Mental health outcomes in times of economic recession: A systematic literature review Health behavior, health promotion and society

BMC Public Health

Volumn 16, Issue 1, 2016, Pages

  Frasquilho, Diana ^a   Matos, Margarida Gaspar ^b   Salonna, Ferdinand ^c   Guerreiro, Diogo ^d   Storti, Cláudia C ^e   Gaspar, Tânia ^f   Caldas De Almeida, José M ^a  

^a UNIVERSIDADE NOVA DE LISBOA   (Portugal)

^b UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA   (Portugal)

^c PALACKÝ UNIVERSITY   (Czech Republic)

^d INSTITUTO DE MEDICINA MOLECULAR   (Portugal)

^e EUROPEAN MONITORING CENTRE FOR DRUGS AND DRUG ADDICTION   (Portugal)

^f UNIVERSITY OF LISBON   (Portugal)

Author keywords

Economic recession; Mental disorders; Mental health; Substance related disorders; Suicide; Unemployment

Indexed keywords

CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; ECONOMIC RECESSION; HUMAN; INCOME; MENTAL DISORDERS; MENTAL HEALTH; PSYCHOLOGY; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; SUICIDE; UNEMPLOYMENT;

CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; ECONOMIC RECESSION; HUMANS; INCOME; MENTAL DISORDERS; MENTAL HEALTH; SUICIDE; UNEMPLOYMENT;

EID: 84959571252     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14712458     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-2720-y     Document Type: Review

References (138)

