Integrated time-lapse geoelectrical imaging of wetland hydrological processes

Water Resources Research

Volumn 52, Issue 3, 2016, Pages 1607-1625

  Uhlemann, S S ^a,b   Sorensen, J P R ^a   House, A R ^c   Wilkinson, P B ^a   Roberts, C ^c   Gooddy, D C ^a   Binley, A M ^d   Chambers, J E ^a  

^a BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (United Kingdom)

^b ETH ZURICH   (Switzerland)

^c CENTRE FOR ECOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY   (United Kingdom)

^d LANCASTER UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

layered groundwater system; resistivity monitoring; shrink swell; wetland

Indexed keywords

CARBON; ECOSYSTEMS; GROUNDWATER; PEAT; SURFACE WATERS; WETLANDS;

AUTOMATED INTERPRETATION; GROUNDWATER SYSTEM; HYDROLOGICAL PARAMETERS; HYDROLOGICAL PROCESS; HYDROLOGICAL SYSTEM; MICROBIAL ACTIVITIES; PLANT TRANSPIRATION; STRUCTURAL COMPLEXITY;

MONITORING;

CARBON CYCLE; COMPLEXITY; ECOSYSTEM SERVICE; GROUND MOVEMENT; GROUNDWATER; INTEGRATED APPROACH; MICROBIAL ACTIVITY; OPTIMIZATION; SEASONALITY; SURFACE WATER; TRANSPIRATION; WATER EXCHANGE; WETLAND MANAGEMENT;

EID: 84959468181     PISSN: 00431397     EISSN: 19447973     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/2015WR017932     Document Type: Article

References (93)

