New views on "old" carbon in the Amazon River: Insight from the source of organic carbon eroded from the Peruvian Andes

Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems

Volumn 14, Issue 5, 2013, Pages 1644-1659

  Clark, K E ^a   Hilton, R G ^b   West, A J ^c   Malhi, Y ^a   Grocke D R ^b   Bryant, C L ^d   Ascough, P L ^e   Robles Caceres, A ^f   New, M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^b DURHAM UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^d NATURAL ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH COUNCIL   (United Kingdom)

^e SCOTTISH UNIVERSITIES ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH CENTRE   (United Kingdom)

^f UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE SAN ANTONIO ABAD DEL CUSCO   (Peru)

Author keywords

Amazon; Andes; erosion; organic carbon; radiocarbon

Indexed keywords

BIOGEOCHEMISTRY; CARBON; EROSION; FLOODS; ISOTOPES; MIXING; ORGANIC CARBON; SUSPENDED SEDIMENTS;

AMAZON; ANDES; END-MEMBER MIXING ANALYSIS; PARTICULATE ORGANIC CARBON; RADIOCARBON; RELATIVE CONTRIBUTION; STABLE CARBON ISOTOPES; TERRESTRIAL BIOSPHERE;

RIVERS;

ALLUVIAL DEPOSIT; EROSION RATE; HUMID ENVIRONMENT; ISOTOPIC RATIO; PARTICULATE ORGANIC CARBON; POINT SOURCE; SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY; STABLE ISOTOPE; SUSPENDED SEDIMENT; TREND ANALYSIS;

AMAZON RIVER; ANDES;

EID: 84879958397     PISSN: None     EISSN: 15252027     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ggge.20122     Document Type: Article

References (95)