1. Zivin K, Paczkowski M, Galea S. Economic downturns and population mental health: research findings, gaps, challenges and priorities. Psychol Med. 2011;41(7):1343-8. doi: 10.1017/S003329171000173X.
2. Karanikolos M, Mladovsky P, Cylus J, Thomson S, Basu S, Stuckler D, et al. Financial crisis, austerity, and health in Europe. Lancet. 2013;381(9874):1323-31. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60102-6.
3. Modrek S, Stuckler D, McKee M, Cullen MR, Basu S. A review of health consequences of recessions internationally and a synthesis of the US response during the great recession. Public Health Rev. 2013;35:1.
4. WHO. Impact of economic crises on mental health. Geneva: The Regional Office for Europe of the World Health Organization; 2011.
5. Marmot M, Allen J, Bell R, Bloomer E, Goldblatt P. WHO European review of social determinants of health and the health divide. Lancet. 2012;380(9846):1011-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61228-8.
6. Eurofound. Eurofound year book 2012: living and working in Europe. Dublin, Ireland: Eurofound; 2013.
7. Eurostat. Unemployment rate, monthly average, by sex and age groups (%). In: une-rt-m, ed.: Eurostat, 2013. Available from: http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=une-rt-m&lang=en
8. European Comission. Flash Eurobarometer 338 - monitoring the social impact of the crisis: public perceptions in the European Union (WAVE 6), 2013. GESIS Data Archive: Cologne. 2013 Report No.:ZA5773. doi: 10.4232/1.11582
9. ILO. World of work report 2012 'better jobs for a better economy'. Geneva: International Labour Office; 2012.
10. WHO. Poverty, social exclusion and health systems in the WHO European Region. Copenhagen. 2010.
11. Wilkinson RG, Marmot MG. Social determinants of health: the solid facts. Euro nonserial publication: World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe. 2003.
12. Bambra C, Gibson M, Sowden A, Wright K, Whitehead M, Petticrew M. Tackling the wider social determinants of health and health inequalities: evidence from systematic reviews. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2010;64(4):284-91. doi: 10.1136/jech.2008.082743.
13. Alonso J, Angermeyer MC, Lépine JP. The European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) project: an epidemiological basis for informing mental health policies in Europe. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2004;109:5-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0047.2004.00325.x.
14. Catalano R. Health, medical care, and economic crisis. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(8):749-51. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp0809122.
15. Warr PB. Work, unemployment, and mental health. New York: Oxford University Press; 1987.
16. Jahoda M. Employment and unemployment: a social-psychology analysis. Gambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1982.
17. Selenko E, Batinic B, Paul K. Does latent deprivation lead to psychological distress? Investigating Jahoda's model in a four-wave study. J Occup Organ Psychol. 2011;84(4):723-40.
18. Creed PA, Klisch J. Future outlook and financial strain: testing the personal agency and latent deprivation models of unemployment and well-being. J Occup Health Psychol. 2005;10(3):251-60. doi: 10.1037/1076-8998.10.3.251.
19. Conger K, Rueter M, Conger R. The role of economic pressure in the lives of parents and their adolescents: the family stress model. In: Crockett L, Silbereisen R, editors. Negotiating adolescence in times of social change. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2000. p. 201-23.
20. Conger RD, Conger KJ. A family process model of economic hardship and adjustment of early adolescent boys. Child Dev. 1992;63(3):526. doi: 10.1111/1467-8624.ep9207061028.
21. Kentikelenis A, Karanikolos M, Papanicolas I, Basu S, McKee M, Stuckler D. Health effects of financial crisis: Omens of a Greek tragedy. Lancet. 2011;378(9801):1457-8. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(11)61556-0.
22. Henkel D. Unemployment and substance use: a review of the literature (1990-2010). Curr Drug Abuse Rev. 2011;4(1):4-27.
23. Claessens S, Kose MA, Terrones ME. What happens during recessions, crunches and busts? Econ Policy. 2009;24(60):653-700.