1. Allen, D. J., W. G. Darling, D. C. Gooddy, D. J. Lapworth, A. J. Newell, A. T. Williams, D. Allen, and, C. Abesser, (2010), Interaction between groundwater, the hyporheic zone and a Chalk stream: A case study from the River Lambourn, UK, Hydrogeol. J., 18 (5), 1125-1141, doi: 10.1007/s10040-010-0592-2.
2. Archie, G. E., (1942), The electrical resistivity log as an aid in determining some reservoir characteristics, Pet. Trans. AIME, 146, 54-62.
3. Atekwana, E. A., and, L. D. Slater, (2009), Biogeophysics: A new frontier in Earth science research, Rev. Geophys., 47, RG4004, doi: 10.1029/2009RG000285.
4. Atwell, B. J., M. T. Veerkamp, B. Stuiver, and, P. J. C. Kuiper, (1980), The uptake of phosphate by Carex species from oligotrophic to eutrophic swamp habitats, Physiol. Plantarum, 49 (4), 487-494.
5. Audebert, M., R. Clément, N. Touze-foltz, T. Günther, S. Moreau, and, C. Duquennoi, (2014), Time-lapse ERT interpretation methodology for leachate injection monitoring based on multiple inversions and a clustering strategy (MICS), J. Appl. Geophys., 111, 320-333, doi: 10.1016/j.jappgeo.2014.09.024.
6. Ausden, M., W. J. Sutherland, and, R. James, (2001), The effects of flooding lowland wet grassland on soil macroinvertebrate prey of breeding wading birds, J. Appl. Ecol., 38 (2), 320-338, doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2664.2001.00600.x.
7. Baldwin, A. H., M. S. Egnotovich, and, E. Clarke, (2001), Hydrologic change and vegetation of tidal freshwater marshes: Field, greenhouse, and seed-bank experiments, Wetlands, 21 (4), 519-531, doi: 10.1672/0277-5212(2001)021[0519:HCAVOT]2.0.CO;2.
8. Bertin, C., X. Yang, and, L. A. Weston, (2003), The role of root exudates and ellelochemicals in the rhizosphere, Plant Soil, 256, 67-83.
9. Binley, A., S. S. Hubbard, J. a Huisman, A. Revil, D. a Robinson, K. Singha, and, L. D. Slater, (2015), The emergence of hydrogeophysics for improved understanding of subsurface processes over multiple scales, Water Resour. Res., 51, 3837-3866, doi: 10.1002/2015WR017016.
10. Bloom, A. A., P. I. Palmer, A. Fraser, D. S. Reay, and, C. Frankenberg, (2010), Large-scale controls of methanogenesis inferred from methane and gravity spaceborne data, Science, 327 (5963), 322-325, doi: 10.1126/science.1175176.
11. Bon, C. E., a. S. Reeve, L. Slater, and, X. Comas, (2014), Using hydrologic measurements to investigate free-phase gas ebullition in a Maine peatland, USA, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18 (3), 953-965, doi: 10.5194/hess-18-953-2014.
12. Bradley, C., (1997), The hydrological basis for conservation of floodplain wetlands: Implications of work at Narborough Bog, UK, Aquat. Conserv. Mar. Freshwater Ecosyst., 7, 41-62.
13. Bridgham, S. D., H. Cadillo-Quiroz, J. K. Keller, and, Q. Zhuang, (2013), Methane emissions from wetlands: Biogeochemical, microbial, and modeling perspectives from local to global scales, Global Change Biol., 19 (5), 1325-1346, doi: 10.1111/gcb.12131.
14. Cardenas, M. B., and, M. S. Markowski, (2011), Geoelectrical imaging of hyporheic exchange and mixing of river water and groundwater in a large regulated river, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45 (4), 1407-1411, doi: 10.1021/es103438a.
15. Chambers, J., D. Gunn, P. B. Wilkinson, P. I. Meldrum, E. Haslam, S. Holyoake, M. Kirkham, O. Kuras, A. Merritt, and, J. Wragg, (2014a), 4D electrical resistivity tomography monitoring of soil moisture dynamics in an operational railway embankment, Near Surf. Geophys., 12, 61-72, doi: 10.3997/1873-0604.2013002.
16. Chambers, J. E., R. Ogilvy, and, O. Kuras, (2002), 3D electrical imaging of known targets at a controlled environmental test site, Environ. Geol., 41 (6), 690-704, doi: 10.1007/s00254-001-0452-4.
17. Chambers, J. E., et al., (2012), Bedrock detection beneath river terrace deposits using three-dimensional electrical resistivity tomography, Geomorphology, 177-178, 17-25.
18. Chambers, J. E., et al., (2014b), Derivation of lowland riparian wetland deposit architecture using geophysical image analysis and interface detection, Water Resour. Res., 50, 5886-5905, doi: 10.1002/2014WR015643.
