Magura Cave, Bulgaria: A multidisciplinary study of Late Pleistocene human palaeoenvironment in the Balkans

Quaternary International

Volumn 415, Issue , 2016, Pages 86-108

  Ivanova, Stefanka ^a   Gurova, Maria ^a   Spassov, Nikolai ^c   Hristova, Latinka ^c   Tzankov, Nikolay ^c   Popov, Vasil ^d   Marinova, Elena ^e,f   Makedonska, Jana ^g   Smith, Victoria ^h   Ottoni, Claudio ^e,i,j   Lewis, Mark ^b  

^a BULGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES   (Bulgaria)

^b DEPARTMENT OF LIFE SCIENCES   (United Kingdom)

^c BULGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES   (Bulgaria)

^d INSTITUTE OF BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM RESEARCH   (Bulgaria)

^e UNIVERSITY OF LEUVEN   (Belgium)

^f ROYAL BELGIAN INSTITUTE OF NATURAL SCIENCES   (Belgium)

^g STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

^h UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

ⁱ Laboratory of Forensic Genetics and Molecular Archaeology   (Belgium)

^j DEPARTMENT OF IMAGING AND PATHOLOGY   (Belgium)

more..

Author keywords

Bulgaria; Late Pleistocene; Middle Paleolithic; Paleoenvironment; Pollen; Vertebrates

Indexed keywords

COPROLITE; HERPETOFAUNA; MAMMAL; PALEOENVIRONMENT; PALEOLITHIC; PLEISTOCENE; POLLEN;

BALKANS; BULGARIA; MAGURA CAVE;

CROCUTA; MAMMALIA; VERTEBRATA;

EID: 84959242936     PISSN: 10406182     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.quaint.2015.11.082     Document Type: Article

References (96)