24. Lynch J, Kaplan G. Socioeconomic position. Social epidemiology. 2000. p. 1.
25. Cavanagh JTO, Carson AJ, Sharpe M, Lawrie SM. Psychological autopsy studies of suicide: a systematic review. Psychol Med. 2003;33(03):395-405.
26. Bretteville-Jensen AL. Illegal drug use and the economic recession-what can we learn from the existing research? Int J Drug Policy. 2011;22(5):353-9. doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2011.03.009.
27. Carlson MDA, Morrison RS. Study design, precision, and validity in observational studies. J Palliat Med. 2009;12(1):77-82. doi: 10.1089/jpm.2008.9690.
28. Drydakis N. The effect of unemployment on self-reported health and mental health in Greece from 2008 to 2013: a longitudinal study before and during the financial crisis. Soc Sci Med. 2014;128c:43-51. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.12.025.
29. Minelli L, Pigini C, Chiavarini M, Bartolucci F. Employment status and perceived health condition: longitudinal data from Italy. BMC Public Health. 2014;14(1):946. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-946.
30. Zavras D, Tsiantou V, Pavi E, Mylona K, Kyriopoulos J. Impact of economic crisis and other demographic and socio-economic factors on self-rated health in Greece. Eur J Public Health. 2013;23(2):206-10. doi: 10.1093/eurpub/cks143.
31. Vandoros S, Hessel P, Leone T, Avendano M. Have health trends worsened in Greece as a result of the financial crisis? A quasi-experimental approach. Eur J Public Health. 2013;23(5):727-31. doi: 10.1093/eurpub/ckt020.
32. Katikireddi SV, Niedzwiedz CL, Popham F. Trends in population mental health before and after the 2008 recession: a repeat cross-sectional analysis of the 1991-2010 Health Surveys of England. BMJ Open. 2012;2(5):e001790. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001790.
33. Bartoll X, Palencia L, Malmusi D, et al. The evolution of mental health in Spain during the economic crisis. Eur J Public Health. 2014;24(3):415-8. doi: 10.1093/eurpub/ckt208.
34. Blomqvist S, Burstrom B, Backhans MC. Increasing health inequalities between women in and out of work-the impact of recession or policy change? A repeated cross-sectional study in Stockholm county, 2006 and 2010. Int J Equity Health. 2014;13:51. doi: 10.1186/1475-9276-13-51.
35. Kondo N, Subramanian SV, Kawachi I, Takeda Y, Yamagata Z. Economic recession and health inequalities in Japan: analysis with a national sample, 1986-2001. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2008;62(10):869-75. doi: 10.1136/jech.2007.070334.
36. Hauksdottir A, McClure C, Jonsson SH, Olafsson O, Valdimarsdóttir UA. Increased stress among women following an economic collapse: a prospective cohort study. Am J Epidemiol. 2013;177(9):979-88. doi: 10.1093/aje/kws347.
37. Economou M, Madianos M, Peppou LE, Patelakis A, Stefanis CN. Major depression in the era of economic crisis: a replication of a cross-sectional study across Greece. J Affect Disord. 2013;145(3):308-14. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2012.08.008.
38. Madianos M, Economou M, Alexiou T, Stefanis C. Depression and economic hardship across Greece in 2008 and 2009: two cross-sectional surveys nationwide. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2011;46(10):943-52. doi: 10.1007/s00127-010-0265-4.
39. Gili M, Roca M, Basu S, McKee M, Stuckler D. The mental health risks of economic crisis in Spain: evidence from primary care centres, 2006 and 2010. Eur J Public Health. 2013;23(1):103-8. doi: 10.1093/eurpub/cks035.
40. Wang J, Smailes E, Sareen J, Fick GH, Schmitz N, Patten SB. The prevalence of mental disorders in the working population over the period of global economic crisis. Can J Psychiatry. 2010;55(9):598-605.
41. Lee S, Guo WJ, Tsang A, Mak AD, Wu J, Ng KL, et al. Evidence for the 2008 economic crisis exacerbating depression in Hong Kong. J Affect Disord. 2010;126(1-2):125-33. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2010.03.007.
42. Bor J, Basu S, Coutts A, McKee M, Stuckler D. Alcohol use during the great recession of 2008-2009. Alcohol Alcohol. 2013;48(3):343-8. doi: 10.1093/alcalc/agt002.
43. Munne MI. Alcohol and the economic crisis in Argentina: recent findings. Addiction. 2005;100(12):1790-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01248.x.