19. Chambers, J. E., et al., (2015), Spatial monitoring of groundwater drawdown and rebound associated with quarry dewatering using automated time-lapse electrical resistivity tomography and distribution guided clustering, Eng. Geol., 193, 412-420, doi: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2015.05.015.
20. Chow, T. L., H. W. Rees, I. Ghanem, and, R. Cormier, (1992), Compactibility of cultivated sphagnum peat material and its influence on hydrologic characteristics, Soil Sci., 153 (4), 300-306.
21. Chrétien, M., J. F. Lataste, R. Fabre, and, a. Denis, (2014), Electrical resistivity tomography to understand clay behavior during seasonal water content variations, Eng. Geol., 169, 112-123, doi: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2013.11.019.
22. Comas, X., and, L. Slater, (2004), Low-frequency electrical properties of peat, Water Resour. Res., 40, W12414, doi: 10.1029/2004WR003534.
23. Comas, X., L. Slater, and, A. Reeve, (2004), Geophysical evidence for peat basin morphology and stratigraphic controls on vegetation observed in a Northern Peatland, J. Hydrol., 295 (1-4), 173-184, doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.03.008.
24. Comas, X., L. Slater, and, A. S. Reeve, (2011), Pool patterning in a northern peatland: Geophysical evidence for the role of postglacial landforms, J. Hydrol., 399 (3-4), 173-184, doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.12.031.
25. Dahlin, T., and, B. Zhou, (2004), A numerical comparison of 2D resistivity imaging with 10 electrode arrays, Geophys. Prospect., 52 (5), 379-398, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2478.2004.00423.x.
26. Daulat, W. E., and, R. S. Clymo, (1998), Effects of temperature and watertable on the efflux of methane from peatland surface cores, Atmos. Environ., 32 (19), 3207-3218, doi: 10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00078-8.
27. Davidson, N. C., (2014), How much wetland has the world lost? Long-term and recent trends in global wetland area, Mar. Freshwater Res., 65 (10), 934-941, doi: 10.1071/MF14173.
28. EEC (1992), Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC, Brussels.
29. Fisk, M. C., K. F. Ruether, and, J. B. Yavitt, (2003), Microbial activity and functional composition among northern peatland ecosystems, Soil Biol. Biochem., 35 (4), 591-602, doi: 10.1016/S0038-0717(03)00053-1.
30. Gilliam, J. W., (1994), Riparian wetlands and water quality, J. Environ. Qual., 23 (5), 896, doi: 10.2134/jeq1994.00472425002300050007x.
31. Gorham, E., (1995), The biochemistry of northern peatlands and its possible responses to global warming, in Biotic Feedbacks in the Global Climate System, edited by, G. M. Woodwell, and, F. T. Mackenzie, pp. 169-187, Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, U. K.
32. Gunn, D. A., et al., (2014), Moisture monitoring in clay embankments using electrical resistivity tomography, Constr. Building Mater., 92, 82-94, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.06.007.
33. Hayashi, M., (2004), Temperature-electrical conductivity relation of water for environmental monitoring and geophysical data inversion, Environ. Monit. Assess., 96, 119-128.
34. Hayley, K., L. R. Bentley, M. Gharibi, and, M. Nightingale, (2007), Low temperature dependence of electrical resistivity: Implications for near surface geophysical monitoring, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L18402, doi: 10.1029/2007GL031124.
35. Hermans, T., S. Wildemeersch, P. Jamin, P. Orban, S. Brouyère, A. Dassargues, and, F. Nguyen, (2015), Quantitative temperature monitoring of a heat tracing experiment using cross-borehole ERT, Geothermics, 53, 14-26, doi: 10.1016/j.geothermics.2014.03.013.
36. Holden, J., and, T. P. Burt, (2002), Piping and pipeflow in a deep peat catchment, Catena, 48 (3), 163-199, doi: 10.1016/S0341-8162(01)00189-8.
37. Hoogland, T., J. J. H. van den Akker, and, D. J. Brus, (2012), Modeling the subsidence of peat soils in the Dutch coastal area, Geoderma, 171-172, 92-97, doi: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2011.02.013.
38. House, A. R., J. P. R. Sorensen, D. C. Gooddy, A. J. Newell, B. Marchant, J. O. Mountford, P. Scarlett, P. J. Williams, and, G. H. Old, (2015a), Discrete wetland groundwater discharges revealed with a three-dimensional temperature model and botanical indicators (Boxford, UK), Hydrogeol. J., 23 (4), 775-787, doi: 10.1007/s10040-015-1242-5.