1. Aalto, R., L. Maurice-Bourgoin, T. Dunne, D. R. Montgomery, C. A. Nittrouer, and, J. L. Guyot, (2003), Episodic sediment accumulation on Amazonian flood plains influenced by El Nino/Southern Oscillation, Nature, 425 (6957), 493-497. doi: 10.1038/nature02002. (Pubitemid 37237041)
2. Allegre, C. J., B. Dupre, P. Negrel, and, J. Gaillardet, (1996), Sr-Nd-Pb isotope systematics in Amazon and Congo River systems: Constraints about erosion processes, Chem. Geol., 131 (1-4), 93-112, doi: 10.1016/0009-2541(96) 00028-9.
3. Attal, M., and, J. Lavé, (2009), Pebble abrasion during fluvial transport: Experimental results and implications for the evolution of the sediment load along rivers, J. Geophys. Res., 114 (F4), F04023, doi: 10.1029/2009jf001328.
4. Aufdenkampe, A. K., E. Mayorga, J. I. Hedges, C. Llerena, P. D. Quay, J. Gudeman, A. V. Krusche, and, J. E. Richey, (2007), Organic matter in the Peruvian headwaters of the Amazon: Compositional evolution from the Andes to the lowland Amazon mainstem, Org. Geochem., 38 (3), 337-364, doi: 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2006.06.003. (Pubitemid 46273664)
5. Baisden, W., R. Amundson, A. Cook, and, D. Brenner, (2002), Turnover and storage of C and N in five density fractions from California annual grassland surface soils, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 16 (4), 1117, doi: 10.1029/2001GB001822.
6. Beusen, A. H. W., A. L. M. Dekkers, A. F. Bouwman, W. Ludwig, and, J. Harrison, (2005), Estimation of global river transport of sediments and associated particulate C, N, and P, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 19 (4), doi: 10.1029/2005gb002453.
7. Blair, N. E., E. L. Leithold, S. T. Ford, K. A. Peeler, J. C. Holmes, and, D. W. Perkey, (2003), The persistence of memory: The fate of ancient sedimentary organic carbon in a modern sedimentary system, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 67 (1), 63-73, doi: 10.1016/s0016-7037(02)01043-8. (Pubitemid 36029345)
8. Blodgett, T. A., and, B. L. Isacks, (2007), Landslide erosion rate in the eastern cordillera of northern Bolivia, Earth Interact., 11, 1-30, doi: 10.1175/2007EI222.1.
9. Bouchez, J., O. Beyssac, V. Galy, J. Gaillardet, C. France-Lanord, L. Maurice, and, P. Moreira-Turcq, (2010), Oxidation of petrogenic organic carbon in the Amazon floodplain as a source of atmospheric CO2, Geology, 38 (3), 255-258, doi: 10.1130/g30608.1.
10. Bouchez, J., J. Gaillardet, C. France-Lanord, L. Maurice, and, P. Dutra-Maia, (2011), Grain size control of river suspended sediment geochemistry: Clues from Amazon River depth profiles, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 12, doi: 10.1029/2010gc003380.
11. Boutton, T. W., W. W. Wong, D. L. Hachey, L. S. Lee, M. P. Cabrera, and, P. D. Klein, (1983), Comparison of quartz and pyrex tubes for combustion of organic samples for stable carbon isotope analysis, Anal. Chem., 55 (11), 1832-1833.
12. Brodie, C. R., M. J. Leng, J. S. L. Casford, C. P. Kendrick, J. M. Lloyd, Z. Yongqiang, and, M. I. Bird, (2011), Evidence for bias in C and N concentrations and δ13C composition of terrestrial and aquatic organic materials due to pre-analysis acid preparation methods, Chem. Geol., 282 (3), 67-83, doi: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.01.007.
13. Canfield, D. E., (1994), Factors Influencing organic-carbon preservation in marine-sediments, Chem. Geol., 114 (3-4), 315-329.
14. Carlotto, V., W. Gil, J. Cardenas, and, R. Chavez, (1996), Mapa Geologico del Cuadrangula de Calca (27-s), Ministerio de engergia y minas Instituto geologico minero y metalurgico (INGEMMET), Republica del Peru.
15. Clarke, B. A., and, D. W. Burbank, (2010), Bedrock fracturing, threshold hillslopes, and limits to the magnitude of bedrock landslides, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 297 (3), 577-586, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2010.07.011.
16. Cole, J., et al. (2007), Plumbing the global carbon cycle: Integrating inland waters into the terrestrial carbon budget, Ecosystems, 10 (1), 172-185, doi: 10.1007/s10021-006-9013-8.
17. Copard, Y., P. Amiotte-Suchet, and, C. Di-Giovanni, (2007), Storage and release of fossil organic carbon related to weathering of sedimentary rocks, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 258 (1), 345-357, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2007.03.048. (Pubitemid 46780117)