44. Garcy AM, Vagero D. Unemployment and suicide during and after a deep recession: a longitudinal study of 3.4 million Swedish men and women. Am J Public Health. 2013;103(6):1031-8. doi: 10.2105/ajph.2013.301210.
45. Economou M, Madianos M, Peppou LE, Theleritis C, Patelakis A, Stefanis C. Suicidal ideation and reported suicide attempts in Greece during the economic crisis. World Psychiatry. 2013;12(1):53-9. doi: 10.1002/wps.20016.
46. Hong J, Knapp M, McGuire A. Income-related inequalities in the prevalence of depression and suicidal behaviour: a 10-year trend following economic crisis. World Psychiatry. 2011;10(1):40-4.
47. Lopez Bernal JA, Gasparrini A, Artundo CM, McKee M. The effect of the late 2000s financial crisis on suicides in Spain: an interrupted time-series analysis. Eur J Public Health. 2013;23(5):732-6. doi: 10.1093/eurpub/ckt083.
48. Córdoba-Doña JA, San Sebastián M, Escolar-Pujolar A, Martínez-Faure JE, Gustafsson PE. Economic crisis and suicidal behaviour: the role of unemployment, sex and age in Andalusia, Southern Spain. Int J Equity Health. 2014;13:55. doi: 10.1186/1475-9276-13-55.
49. Alameda-Palacios J, Ruiz-Ramos M, García-Robredo B. Suicidio, prescripción de antidepresivos y desempleo en Andalucía. Gac Sanit. 2014;28:309-12.
50. Pompili M, Vichi M, Innamorati M, Lester D, Yang B, De Leo D, et al. Suicide in Italy during a time of economic recession: some recent data related to age and gender based on a nationwide register study. Health Soc Care Community. 2014;22(4):361-7. doi: 10.1111/hsc.12086.
51. Barr B, Taylor-Robinson D, Scott-Samuel A, McKee M, Stuckler D. Suicides associated with the 2008-10 economic recession in England: time trend analysis. BMJ. 2012;345, e5142. doi: 10.1136/bmj.e5142.
52. Coope C, Gunnell D, Hollingworth W, Hawton K, Kapur N, Fearn V, et al. Suicide and the 2008 economic recession: who is most at risk? Trends in suicide rates in England and Wales 2001-2011. Soc Sci Med. 2014;117:76-85. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.07.024.
53. Reeves A, McKee M, Stuckler D. Economic suicides in the Great Recession in Europe and North America. Br J Psychiatry. 2014;205(3):246-7. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.114.144766.
54. Reeves A, Stuckler D, McKee M, Gunnell D, Chang SS, Basu S. Increase in state suicide rates in the USA during economic recession. Lancet. 2012;380(9856):1813-4. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61910-2.
55. Davalos ME, French MT. This recession is wearing me out! Health-related quality of life and economic. J Ment Health Policy Econ. 2011;14(2):61-72.
56. Flint E, Shelton N, Bartley M, Sacker A. Do local unemployment rates modify the effect of individual labour market status on psychological distress? Health Place. 2013;23:1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2013.04.004.
57. Strandh M, Novo M, Hammarström A. Mental health among the unemployed and the unemployment rate in the municipality. Eur J Pub Health. 2011;21(6):799-805.
58. Eichhorn J. Unemployment needs context: how societal differences between countries moderate the loss in life-satisfaction for the unemployed. J Happiness Stud. 2013;14(6):1657-80. doi: 10.1007/s10902-012-9402-y.
59. Charles KK, Decicca P. Local labor market fluctuations and health: is there a connection and for whom? J Health Econ. 2008;27(6):1532-50. doi: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2008.06.004.
60. Iglesias García C, Sáiz Martinez P, García-Portilla González MP, Bousoño García M, Jiménez Treviño L, Sánchez Lasheras F, et al. Effects of the economic crisis on demand due to mental disorders in Asturias: data from the Asturias Cumulative Psychiatric Case Register (2000-2010). Actas Esp Psiquiatr. 2014;42(3):108-15.
61. Norstrom T, Gronqvist H. The Great Recession, unemployment and suicide. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2015;69:110-6. doi: 10.1136/jech-2014-204602.
62. Breuer C. Unemployment and suicide mortality: evidence from regional panel data in Europe. Health Econ. 2014;24(8):936-50. doi: 10.1002/hec.3073.
63. Stuckler D, Basu S, Suhrcke M, Coutts A, McKee M. The public health effect of economic crises and alternative policy responses in Europe: an empirical analysis. Lancet. 2009;374(9686):315-23. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(09)61124-7.
