, northern California. Cont. Shelf Res. 2000, 20:2191-2212.
99. Mullenbach B.L., Nittrouer C.A., Puig P., Orange D.L. Sediment deposition in a modern submarine canyon: Eel Canyon, northern California. Mar. Geol. 2004, 211:101-119.
100. Nittrouer C.A., Wright L.D. Transport of particles across continental shelves. Rev. Geophys. 1994, 10.1029/93RG02603.
101. O'Leary M.H. Carbon isotope fractionation in plants. Phytochemistry 1981, 20:553-567.
102. Olsson I.U. The use of oxalic acid as a standard. Radiocarbon Variations and Absolute Chronology, Nobel Symposium, 12th Proc 1970, 17. John Wiley & Sons, New York. I.U. Olsson (Ed.).
103. Paull C.K., McGann M.m, Sumner E.J., Barnes P.M., Lundsten E.M., Anderson K., Gwiazda R., Edwards B., Caress D.M. Sub-decadal turbidite frequency during the early Holocene: Eel Fan, offshore northern California. Geology 2014, 42:855-858. 10.1130/G35768.1.
104. Petsch S.T., Berner R.A., Eglinton T.I. A field study of the chemical weathering of ancient sedimentary organic matter. Org. Geochem. 2000, 31:475-487.
105. Petsch S.T., Edwards K.J., Eglinton T.I. Microbial transformations of organic matter in black shales and implications for global biogeochemical cycles. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2005, 219:157-170.
106. Prahl F.G., de Lange G., Scholten S., Cowie G.L. A case of post-depositional aerobic degradation of terrestrial organic matter in turbidite deposits from the Madeira Abyssal Plain. Org. Geochem. 1997, 27:141-152.
107. Puig P., Ogston A.S., Mullenbach B.L., Nittrouer C.A., Parsons J.D., Sternberg R.W. Storm-induced sediment gravity flows at the head of the Eel submarine canyon, northern California margin. J. Geophys. Res. 2004, 109. 10.1029/2003JC001918.
108. Raymond P.A., Bauer J.E., Caraco N.F., Cole J.J., Longworth B., Petsch S.T. Controls on the variability of organic matter and dissolved inorganic carbon ages in northeast US rivers. Mar. Chem. 2004, 92:353-366.
109. Raymond P.A., McClelland J.W., Holmes R.M., Zhulidov A.V., Mull K., Peterson B.J., Striegl R.G., Aiken G.R., Gurtovaya T.Y. Flux and age of dissolved organic carbon exported to the Arctic Ocean: a carbon isotopic study of the five largest arctic rivers. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 2007, 21. 10.1029/2007/GB002934.
110. Richey J.E., Meade R.H., Salati E., Devol A.H., Nordin C.F., Dos Santos U. Water discharge and suspended sediment concentrations in the Amazon River: 1982-1984. Water Resour. Res. 1986, 2:756-764.
111. Rosenheim B.E., Galy V. Direct measurement of riverine particulate organic carbon age structure. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2012, 39:L19703. 10.1029/2012GL052883.
112. Rosenheim B.E., Roe K.M., Roberts B.J., Kolker A.S., Allison M.A., Johannesson K.H. River discharge influences on particulate organic carbon age structure in the Mississippi/Atcafalaya River systems. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 2013, 27:154-166.
113. Ruttenberg K.C., Goñi M.A. Depth trends in phosphorous distribution and C:N:P ratios in Amazon Fan sediments: indices of organic matter source and burial history. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Reseuls 1997, 155:505-517. Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX. R.D. Flood, D.J.W. Piper, A. Klaus, L.C. Peterson (Eds.).
114. Ryan W.B.F., Carbotte S.M., Coplan J., O'Hara S., Melkonian A., Arko R., Weissel R.A., Ferrini V., Goodwillie A., Nitsche F., Bonczkowski J., Zemsky R. Global Multi-Resolution Topography (GMRT) synthesis data set. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 2009, 10. 10.1029/2008GC002332.
115. Saller A., Lin R., Dunham J. Leaves in turbidite sands: the main source of oil and gas in the deep-water Kutei Basin, Indonesia. Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull. 2006, 90:1585-1608.
116. Schlunz B., Schneider R.R. Transport of terrestrial organic carbon to the oceans by rivers: re-estimating flux- and burial rates. Int. J. Earth Sci. 2000, 88:599-606.
117. Schmidt M.W.I., Torn M.S., Abiven S., Dittmar T., Guggenberger G., Janssens I.A., Kleber M., Kogel-Knaber I., Lehmann J., Manning D.A.C., Nannipieri P., Rasse D.P., Weiner S., Trumbore S.E. Persistence of soil organic matter as an ecosystem property. Nature 2011, 478:49-56.