18. Crespo, P. J., J. Feyen, W. Buytaert, A. Bücker, L. Breuer, H. G. Frede, and, M. Ramírez, (2011), Identifying controls of the rainfall-runoff response of small catchments in the tropical Andes (Ecuador), J. Hydrol., 407 (1), 164-174, doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.07.021.
19. Dietrich, W. E., D. G. Bellugi, L. S. Sklar, J. D. Stock, A. M. Heimsath, and, J. J. Roering, (2003), Geomorphic transport laws for predicting landscape form and dynamics, Geophys. Monog.-Am. Geophys. Union, 135, 103-132.
20. Dixon, R. K., S. Brown, R. Houghton, A. Solomon, M. Trexler, and, J. Wisniewski, (1994), Carbon pools and flux of global forest ecosystems, Science, 263 (5144), 185-189.
21. Dunne, T., L. A. K. Mertes, R. H. Meade, J. E. Richey, and, B. R. Forsberg, (1998), Exchanges of sediment between the flood plain and channel of the Amazon River in Brazil, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 110 (4), 450-467.
22. France-Lanord, C., and, L. A. Derry, (1997), Organic carbon burial forcing of the carbon cycle from Himalayan erosion, Nature, 390 (6655), 65-67. (Pubitemid 27494755)
23. Fuller, C. W., S. D. Willett, N. Hovius, and, R. Slingerland, (2003), Erosion rates for Taiwan mountain basins: New determinations from suspended sediment records and a stochastic model of their temporal variation, J. Geol., 111 (1), 71-87. (Pubitemid 36310245)
24. Gaillardet, J., B. Dupre, C. J. Allegre, and, P. Negrel, (1997), Chemical and physical denudation in the Amazon River basin, Chem. Geol., 142 (3-4), 141-173.
25. Galy, V., J. Bouchez, and, C. France-Lanord, (2007a), Determination of total organic carbon content and delta C-13 in carbonate-rich detrital sediments, Geostand. Geoanal. Res., 31 (3), 199-207, doi: 10.1111/j.1751-908X. 2007.00864.x.
26. Galy, V., C. France-Lanord, O. Beyssac, P. Faure, H. Kudrass, and, F. Palhol, (2007b), Efficient organic carbon burial in the Bengal fan sustained by the Himalayan erosional system, Nature, 450 (7168), 407-U406, doi: 10.1038/nature06273.
27. Galy, V., O. Beyssac, C. France-Lanord, and, T. Eglinton, (2008a), Recycling of graphite during Himalayan erosion: A geological stabilization of carbon in the crust, Science, 322 (5903), 943-945, doi: 10.1126/science.1161408.
28. Galy, V., C. France-Lanord, and, B. Lartiges, (2008b), Loading and fate of particulate organic carbon from the Himalaya to the Ganga-Brahmaputra delta, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 72 (7), 1767-1787, doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2008.01.027.
29. Galy, V., and, T. Eglinton, (2011), Protracted storage of biospheric carbon in the Ganges-Brahmaputra basin, Nat. Geosci., 4 (12), 843-847, doi: 10.1038/ngeo1293.
30. Gentry, S., and, S. R. Ortiz, (1993), Patrones de composiciõn florística en la Amazonia Peruana, in Amazona Peruana Vegetaciõn humeda tropical en la llano subandino, edited by, R. Kalliola, M. Puhakka, and, W. Danjoy, pp. 155-166, PAUT and ONERN, Jyvaskyla, Finland.
31. Gibbon, A., M. R. Silman, Y. Malhi, J. B. Fisher, P. Meir, M. Zimmermann, G. C. Dargie, W. R. Farfan, and, K. C. Garcia, (2010), Ecosystem carbon storage across the grassland-forest transition in the high Andes of Manu National Park, Peru, Ecosystems, 13 (7), 1097-1111, doi: 10.1007/s10021-010-9376-8.
32. Gibbs, R. J., (1967), Amazon River-Environmental factors that control its dissolved and suspended load, Science, 156 (3783), 1734-1737.
33. Girardin, C. A. J., et al. (2010), Net primary productivity allocation and cycling of carbon along a tropical forest elevational transect in the Peruvian Andes, Glob. Chang. Biol., 16 (12), 3176-3192, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02235.x.
34. Godwin, H., (1962), Half-life of radiocarbon, Nature, 195, 984.
35. Gomez, B., W. T. Baisden, and, K. M. Rogers, (2010), Variable composition of particle-bound organic carbon in steepland river systems, J. Geophys. Res., 115 (F4), F04006, doi: 10.1029/2010jf001713.
36. Gomi, T., R. C. Sidle, M. Ueno, S. Miyata, and, K. Kosugi, (2008), Characteristics of overland flow generation on steep forested hillslopes of central Japan, J. Hydrol., 361 (3), 275-290, doi: 10.1029/2007WR005894.
37. Goni, M. A., N. Monacci, R. Gisewhite, J. Crockett, C. Nittrouer, A. Ogston, S. R. Alin, and, R. Aalto, (2008), Terrigenous organic matter in sediments from the Fly River delta-clinoform system (Papua New Guinea), J. Geophys. Res., 113 (F1), F01S10, doi: 10.1029/2006JF000653.