64. Toffolutti V, Suhrcke M. Assessing the short term health impact of the Great Recession in the European Union: a cross-country panel analysis. Prev Med. 2014;64:54-62. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.03.028.
65. Reeves A, McKee M, Gunnell D, Chang SS, Basu S, Barr B, et al. Economic shocks, resilience, and male suicides in the Great Recession: cross-national analysis of 20 EU countries. Eur J Pub Health. 2015;25(3):404-9. doi: 10.1093/eurpub/cku168.
66. Baumbach A, Gulis G. Impact of financial crisis on selected health outcomes in Europe. Eur J Public Health. 2014;24(3):399-403. doi: 10.1093/eurpub/cku042.
67. Mohseni-Cheraghlou A. Labor markets and mental well-being: labor market conditions and suicides in the United States (1979-2004). J Socio-Econ. 2013;45:175-86. doi: 10.1016/j.socec.2013.05.003.
68. Phillips JA, Nugent CN. Suicide and the Great Recession of 2007-2009: the role of economic factors in the 50 U.S. states. Soc Sci Med. 2014;116:22-31. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.06.015.
69. Cylus J, Glymour MM, Avendano M. Do generous unemployment benefit programs reduce suicide rates? A state fixed-effect analysis covering 1968-2008. Am J Epidemiol. 2014;180(1):45-52. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwu106.
70. Chan CH, Caine ED, You S, Fu KW, Chang SS, Yip PS. Suicide rates among working-age adults in South Korea before and after the 2008 economic crisis. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2014;68:246-52. doi: 10.1136/jech-2013-202759.
71. Antonakakis N, Collins A. The impact of fiscal austerity on suicide: on the empirics of a modern Greek tragedy. Soc Sci Med. 2014;112:39-50. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.04.019.
72. Madianos MG, Alexiou T, Patelakis A, Economou M. Suicide, unemployment and other socioeconomic factors: evidence from the economic crisis in Greece. Eur J Psychiatr. 2014;28(1):39-49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4321/S0213-61632014000100004.
73. Fountoulakis K, Savopoulos C, Siamouli M, Zaggelidou E, Mageiria S, Iacovides A, et al. Trends in suicidality amid the economic crisis in Greece. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2013;263(5):441-4. doi: 10.1007/s00406-012-0385-9.
74. Saurina C, Bragulat B, Saez M, López-Casasnovas G. A conditional model for estimating the increase in suicides associated with the 2008-2010 economic recession in England. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2013;67(9):779-87. doi: 10.1136/jech-2013-202645.
75. Fountoulakis KN, Gonda X, Dome P, Theodorakis PN, Rihmer Z. Possible delayed effect of unemployment on suicidal rates: the case of Hungary. Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2014;13:12. doi: 10.1186/1744-859x-13-12.
76. Houle JN, Light MT. The home foreclosure crisis and rising suicide rates, 2005 to 2010. Am J Public Health. 2014;104(6):1073-9. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301774.
77. Mattei G, Ferrari S, Pingani L, Rigatelli M. Short-term effects of the 2008 Great Recession on the health of the Italian population: an ecological study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2014;49(6):851-8. doi: 10.1007/s00127-014-0818-z.
78. Berchick ER, Gallo WT, Maralani V, Kasl SV. Inequality and the association between involuntary job loss and depressive symptoms. Soc Sci Med. 2012;75(10):1891-4. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.07.024.
79. Olesen SC, Butterworth P, Leach LS, Kelaher M, Pirkis J. Mental health affects future employment as job loss affects mental health: findings from a longitudinal population study. BMC Psychiatry. 2013;13:144. doi: 10.1186/1471-244x-13-144.
80. Thomas C, Benzeval M, Stansfeld S. Psychological distress after employment transitions: the role of subjective financial position as a mediator. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2007;61(1):48-52. doi: 10.1136/jech.2005.044206.
81. McKenzie SK, Imlach Gunasekara F, Richardson K, Carter K. Do changes in socioeconomic factors lead to changes in mental health? Findings from three waves of a population based panel study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2014;68(3):253-60. doi: 10.1136/jech-2013-203013.