39. House, A. R., J. R. Thompson, J. P. R. Sorensen, C. Roberts, and, M. C. Acreman, (2015b), Modelling groundwater/surface water interaction in a managed riparian chalk valley wetland, Hydrol. Processes, 30, 447-462, doi: 10.1002/hyp.10625.
40. Kehew, A. E., R. N. Passero, R. V Krishnamurthy, C. K. Lovett, M. A. Betts, and, B. A. Dayharsh, (1998), Hydrogeochemical interaction between a wetland and an unconfined glacial drift aquifer, Southwestern Michigan, Ground Water, 36 (5), 849-856.
41. Kennedy, G. W., and, J. S. Price, (2005), A conceptual model of volume-change controls on the hydrology of cutover peats, J. Hydrol., 302 (1-4), 13-27, doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.06.024.
42. Kettridge, N., X. Comas, A. Baird, L. Slater, M. Strack, D. Thompson, H. Jol, and, A. Binley, (2008), Ecohydrologically important subsurface structures in peatlands revealed by ground-penetrating radar and complex conductivity surveys, J. Geophys. Res., 113, G04030, doi: 10.1029/2008JG000787.
43. Killeen, I. J., (2003), Ecology of Desmoulin's Whorl Snail, Conserving Natura 2000 Rivers Ecol. Ser. No. 6, English Nature, Peterborough, U. K.
44. Kim, J.-H., M.-J. Yi, S.-G. Park, and, J. G. Kim, (2009), 4-D inversion of DC resistivity monitoring data acquired over a dynamically changing earth model, J. Appl. Geophys., 68 (4), 522-532, doi: 10.1016/j.jappgeo.2009.03.002.
45. Koestel, J., A. Kemna, M. Javaux, A. Binley, and, H. Vereecken, (2008), Quantitative imaging of solute transport in an unsaturated and undisturbed soil monolith with 3-D ERT and TDR, Water Resour. Res., 44, W12411, doi: 10.1029/2007WR006755.
46. Kuras, O., J. D. Pritchard, P. I. Meldrum, J. E. Chambers, P. B. Wilkinson, R. D. Ogilvy, and, G. P. Wealthall, (2009), Monitoring hydraulic processes with automated time-lapse electrical resistivity tomography (ALERT), C. R. Geosci., 341 (10-11), 868-885, doi: 10.1016/j.crte.2009.07.010.
47. Kuzyakov, Y., and, W. Cheng, (2001), Photosynthesis controls of rhizosphere respiration and organic matter decomposition, Soil Biol. Biochem., 33 (14), 1915-1925, doi: 10.1016/S0038-0717(01)00117-1.
48. LaBrecque, D. J., M. Miletto, W. Daily, A. Ramirez, and, E. Owen, (1996), The effects of noise on Occam's inversion of resistivity tomography data, Geophysics, 61 (2), 538-548.
49. Lafleur, P. M., T. R. Moore, N. T. Roulet, and, S. Frolking, (2005), Ecosystem respiration in a cool temperate bog depends on peat temperature but not water table, Ecosystems, 8 (6), 619-629, doi: 10.1007/s10021-003-0131-2.
50. Limpens, J., F. Berendse, C. Blodau, J. G. Canadell, C. Freeman, J. Holden, N. Roulet, H. Rydin, and, G. Schaepman-Strub, (2008), Peatlands and the carbon cycle: from local processes to global implications-a synthesis, Biogeosciences, 5 (2), 1379-1419, doi: 10.5194/bgd-5-1379-2008.
51. Loke, M., and, R. Barker, (1996), Practical techniques for 3D resistivity surveys and data inversion, Geophys. Prospect., 44, 499-523.
52. Lowry, C. S., D. Fratta, and, M. P. Anderson, (2009), Ground penetrating radar and spring formation in a groundwater dominated peat wetland, J. Hydrol., 373 (1-2), 68-79, doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.04.023.
53. Ma, R., A. McBratney, B. Whelan, B. Minasny, and, M. Short, (2010), Comparing temperature correction models for soil electrical conductivity measurement, Precis. Agric., 12 (1), 55-66, doi: 10.1007/s11119-009-9156-7.
54. Mainiero, R., and, M. Kazda, (2005), Effects of Carex rostrata on soil oxygen in relation to soil moisture, Plant Soil, 270 (1), 311-320, doi: 10.1007/s11104-004-1724-z.
55. Marsh, T. J., and, J. Hannaford, (2008), UK Hydrometric Register, Hydrol. Data UK ser., Cent. for Ecol. & Hydrol., 210 pp., Wallingford, U. K.
56. Martinez-Martinez, E., A. P. Nejadhashemi, S. A. Woznicki, and, B. J. Love, (2014), Modeling the hydrological significance of wetland restoration scenarios, J. Environ. Manage., 133, 121-134, doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.11.046.