38. Graz, Y., C. Di-Giovanni, Y. Copard, N. Mathys, A. Cras, and, V. Marc, (2012), Annual fossil organic carbon delivery due to mechanical and chemical weathering of marly badlands areas, Earth Surf. Processes Landforms, 37 (12), 1263-1271, doi: 10.1002/esp.3232.
39. Gregory-Wodzicki, K. M., (2000), Uplift history of the Central and Northern Andes: A review, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 112 (7), 1091-1105. (Pubitemid 32832321)
40. Gröcke, D., R. Hori, J. Trabucho-Alexandre, D. Kemp, and, L. Schwark, (2011), An open ocean record of the Toarcian oceanic anoxic event, Solid Earth, 2, 245-257, doi: 10.5194/se-2-245-2011.
41. Guyot, J. L., N. Filizola, and, A. Laraque, (2005), The suspended sediment flux of the River Amazon at Obidos, Brazil, 1995-2003, in Sediment Budgets 1, edited by, D. E. Walling, and, A. J. Horowitz, pp. 347-354, International Association of Hydrological Sciences, Wallingford, UK.
42. Hatten, J. A., M. A. Goñi, and, R. A. Wheatcroft, (2012), Chemical characteristics of particulate organic matter from a small, mountainous river system in the Oregon Coast Range, USA, Biogeochemistry, 1-24, doi: 10.1007/s10533-010-9529-z.
43. Hedges, J. I., W. A. Clark, P. D. Quay, J. E. Richey, A. H. Devol, and, U. d. M. Santos, (1986a), Compositions and fluxes of particulate organic material in the Amazon River, Limnol. Oceanogr., 31 (4), 717-738.
44. Hedges, J. I., J. R. Ertel, P. D. Quay, P. M. Grootes, J. E. Richey, A. H. Devol, G. W. Farwell, F. W. Schmidt, and, E. Salati, (1986b), Organic carbon-14 in the Amazon River system, Science, 231 (4742), 1129-1131.
45. Hedges, J. I., and, R. G. Keil, (1995), Sedimentary organic-matter preservation-An assessment and speculative synthesis, Mar. Chem., 49 (2-3), 81-115.
46. Hedges, J. I., et al. (2000), Organic matter in Bolivian tributaries of the Amazon River: A comparison to the lower mainstream, Limnol. Oceanogr., 45 (7), 1449-1466.
47. Hietz, P., W. Wanek, R. Wania, and, N. M. Nadkarni, (2002), Nitrogen-15 natural abundance in a montane cloud forest canopy as an indicator of nitrogen cycling and epiphyte nutrition, Oecologia, 131 (3), 350-355, doi: 10.1007/S00442-002-0896-6. (Pubitemid 36064422)
48. Hilton, R. G., A. Galy, and, N. Hovius, (2008a), Riverine particulate organic carbon from an active mountain belt: Importance of landslides, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 22, BG1017, doi: 10.1029/2006GB002905.
49. Hilton, R. G., A. Galy, N. Hovius, M.-C. Chen, M.-J. Horng, and, H. Chen, (2008b), Tropical-cyclone-driven erosion of the terrestrial biosphere from mountains, Nat. Geosci., 1 (11), 759-762, doi: 10.1038/ngeo333.
50. Hilton, R. G., A. Galy, N. Hovius, M.-J. Horng, and, H. Chen, (2010), The isotopic composition of particulate organic carbon in mountain rivers of Taiwan, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 74 (11), 3164-3181, doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2010. 03.004.
51. Hilton, R. G., A. Galy, N. Hovius, M.-J. Horng, and, H. Chen, (2011a), Efficient transport of fossil organic carbon to the ocean by steep mountain rivers: An orogenic carbon sequestration mechanism, Geology, 39 (1), 71-74, doi: 10.1130/g31352.1.
52. Hilton, R. G., P. Meunier, N. Hovius, P. J. Bellingham, and, A. Galy, (2011b), Landslide impact on organic carbon cycling in a temperate montane forest, Earth Surf. Processes Landforms, 36 (12), 1670-1679, doi: 10.1002/esp.2191.
53. Hilton, R. G., A. Galy, N. Hovius, S.-J. Kao, M.-J. Horng, and, H. Chen, (2012), Climatic and geomorphic controls on the erosion of terrestrial biomass from subtropical mountain forest, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 26 (3), GB3014, doi: 10.1029/2012gb004314.
54. Hovius, N., C. P. Stark, H. T. Chu, and, J. C. Lin, (2000), Supply and removal of sediment in a landslide-dominated mountain belt: Central Range, Taiwan, J. Geol., 108 (1), 73-89, doi: 10.1086/314387. (Pubitemid 30215557)
55. Hua, Q., and, M. Barbetti, (2004), Review of tropospheric bomb 14C data for carbon cycle modeling and age calibration purposes, Radiocarbon, 46 (3), 1273-1298.
56. Kao, S. J., and, K.-K. Liu, (1996), Particulate organic carbon export from a subtropical mountainous river (Lanyang Hsi) in Taiwan, Limnol. Oceanogr., 41 (8), 1749-1757. (Pubitemid 126447291)
57. Kao, S. J., and, K. K. Liu, (2000), Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope systematics in a human-disturbed watershed (Lanyang-Hsi) in Taiwan and the estimation of biogenic particulate organic carbon and nitrogen fluxes, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 14 (1), 189-198, doi: 10.1029/1999gb900079.