82. Steele F, French R, Bartley M. Adjusting for selection bias in longitudinal analyses using simultaneous equations modeling: the relationship between employment transitions and mental health. Epidemiology. 2013;24(5):703-11. doi: 10.1097/EDE.0b013e31829d2479.
83. Flint E, Bartley M, Shelton N, Sacker A. Do labour market status transitions predict changes in psychological well-being? J Epidemiol Community Health. 2013;67(9):796-802. doi: 10.1136/jech-2013-202425.
84. Kan M. Being out of work and health among younger japanese men: a panel data analysis. Ind Health. 2013;51(5):514-23. doi: 10.2486/indhealth.2013-0040.
85. Butterworth P, Leach L, Pirkis J, Kelaher M. Poor mental health influences risk and duration of unemployment: a prospective study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2012;47(6):1013-21. doi: 10.1007/s00127-011-0409-1.
86. Milner A, Spittal MJ, Page A, LaMontagne AD. The effect of leaving employment on mental health: testing 'adaptation' versus 'sensitisation' in a cohort of working-age Australians. Occup Environ Med England. 2014;167-74. doi: 10.1136/oemed-2013-101759.
87. Aslund C, Starrin B, Nilsson KW. Psychosomatic symptoms and low psychological well-being in relation to employment status: the influence of social capital in a large cross-sectional study in Sweden. Int J Equity Health. 2014;13:22. doi: 10.1186/1475-9276-13-22.
88. Lindstrom M. Psychosocial work conditions, unemployment and self-reported psychological health: a population-based study. Occup Med (Lond). 2005;55(7):568-71. doi: 10.1093/occmed/kqi122.
89. Bellis MA, Lowey H, Hughes K, Deacon L, Stansfield J, Perkins C. Variations in risk and protective factors for life satisfaction and mental well-being with deprivation: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2012;12:492. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-492.
90. Szwarcwald CL, Bastos FI, Esteves MAP. State of animus among Brazilians: influence of socioeconomic context? Cadernos de Saúde Pública. 2005;21:S33-42.
91. Riumallo-Herl C, Basu S, Stuckler D, Courtin E, Avendano M. Job loss, wealth and depression during the Great Recession in the USA and Europe. Int J Epidemiol. 2014;43(5):1508-17. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyu048.
92. Jefferis BJ, Nazareth I, Marston L, Moreno-Kustner B, Bellón JÁ, Svab I, et al. Associations between unemployment and major depressive disorder: evidence from an international, prospective study (the predict cohort). Soc Sci Med. 2011;73(11):1627-34. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.09.029.
93. Ford E, Clark C, McManus S, Harris J, Jenkins R, Bebbington P, et al. Common mental disorders, unemployment and welfare benefits in England. Public Health. 2010;124(12):675-81. doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2010.08.019.
94. Molarius A, Berglund K, Eriksson C, Eriksson HG, Lindén-Boström M, Nordström E, et al. Mental health symptoms in relation to socio-economic conditions and lifestyle factors: a population-based study in Sweden. BMC Public Health. 2009;9:302. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-9-302.
95. Pinto-Meza A, Moneta MV, Alonso J, Angermeyer MC, Bruffaerts R, Caldas de Almeida JM, et al. Social inequalities in mental health: results from the EU contribution to the World Mental Health Surveys Initiative. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2013;48(2):173-81. doi: 10.1007/s00127-012-0536-3.
96. Snorradóttir Á, Vilhjálmsson R, Rafnsdóttir GL, Tómasson K. Financial crisis and collapsed banks: psychological distress and work related factors among surviving employees a nation-wide study. Am J Ind Med. 2013;56(9):1095-106. doi: 10.1002/ajim.22210.
97. Karjalainen K, Lintonen T, Impinen A, Lillsunde P, Mäkelä P, Rahkonen O, et al. Socio-economic determinants of drugged driving: a register-based study. Addiction. 2011;106(8):1448-59. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03422.x.
98. Compton WM, Gfroerer J, Conway KP, Finger MS. Unemployment and substance outcomes in the United States 2002-2010. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2014;142:350-3. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.06.012.