1. Baryshnikov, G., Bears family (Carnivora, Ursidae). Fauna of Russia and Neighbouring Countries, vol. 147, 2007, Nauka Press, St. Petersburg (in Russian).
2. Baryshnikov, G., Puzachenko, A., Craniometrical variability in the cave bears (Carnivora, Ursidae): multivariate comparative analysis. Quaternary International 245 (2011), 350–368.
3. Bon, C., Berthonaud, V., Maksud, F., Labadie, K., Poulain, J., Artiguenave, F., Wincker, P., Aury, J., Elalouf, J., Coprolites as a source of information on the genome and diet of the cave hyena. Proceedings of The Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279 (2012), 2825–2830.
4. Bryant, V.M. Jr., Larson, D.L., Pollen analysis of the Devil's Mouth site, Val Verde County, Texas. Sorrow, B., (eds.) The Devil's Mouth Site: the Third Season, 1968, 57–70 Papers of the Texas Archaeological Salvage Project 14, Austin.
5. Callen, E.O., Food habits of some pre-Columbian Indians. Economic Botany 19 (1965), 335–343.
6. Carrión, J.S., Scott, L., Vogel, J.C., Twentieth century changes in montane vegetation in the eastern Free State, South Africa, derived from palynology of hyrax dung middens. Journal of Quaternary Science 14 (1999), 1–16.
7. Carrión, J.S., Brink, J.S., Scott, L., Binneman, J.N.F., Palynology and palaeoenvironment of Pleistocene hyaena coprolites from an open-air site at Oyster Bay, Eastern Cape coast, South Africa. South African Journal of Science 96 (2000), 449–453.
8. Carrión, J.S., Riquelme, J.A., Navarro, C., Munuera, M., Pollen in hyaena coprolites reflects late glacial landscape in southern Spain. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 176 (2001), 193–205.
9. Carrión, J.S., Gil, G., Rodríguez, E., Fuentes, N., García- Antón, M., Arribas, A., Palynology of badger coprolites from central Spain. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 226 (2005), 259–271.
10. Carrión, J.S., Scott, L., Arribas, A., Fuentes, N., Gil-Romera, G., Montoya, E., Pleistocene landscapes in central Iberia inferred from pollen analysis of hyena coprolites. Journal of Quaternary Science 22 (2007), 191–202.
11. Carrión, J.S., Finlayson, C., Fernández, S., Finlayson, G., Allué, E., López-Sáez, J.A., López-García, P., Gil-Romera, G., Bailey, G., González-Sampériz, P., A coastal reservoir of biodiversity for Upper Pleistocene human populations: palaeoecological investigations in Gorham's Cave (Gibraltar) in the context of the Iberian Peninsula. Quaternary Science Reviews 27 (2008), 2118–2135.
12. Chaves, S.A.M., Reinhard, K.J., Critical analysis of coprolite evidence of medicinal plant use, Piauí, Brazil. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 237 (2006), 110–118.
13. Churchill, S.E., Thin on the Ground: Neandertal Biology, Archeology, and Ecology. Advances in Human Biology Series, 2014, Wiley Blackwell 453pp.
14. Constantin, S., Bojar, A.-V., Lauritzen, S.-E., Lundberg, J., Holocene and Late Pleistocene climate in the sub-Mediterranean continental environment: a speleothem record from Poleva Cave (Southern Carpathians, Romania). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 243:3–4 (2007), 322–338.
15. Costa, A., Folch, A., Macedonio, G., Giaccio, B., Isaia, R., Smith, V.C., Transport and impact of volcanic ash from the Campanian Ignimbrite super-eruption. Geophysical Research Letters, 39(10), 2012, 10.1029/2012GL051605.
16. Culiberg, M., Sercelj, A., Anthracotomical and palynological research in the Sandalja II (Istria, Croatia). Razprave IV. Razreda SAZU 36:3 (1995), 49–57.
17. Damblon, F., Palaeobotanical study of representative Upper Palaeolithic sites in the central European Plain: a contribution to the SC-004 project. Prehistoire Europeen 11 (1997), 245–253.
18. Davies, W., White, D., Lewis, M., Stringer, C., Evaluating the transitional mosaic: frameworks of change from Neanderthals to Homo sapiens in eastern Europe. Quaternary Science Reviews 118 (2015), 211–242.
19. Delpech, F., La Ferrassie: carnivores, Artiodactyles et Perissodactyles. Delporte, H., (eds.) Le Grand Abri de la Ferrassie Fouilles 1968-1973 Etudes Quaternaires Geologie, Paleontologie, Prehistoire, 7, 1984, 61–89.
20. De Vivo, B., Rolandi, G., Gans, P.B., Calvert, A., Bohrson, W.A., Spera, F.J., Belkin, H.E., New constraints on the pyroclastic eruptive history of the Campanian volcanic Plain (Italy). Mineralogy and Petrology 73 (2001), 47–65.
21. Diedrich, C.G., Zák, K., Prey deposits and den sites of the Upper Pleistocene hyena Crocuta crocuta spelaea (Goldfuss, 1823) in horizontal and vertical caves of the Bohemian Karst (Czech Republic). Bulletin of Geosciences 81 (2006), 237–276 (Czech Geological Survey, Prague).
22. Dimbleby, G.W., The Palynology of Archaeological Sites. 1985, Academic Press, London.
23. Djamali, M., Biglari, F., Abdi, K., Andrieu-Ponel, V., de Beaulieu, J.-L., Mashkour, M., Ponel, P., Pollen analysis of coprolites from a late Pleistocene–Holocene cave deposit (Wezmeh Cave, west Iran): insights into the late Pleistocene and late Holocene vegetation and flora of the central Zagros Mountains. Journal of Archaeological Science 38:12 (2011), 3394–3401.
24. Dzhambazov, N., Katincharov, R., Archaeological finds from Magura cave. Archaeology III 3 (1961), 56–64 (in Bulgarian).
25. Dzhambazov, N., Katincharov, R., Excavations in Magurata Cave in 1971. 1974, Bulletin of the Archaeological Institute.