118. Schreiner K.M., Blair N.E., Levinson W., Egerton-Warburton L. Contribution of fungal macromolecules to soil carbon sequestration. Soil Carbon 2014, Springer. A. Hartemink, K. McSweeney (Eds.).
119. Senftle J.T., Landis C.R., McLaughlin R.L. Organic petrographic approach to kerogen characterization. Organic Geochemistry: Principles and Applications 1993, 355-374. Springer, US. M.H. Engel, S.A. Macko (Eds.).
120. Sheremet A., Jaramillo S., Su S.-F., Allison M.A., Holland K.T. Wave-mud interaction over the muddy Atchafalaya subaqueous clinoform, Louisiana, United States: wave processes. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 2011, 116. 10.1029/2010JC006644.
121. Smith J.C., Galy A., Hovius N., Tye A.M., Turowski J.M., Schleppi P. Runoff-driven export of particulate organic carbon from soil in temperate forested uplands. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2014, 365:198-208.
122. Somme T.O., Helland-Hansen W., Martinsen O.J., Thurmond J.B. Relationships between morphological and sedimentological parameters in source-to-sink systems: a basis for predicting semi-quantitative characteristics in subsurface systems. Basin Res. 2009, 21:361-387. 10.111/j.1365-2117.2009.00297.x.
123. Spencer R.G.M., Hernes P.J., Aufdenkampe A.K., Baker A., Gulliver P., Stubbins A., Aiken G.R., Dyda R.Y., Butler K.D., Mwamba V.L., Mangangu A.M., Wabakanghanzi J.N., Six J. An initial investigation into the organic matter biogeochemistry of the Congo River 2012, 614-627.
124. Spencer R.G.M., Stubbins A., Gaillardet J. Geochemistry of the Congo River, estuary, and plume. Biogeochemical Dynamics At Major River-Coastal Interfaces: Linkages With Global Change 2014, 554-583. T.S. Bianchi, M.A. Allison, W.J. Cai (Eds.).
125. Strahler A.N. Hypsometric (area-altitude) analysis of erosional topography. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 1952, 63:1117-1142.
126. 14C-depleted organic carbon from old deposits at the upper continental slope. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 2010, 24. 10.1029/2009GB003745.
127. Thompson C.E. Tracking organic matter from source to sink in the Waiapu River Watershed, New Zealand: a geochemical perspective 2009, 356. (Ph.D. Dissertation), North Carolina State University.
128. Tissot B.P., Welte D.H. Petroleum formation and occurrence 1984, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, (699 pp.).
129. Traykovski P., Geyer W.R., Irish J.D., Lynch J.F. The role of wave-induced density-driven fluid mud flows for cross-shelf transport on the Eel River continental shelf. Cont. Shelf Res. 2000, 16:2113-2140.
130. Traykovski P., Wiberg P., Geyer W.R. Observations and modeling of wave-supported sediment gravity flows on the Po prodelta and comparison to prior observations from the Eel shelf. Cont. Shelf Res. 2007, 27:375-399.
131. Trowbridge J.H., Kineke G.C. Structure and dynamics of fluid muds on the Amazon Continental Shelf. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 1994, 99:865-874.
132. Trumbore S. Radiocarbon and soil carbon dynamics. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 2009, 37:47-66.
133. Walsh J.P., Nittrouer C.A. Understanding fine-grained river-sediment dispersal on continental margins. Mar. Geol. 2007, 263:34-45.
134. Wei X.G., Shen C.D., Li N.L., Wang F.S., Ding P., Wang N., Guom Z.X., Liu K.X. Apparent ages of suspended sediment and soil erosion of the Pearl (Zhujiang) drainage basin. Chin. Sci. Bull. 2010, 55:1547-1553. 10.1007/s11434-010-3067-x.
135. Wilmshurst J.M., Eden D., Froggatt P.C. Late Holocene forest disturbance in Gisborne, New Zealand: a comparison of terrestrial and marine pollen records. N. Z. J. Bot. 1999, 37:523-540.
136. Wilmshurst J.M., Anderson A.J., Higham T.F.G., Worth T.H. Dating the late prehistoric dispersal of Polynesians to New Zealand using the commensal Pacific rat. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2008, 105:7676-7680.
137. 10Be. Geology 2011, 39:467-470. 10.1130/G31829.1.
138. Yunhua D. River-gulf system - the major location of marine source rock formation. Pet. Sci. 2012, 9:281-289.