99. Murphy RD, Zemore SE, Mulia N. Housing instability and alcohol problems during the 2007-2009 US recession: the moderating role of perceived family support. J Urban Health. 2014;91(1):17-32. doi: 10.1007/s11524-013-9813-z.
100. Freyer-Adam J, Gaertner B, Tobschall S, John U. Health risk factors and self-rated health among job-seekers. BMC Public Health. 2011;11:659. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-659.
101. Shim E, Cho Y. Widening social disparities in alcohol-attributable deaths among Korean men aged 40-59 years during the transitional period of the economic crisis (1995-2005). Int J Public Health. 2013;58(4):521-7. doi: 10.1007/s00038-013-0456-3.
102. Newman SC, Bland RC. Case-control study of unemployment and parasuicide. Compr Psychiatry. 2007;48(6):511-5. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2007.06.002.
103. Borges G, Nock MK, Haro Abad JM, Hwang I, Sampson NA, Alonso J, et al. Twelve-month prevalence of and risk factors for suicide attempts in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010;71(12):1617-28. doi: 10.4088/JCP.08m04967blu.
104. Milner A, Morrell S, LaMontagne AD. Economically inactive, unemployed and employed suicides in Australia by age and sex over a 10-year period: what was the impact of the 2007 economic recession? Int J Epidemiol. 2014;43(5):1500-7. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyu148.
105. Miret M, Caballero FF, Huerta-Ramírez R, Moneta MV, Olaya B, Chatterji S, et al. Factors associated with suicidal ideation and attempts in Spain for different age groups. Prevalence before and after the onset of the economic crisis. J Affect Disord. 2014;163:1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.03.045.
106. Sirvio A, Ek E, Jokelainen J, Koiranen M, Järvikoski T, Taanila A. Precariousness and discontinuous work history in association with health. Scand J Public Health. 2012;40(4):360-7. doi: 10.1177/1403494812450092.
107. Virtanen P, Janlert U, Hammarström A. Exposure to temporary employment and job insecurity: a longitudinal study of the health effects. Occup Environ Med. 2011;68(8):570-4.
108. Giorgi G, Arcangeli G, Mucci N, Cupelli V. Economic stress in workplace: the impact of fear the crisis on mental health. Work. 2015;51(1):135-42. doi: 10.3233/wor-141844.
109. Butterworth P, Leach LS, McManus S, Stansfeld SA. Common mental disorders, unemployment and psychosocial job quality: is a poor job better than no job at all? Psychol Med. 2013;43(8):1763-72. doi: 10.1017/s0033291712002577.
110. Meltzer H, Bebbington P, Brugha T, Jenkins R, McManus S, Stansfeld S. Job insecurity, socio-economic circumstances and depression. Psychol Med. 2010;40(8):1401-7. doi: 10.1017/s0033291709991802.
111. Sareen J, Afifi TO, McMillan KA, Asmundson GJ. Relationship between household income and mental disorders: findings from a population-based longitudinal study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011;68(4):419-27. doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.15.
112. Carter KN, Blakely T, Collings S, Imlach Gunasekara F, Richardson K. What is the association between wealth and mental health? J Epidemiol Community Health. 2009;63(3):221-6. doi: 10.1136/jech.2008.079483.
113. Taylor MP, Pevalin DJ, Todd J. The psychological costs of unsustainable housing commitments. Psychol Med. 2007;37(7):1027-36. doi: 10.1017/s0033291706009767.
114. McLaughlin KA, Nandi A, Keyes KM, Uddin M, Aiello AE, Galea S, et al. Home foreclosure and risk of psychiatric morbidity during the recent financial crisis. Psychol Med. 2012;42(7):1441-8. doi: 10.1017/s0033291711002613.
115. Fone D, Greene G, Farewell D, White J, Kelly M, Dunstan F. Common mental disorders, neighbourhood income inequality and income deprivation: small-area multilevel analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 2013;202(4):286-93. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.112.116178.
116. Redonnet B, Chollet A, Fombonne E, Bowes L, Melchior M. Tobacco, alcohol, cannabis and other illegal drug use among young adults: the socioeconomic context. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2012;121(3):231-9. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.09.002.
117. Meltzer H, Bebbington P, Brugha T, Jenkins R, McManus S, Dennis MS. Personal debt and suicidal ideation. Psychol Med. 2011;41(4):771-8. doi: 10.1017/s0033291710001261.