58. Kao, S. J., and, J. D. Milliman, (2008), Water and sediment discharge from small mountainous rivers, Taiwan: The roles of lithology, episodic events, and human activities, J. Geol., 116 (5), 431-448, doi: 10.1086/590921.
59. Killeen, T. J., M. Douglas, T. Consiglio, P. M. Jørgensen, and, J. Mejia, (2007), Dry spots and wet spots in the Andean hotspot, J. Biogeogr., 34 (8), 1357-1373, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2006.01682.x. (Pubitemid 47094201)
60. Komada, T., E. R. M. Druffel, and, S. E. Trumbore, (2004), Oceanic export of relict carbon by small mountainous rivers, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31 (7), L07504, doi: 10.1029/2004gl019512.
61. Körner, C., G. Farquhar, and, Z. Roksandic, (1988), A global survey of carbon isotope discrimination in plants from high altitude, Oecologia, 74 (4), 623-632. (Pubitemid 20417466)
62. Leithold, E. L., N. E. Blair, and, D. W. Perkey, (2006), Geomorphologic controls on the age of particulate organic carbon from small mountainous and upland rivers, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 20 (3), doi: 10.1029/2005gb002677.
63. Lupker, M., C. France-Lanord, J. Lavé, J. Bouchez, V. Galy, F. Métivier, J. Gaillardet, B. Lartiges, and, J.-L. Mugnier, (2011), A Rouse-based method to integrate the chemical composition of river sediments: Application to the Ganga basin, J. Geophys. Res., 116 (F4), F04012, doi: 10.1029/2010jf001947.
64. Lyons, W. B., C. A. Nezat, A. E. Carey, and, D. M. Hicks, (2002), Organic carbon fluxes to the ocean from high-standing islands, Geology, 30 (5), 443-446, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030 < 0443:ocftto > 2.0.co;2. (Pubitemid 34667937)
65. Malhi, Y., M. Silman, N. Salinas, M. Bush, P. Meir, and, S. Saatchi, (2010), Introduction: Elevation gradients in the tropics: Laboratories for ecosystem ecology and global change research, Glob. Chang. Biol., 16 (12), 3171-3175, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02323.x.
66. Malhi, Y., (2012), The productivity, metabolism and carbon cycle of tropical forest vegetation, J. Ecol., 100 (1), 65-75, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2745. 2011.01916.x.
67. Marengo, J. A., W. R. Soares, C. Saulo, and, M. Nicolini, (2004), Climatology of the low-level jet east of the Andes as derived from the NCEP-NCAR reanalyses: Characteristics and temporal variability, J. Climate, 17 (12), 2261-2280. (Pubitemid 38945782)
68. Martinez, J. M., J. L. Guyot, N. Filizola, and, F. Sondag, (2009), Increase in suspended sediment discharge of the Amazon River assessed by monitoring network and satellite data, Catena, 79 (3), 257-264, doi: 10.1016/j.catena.2009.05.011.
69. Mayorga, E., A. K. Aufdenkampe, C. A. Masiello, A. V. Krusche, J. I. Hedges, P. D. Quay, J. E. Richey, and, T. A. Brown, (2005), Young organic matter as a source of carbon dioxide outgassing from Amazonian rivers, Nature, 436 (7050), 538-541, doi: 10.1038/nature03880. (Pubitemid 41112924)
70. McClain, M. E., and, R. J. Naiman, (2008), Andean influences on the biogeochemistry and ecology of the Amazon River, Bioscience, 58 (4), 325-338, doi: 10.1641/b580408. (Pubitemid 351693489)
71. Meade, R. H., C. F. Nordin, W. F. Curtis, F. M. Costarodrigues, C. M. Dovale, and, J. M. Edmond, (1979), Sediment loads in the Amazon River, Nature, 278 (5700), 161-163.
72. Meade, R. H., T. Dunne, J. E. Richey, U. D. Santos, and, E. Salati, (1985), Storage and remobilisation of suspended sediment in the lower Amazon River of Brazil, Science, 228 (4698), 488-490. (Pubitemid 17268148)
73. Meybeck, M., and, A. Ragu, (1997), River discharges to the oceans: An assessment of suspended solids, major ions and nutrients, 245 pp, Report to the United Nations Environmental Programme, World Health Organization, Nairobi, Kenya.
74. Milliman, J. D., and, J. P. M. Syvitski, (1992), Geomorphic tectonic control of sediment discharge to the ocean-The importance of small mountain rivers, J. Geol., 100 (5), 525-544. (Pubitemid 23374791)
75. Montgomery, D. R., G. Balco, and, S. D. Willett, (2001), Climate, tectonics, and the morphology of the Andes, Geology, 29 (7), 579-582, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029 < 0579:CTATMO > 2.0.CO;2. (Pubitemid 35302244)
76. Pawson, R., M. Evans, and, T. Allott, (2012), Fluvial carbon flux from headwater peatland streams: Significance of particulate carbon flux, Earth Surf. Processes Landforms, doi: 10.1002/esp.3257.