57. McMenamin, S. K., E. A Hadly, and, C. K. Wright, (2008), Climatic change and wetland desiccation cause amphibian decline in Yellowstone National Park, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 105 (44), 16,988-16,993, doi: 10.1073/pnas.0809090105.
58. Mitsch, W. J., (1992), Landscape design and the role of created, restored, and natural riparian wetlands in controlling nonpoint source pollution, Ecol. Eng., 1 (1-2), 27-47, doi: 10.1016/0925-8574(92)90024-V.
59. Mitsch, W. J., and, J. G. Gosselink, (2007), Wetlands, 4th ed., John Wiley, N. Y.
60. Mitsch, W. J., B. Bernal, A. M. Nahlik, Ü. Mander, L. Zhang, C. J. Anderson, S. E. Jørgensen, and, H. Brix, (2013), Wetlands, carbon, and climate change, Landscape Ecol., 28 (4), 583-597, doi: 10.1007/s10980-012-9758-8.
61. Moore, T. R., J. L. Bubier, and, L. Bledzki, (2007), Litter decomposition in temperate peatland ecosystems: The effect of substrate and site, Ecosystems, 10 (6), 949-963, doi: 10.1007/s10021-007-9064-5.
62. Muchan, K., M. Lewis, and, J. Hannaford, (2015), The winter storms of 2013/2014 in the UK: Hydrological responses and impacts, Weather, 70 (2), 55-61, doi: 10.1002/wea.2469.
63. Musgrave, H., and, A. Binley, (2011), Revealing the temporal dynamics of subsurface temperature in a wetland using time-lapse geophysics, J. Hydrol., 396 (3-4), 258-266.
64. Newell, A. J., J. P. R. Sorensen, J. E. Chambers, P. B. Wilkinson, S. Uhlemann, C. Roberts, D. C. Gooddy, C. H. Vane, and, A. Binley, (2015), Fluvial response to Late Pleistocene and Holocene environmental change in a Thames chalkland headwater: The Lambourn of southern England, Proc. Geol. Assoc., 126 (6), 683-697, doi: 10.1016/j.pgeola.2015.08.008.
65. Olayinka, A., and, U. Yaramanci, (2000), Assessment of the reliability of 2D inversion of apparent resistivity data, Geophys. Prospect., 48, 293-316.
66. Old, G. H., et al., (2014), Instream and riparian implications of weed cutting in a chalk river, Ecol. Eng., 71, 290-300, doi: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.07.006.
67. Oldenburg, D. W., and, Y. Li, (1999), Estimating depth of investigation in dc resistivity and IP surveys, GEOPHYSICS, 64 (2), 403-416, doi: 10.1190/1.1444545.
68. Parsekian, A. D., X. Comas, L. Slater, and, P. H. Glaser, (2011), Geophysical evidence for the lateral distribution of free phase gas at the peat basin scale in a large northern peatland, J. Geophys. Res., 116, G03008, doi: 10.1029/2010JG001543.
69. Phillips, S. C., R. K. Varner, S. Frolking, J. W. Munger, J. L. Bubier, S. C. Wofsy, and, P. M. Crill, (2010), Interannual, seasonal, and diel variation in soil respiration relative to ecosystem respiration at a wetland to upland slope at Harvard Forest, J. Geophys. Res., 115, G02019, doi: 10.1029/2008JG000858.
70. Picard, C. R., L. H. Fraser, and, D. Steer, (2005), The interacting effects of temperature and plant community type on nutrient removal in wetland microcosms, Bioresour. Technol., 96 (9), 1039-1047, doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2004.09.007.
71. Ponziani, M., E. C. Slob, H. Vanhala, and, D. J. M. Ngan-Tillard, (2012), Influence of physical and chemical properties on the low-frequency complex conductivity of peat, Near Surf. Geophys., 10, 491-501.
72. Price, J. S., (2003), Role and character of seasonal peat soil deformation on the hydrology of undisturbed and cutover peatlands, Water Resour. Res., 39 (9), 1241, doi: 10.1029/2002WR001302.
73. Price, J. S., and, S. M. Schlotzhauer, (1999), Importance of shrinkage and compression in determining water storage changes in peat: The case of a mined peatland, Hydrol. Processes, 13 (16), 2591-2601, doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199911)13:16<2591::AID-HYP933>3.0.CO;2-E.
74. Querner, E. P., P. C. Jansen, J. J. H. van den Akker, and, C. Kwakernaak, (2012), Analysing water level strategies to reduce soil subsidence in Dutch peat meadows, J. Hydrol., 446-447, 59-69, doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.04.029.
75. Reeve, A. S., D. I. Siegel, and, P. H. Glaser, (2000), Simulating vertical flow in large peatlands, J. Hydrol., 227 (1-4), 207-217, doi: 10.1016/S0022-1694(99)00183-3.