118. Solantaus T, Leinonen J, Punamaki RL. Children's mental health in times of economic recession: replication and extension of the family economic stress model in Finland. Dev Psychol. 2004;40(3):412-29. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.40.3.412.
119. Pfoertner TK, Rathmann K, Elgar FJ, de Looze M, Hofmann F, Ottova-Jordan V, et al. Adolescents' psychological health complaints and the economic recession in late 2007: a multilevel study in 31 countries. Eur J Public Health. 2014;24(6):961-7. doi: 10.1093/eurpub/cku056.
120. Klanšček HJ, Ziberna J, Korošec A, Zurc J, Albreht T. Mental health inequalities in Slovenian 15-year-old adolescents explained by personal social position and family socioeconomic status. Int J Equity Health. 2014;13:26. doi: 10.1186/1475-9276-13-26.
121. Borges A, Matos M, Diniz J. Estatuto familiar e autoperceção de saúde nos adolescentes. Temas em Psicologia. 2011;19(2):347-60.
122. Reinhardt Pedersen C, Madsen M, Kohler L. Does financial strain explain the association between children's morbidity and parental non-employment? J Epidemiol Community Health. 2005;59(4):316-21. doi: 10.1136/jech.2003.013839.
123. Sleskova M, Salonna F, Geckova AM, Nagyova I, Stewart RE, van Dijk JP, et al. Does parental unemployment affect adolescents' health? J Adolesc Health. 2006;38(5):527-35. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2005.03.021.
124. Rhodes AE, Lu H, Skinner R. Time trends in medically serious suicide-related behaviours in boys and girls. Can J Psychiatry. 2014;59(10):556-60.
125. Gassman-Pines A, Ananat EO, Gibson-Davis CM. Effects of statewide job losses on adolescent suicide-related behaviors. Am J Public Health. 2014;104(10):1964-70. doi: 10.2105/ajph.2014.302081.
126. Sargent-Cox K, Butterworth P, Anstey KJ. The global financial crisis and psychological health in a sample of Australian older adults: a longitudinal study. Soc Sci Med. 2011;73(7):1105-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.06.063.
127. Cagney KA, Browning CR, Iveniuk J, English N. The onset of depression during the great recession: foreclosure and older adult mental health. Am J Public Health. 2014;104(3):498-505. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301566.
128. Evans-Lacko S, Knapp M, McCrone P, Thornicroft G, Mojtabai R. The mental health consequences of the recession: economic hardship and employment of people with mental health problems in 27 European countries. PLoS One. 2013;8(7), e69792. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069792.
129. Ben Lakhdar C, Bastianic T. Economic constraint and modes of consumption of addictive goods. Int J Drug Policy. 2011;22(5):360-5. doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2011.03.004.
130. Fitch C, Hamilton S, Bassett P, Davey R. The relationship between personal debt and mental health: a systematic review. Ment Health Rev J. 2011;16(4):153-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13619321111202313.
131. Roelfs DJ, Shor E, Davidson KW, Schwartz JE. Losing life and livelihood: a systematic review and meta-analysis of unemployment and all-cause mortality. Soc Sci Med. 2011;72(6):840-54. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.01.005.
132. Bradshaw J. Social exclusion, vulnerability & disadvantage task group background paper 3: child poverty in the WHO European Region. Copenhagen. 2012.
133. Wahlbeck K, McDaid D. Actions to alleviate the mental health impact of the economic crisis. World Psychiatry. 2012;11(3):139-45.
134. Viner RM, Ozer EM, Denny S, Marmot M, Resnick M, Fatusi A, et al. Adolescence and the social determinants of health. Lancet. 2012;379(9826):1641-52. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60149-4.
135. Eurostat. Children at risk of poverty or social exclusion-statistics explained. 2013.
136. WHO. Investing in mental health. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2003.
137. Cronin P, Ryan F, Coughlan M. Undertaking a literature review: a step-by-step approach. Br J Nurs. 2008;17:38-43.
138. Goldman-Mellor SJ, Saxton KB, Catalano RC. Economic contraction and mental health: a review of the evidence, 1990-2009. Int J Ment Health. 2010;39(2):6-31.