77. Rao, Y., (2011), Variation in plant carbon and nitrogen isotopes along an altitudinal gradient in the Peruvian Andes, B.Sc. thesis, 60 pp, Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, Durham.
78. Richey, J. E., R. H. Meade, E. Salati, A. H. Devol, C. F. Nordin, and, U. Dossantos, (1986), Water discharge and suspended sediment concentrations in the Amazon River 1982-1984, Water Resour. Res., 22 (5), 756-764.
79. Richey, J. E., C. Valarezo, C. Valarezo, and, C. Valarezo, (1990), Biogeochemistry of carbon in the Amazon River, Limnol. Oceanogr., 35, 352-371.
80. Richey, J. E., J. M. Melack, A. K. Aufdenkampe, V. M. Ballester, and, L. L. Hess, (2002), Outgassing from Amazonian rivers and wetlands as a large tropical source of atmospheric CO2, Nature, 416 (617-620).
81. Schenk, C. J., R. J. Viger, and, C. P. Anderson, (1999), South America Geologic Map (geo6ag), U.S. Geological Survey, Central Energy Resources Team, Denver, Colorado, USA.
82. Slota, P. J., A. J. T. Jull, T. W. Linick, and, L. J. Toolin, (1987), Preparation of small samples for 14C accelerator targets by catalytic reduction of CO, Radiocarbon, 29, 303-306.
83. Smith, J. C., A. Galy, N. Hovius, A. M. Tye, J. M. Turowski, and, P. Schleppi, (2013), Runoff-driven export of particulate organic carbon from soil in temperate forested uplands, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 365, 198-208, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2013.01.027.
84. Stallard, R. F., (1998), Terrestrial sedimentation and the carbon cycle: Coupling weathering and erosion to carbon burial, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 12 (2), 231-257. (Pubitemid 28476834)
85. Still, C. J., P. N. Foster, and, S. H. Schneider, (1999), Simulating the effects of climate change on tropical montane cloud forests, Nature, 398 (6728), 608-610. (Pubitemid 29183686)
86. Stuiver, M., and, H. A. Polach, (1977), Discussion: Reporting of 14C data, Radiocarbon, 19 (3), 355-363.
87. Townsend-Small, A., M. E. McClain, and, J. A. Brandes, (2005), Contributions of carbon and nitrogen from the Andes Mountains to the Amazon River: Evidence from an elevational gradient of soils, plants, and river material, Limnol. Oceanogr., 50 (2), 672-685. (Pubitemid 40428492)
88. Townsend-Small, A., J. L. Noguera, M. E. McClain, and, J. A. Brandes, (2007), Radiocarbon and stable isotope geochemistry of organic matter in the Amazon headwaters, Peruvian Andes, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 21 (2), doi: 10.1029/2006gb002835.
89. Townsend-Small, A., M. E. McClain, B. Hall, J. L. Noguera, C. A. Llerena, and, J. A. Brandes, (2008), Suspended sediments and organic matter in mountain headwaters of the Amazon River: Results from a 1-year time series study in the central Peruvian Andes, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 72 (3), 732-740, doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2007.11.020.
90. Tranvik, L. J., et al. (2009), Lakes and reservoirs as regulators of carbon cycling and climate, Limnol. Oceanogr., 54 (6), 2298-2314.
91. West, A. J., et al. (2011), Mobilization and transport of coarse woody debris to the oceans triggered by an extreme tropical storm, Limnol. Oceanogr., 56 (1), 77-85, doi: 10.4319/lo.2011.56.1.0077.
92. Wittmann, H., F. von Blanckenburg, J. L. Guyot, L. Maurice, and, P. Kubik, (2009), From source to sink: Preserving the cosmogenic 10Be-derived denudation rate signal of the Bolivian Andes in sediment of the Beni and Mamoré foreland basins, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 288 (3), 463-474, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2009.10.008.
93. Wittmann, H., F. von Blanckenburg, L. Maurice, J.-L. Guyot, N. Filizola, and, P. W. Kubik, (2011), Sediment production and delivery in the Amazon River basin quantified by in situ-produced cosmogenic nuclides and recent river loads, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 123 (5-6), 934-950, doi: 10.1130/b30317.1.
94. Zimmermann, M., P. Meir, M. Bird, Y. Malhi, and, A. Ccahuana, (2009), Climate dependence of heterotrophic soil respiration from a soil-translocation experiment along a 3000 m tropical forest altitudinal gradient, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 60 (6), 895-906, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2389.2009.01175.x.
95. Zimmermann, M., et al. (2010), No differences in soil carbon stocks across the tree line in the Peruvian Andes, Ecosystems, 13, 62-74, doi: 10.1007/s10021-009-9300-2.