76. Reeve, A. S., R. Evensen, P. H. Glaser, D. I. Siegel, and, D. Rosenberry, (2006), Flow path oscillations in transient ground-water simulations of large peatland systems, J. Hydrol., 316 (1-4), 313-324, doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.05.005.
77. Rein, A., R. Hoffmann, and, P. Dietrich, (2004), Influence of natural time-dependent variations of electrical conductivity on DC resistivity measurements, J. Hydrol., 285 (1-4), 215-232, doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2003.08.015.
78. Silvola, J., J. Alm, U. Ahlholm, H. Nykänen, and, P. J. Martikainen, (1996), The contribution of plant roots to CO2 fluxes from organic soils, Biol. Fertil. Soils, 23 (2), 126-131, doi: 10.1007/s003740050149.
79. Slater, L., X. Comas, D. Ntarlagiannis, and, M. R. Moulik, (2007), Resistivity-based monitoring of biogenic gases in peat soils, Water Resour. Res., 43, W10430, doi: 10.1029/2007WR006090.
80. Sorensen, J. P. R., and, A. S. Butcher, (2011), Water level monitoring pressure transducers: A need for industry-wide standards, Ground Water Monit. Rem., 31, 56-62, doi: 10.1111/j1745-6592.2011.01346.x.
81. Sundh, I., M. Nilsson, G. Granberg, and, B. H. Svensson, (1994), Depth distribution of microbial production and oxidation of methane in northern boreal peatlands, Microb. Ecol., 27 (3), 253-265, doi: 10.1007/BF00182409.
82. Szalai, S., A. Koppán, and, L. Szarka, (2008), Effect of positional inaccuracies on multielectrode results, Acta Geodaetica Geophys. Hung., 43 (1), 33-42, doi: 10.1556/AGeod.43.2008.1.3.
83. Theriot, J. M., J. L. Conkle, S. R. Pezeshki, R. D. DeLaune, and, J. R. White, (2013), Will hydrologic restoration of Mississippi River riparian wetlands improve their critical biogeochemical functions?, Ecol. Eng., 60, 192-198, doi: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2013.07.021.
84. Tsourlos, P. I., J. E. Szymanski, and, G. N. Tsokas, (1999), The effect of terrain topography on commonly used resistivity arrays, Geophysics, 64 (5), 1357-1363, doi: 10.1190/1.1444640.
85. Uhlemann, S., P. B. Wilkinson, J. E. Chambers, H. Maurer, A. J. Merritt, D. A. Gunn, and, P. I. Meldrum, (2015), Interpolation of landslide movements to improve the accuracy of 4D geoelectrical monitoring, J. Appl. Geophys., 121, 93-105, doi: 10.1016/j.jappgeo.2015.07.003.
86. Uhlemann, S. S., J. P. R. Sorensen, J. E. Chambers, P. B. Wilkinson, and, D. C. Gooddy, (2014), Geoelectrical monitoring of complex hydrological processes in a Riparian wetland, in Near Surface Geoscience 2014-20th European Meeting of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics, Athens, Greece, EAGE, Houten, Netherlands.
87. USDA (2007), The PLANTS Database, Natl. Plant Data Cent., Baton Rouge. [Available at http://plants.usda.gov.]
88. Wagner, F. M., M. Möller, C. Schmidt-Hattenberger, T. Kempka, and, H. Maurer, (2013), Monitoring freshwater salinization in analog transport models by time-lapse electrical resistivity tomography, J. Appl. Geophys., 89, 84-95, doi: 10.1016/j.jappgeo.2012.11.013.
89. Ward, W. O. C., P. B. Wilkinson, J. E. Chambers, L. S. Oxby, and, L. Bai, (2014), Distribution-based fuzzy clustering of electrical resistivity tomography images for interface detection, Geophys. J. Int., 197, 310-321, doi: 10.1093/gji/ggu006.
90. Watson, A., K. D. Stephen, D. B. Nedwell, and, J. R. M. Arah, (1997), Oxidation of methane in peat: Kinetics of CH4 and O2 removal and the role of plant roots, Soil Biol. Biochem., 29 (8), 1257-1267, doi: 10.1016/S0038-0717(97)00016-3.
91. Wilkinson, P. B., J. E. Chambers, P. I. Meldrum, D. A. Gunn, R. D. Ogilvy, and, O. Kuras, (2010), Predicting the movements of permanently installed electrodes on an active landslide using time-lapse geoelectrical resistivity data only, Geophys. J. Int., 183 (2), 543-556.
92. Wilkinson, P. B., S. Uhlemann, J. E. Chambers, P. I. Meldrum, and, M. H. Loke, (2015), Development and testing of displacement inversion to track electrode movements on 3-D electrical resistivity tomography monitoring grids, Geophys. J. Int., 200 (3), 1566-1581, doi: 10.1093/gji/ggu483.
93. Yi, M.-J., J.-H. Kim, and, S.-H. Chung, (2003), Enhancing the resolving power of least-squares inversion with active constraint balancing, Geophysics, 68 (3), 931, doi: 10.1190/1.1581045.