26. Feurdean, A., Perşoiu, A., Tanţău, I., Stevens, T., Magyari, E.K., Onac, B.P., Marković, S., Andrič, M., Connor, S., Fărcaş, S., Gałka, M., Gaudeny, T., Hoek, W., Kolaczek, P., Kuneš, P., Lamentowicz, M., Marinova, E., Michczyńska, D.J., Perşoiu, I., Płóciennik, M., Słowiński, M., Stancikaite, M., Sumegi, P., Svensson, A., Tămaş, T., Timar, A., Tonkov, S., Toth, M., Veski, S., Willis, K.J., Zernitskaya, V., Climate variability and associated vegetation response throughout Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) between 60 and 8 ka. Quaternary Science Reviews 106 (2014), 206–224.
27. Filkov, L., Burial in Magura Cave. Nature and Science VII:4 (1936/7), 57–58 (in Bulgarian).
28. Giaccio, B., Isaia, R., Fedele, F.G., Di Canzio, E., Hoffecker, J.F., Ronchitelli, A., Sinitsyn, A.A., Anikovich, M., Lisitsyn, S.N., Popov, V.V., The Campanian Ignimbrite and Codola tephra layers: two temporal/stratigraphic markers for the Early Upper Palaeolithic in southern Italy and eastern Europe. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 177 (2008), 208–226.
29. Gil-Romera, G., Neumann, F.H., Scott, L., Miguel Sevilla-Callejo, M., Fernández-Jalvo, Y., Pollen taphonomy from hyaena scats and coprolites: preservation and quantitative differences. Journal of Archaeological Science 46 (2014), 89–95.
30. Ginter, B., Kozłowski, J.K., The archaeological sequence. Kozłowski, J.K., Laville, H., Ginter, B., (eds.) Temnata Cave. Excavations in Karlukovo Karst Area, Bulgaria, vol. 1, 1992, Jagellonian University Press, Cracow, 289–294.
31. Ginter, B., Kozłowski, J.K., Laville, H., (eds.) Temnata Cave: Excavations in Karlukovo Karst Area Bulgaria, vol. 1, 1994, Jagellonian University Press, Cracow, 2.
32. Ginter, B., Kozłowski, J.K., Guadelli, J.-L., Laville, H., (eds.) Temnata Cave: Excavations in Karlukovo Karst Area Bulgaria, vol. 2, 2000, Jagellonian University Press, Cracow, 1.
33. Guadelli, J.-L., Sirakov, N., Ivanova, St, Sirakova, Sv, Anastassova, E., Courtaud, P., Une sequence du Paleolithique inferieur au Paleolithique recent dan Balkans: La grotte Kozarnika a Oreshets (Nord-Ouest de la Bulgarie). Moncel, H., Monnier, J.-L., (eds.) Les premiers peuplements en Europe. du colloque international “Donnees recentes sur les modalites de peuplement et. Cadre chronostratigraphique, geologique et paleogeographique des industry Paleolithique inferieur et moyen en Europe”, Rennes, 22-25 septembre 2003, 2005, British Archaeological Research, Oxford, 87–103.
34. Haesaerts, P., Borziac, I., Chekha, V.P., Chirica, V., Drozdov, N.I., Koulakovska, L., Orlova, L.A., van der Plicht, J., Damblon, F., Charcoal and wood remains for radiocarbon dating Upper Pleistocene loess sequences in Eastern Europe and Central Siberia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 291:1–2 (2010), 106–127.
35. Hammer, Ø, Harper, D.A.T., Ryan, P.D., PAST: Paleontological Statistics Software Package for Education and Data Analysis. Palaeontologia Electronica, 4(1), 2001.
36. Horwitz, L.K., Goldberg, P., A study of Pleistocene and Holocene hyaena coprolites. Journal of Archaeological Science 16 (1989), 71–94.
37. Ivanova, S., Trench Excavations in Magura Cave Near Rabisha. Stratigraphy of the Quaternary. Archaeological Discoveries and Excavations in 1994. Sofia, 1995, 11–13 (in Bulgarian).
38. Ivanova, S., Early Paleolithic Assemblages from Kozarnika Cave. Saxa Loquuntur Collection in Honor of the 65th Anniversary of Nikolay Sirakov. 2009, Avalon, Sofia, 29–57 (in Bulgarian).
39. Ivanova, S., Gurova, M., Spassov, N., Popov, V., Makedonska, J., Tzankov, Tz, Strait, D., Preliminary findings of the Balkan Paleo project: evidence of human activity at the “gateway” of Europe during the Late Pleistocene. Bulgarian e-journal of Archaeology 2 (2012), 1–24 http://www.be-ja.org.
40. Ivanova, S., Gurova, M., Spassov, N., Investigations of the Pleistocene Sediments in Magura Cave. Archaeological Discoveries and Excavations in 2011. Sofia, 2012, 32–34 (in Bulgarian).
41. Ivanova, S., Gurova, M., Spassov, N., Hristova, L., Gyaurova, B., Makedonska, J., Anastassova, E., Marinova, E., Miller, C., Hodgkins, J., Strait, D., Archaeological Investigations in Magura Cave. Archaeological Discoveries and Excavations in 2012. Sofia, 2013, 34–37 (in Bulgarian).
42. Kahlke, R.-D., Die Entstehungs-, Entwicklungs- und Verbreitungsgeschichte des oberpleistozänen Mammuthus-Coelodonta-Faunenkomplexes in Eurasien (Großsäuger). Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft 546 (1994), 1–164.
43. Kahlke, R.-D., The origin of Eurasian Mammoth faunas (Mammuthus-Coelodonta faunal Complex). Quaternary Science Reviews 96 (2014), 32–49.
44. Klein, R.G., Scott, K., Glacial/Interglacial size variation in fossil spotted hyaenas (Crocuta crocuta) in Britain. Quaternary Research 32 (1989), 88–95.
45. Kozłowski, J.K., (eds.) Excavation in the Bacho Kiro Cave (Bulgaria), 1982, Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Warsaw Final Report.
46. Kozłowski, J.K., Laville, H., Ginter, B., (eds.) Temnata Cave: Excavations in Karlukovo Karst Area Bulgaria, 1, 1992, Jagiellonian University Press, Kraków, 1.
47. Kruuk, H., The Spotted Hyaena: a Study of Predation and Social Behaviour. 1972, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
48. Kruuk, H., Feeding and social behaviour of the striped hyaena (Hyaena vulgaris Desmarest). East African Wildlife Journal 14 (1976), 91–111.
49. Larkin, N.R., Alexander, J., Lewis, M.D., Using experimental studies of recent faecal material to examine hyaena coprolites from the West Runton Freshwater Bed, Norfolk, U.K. Journal of Archaeological Science 27 (2000), 19–31.
50. Lewis, M.D., Pleistocene Hyaena Coprolite Palynology in Britain: Implications for the environments of early humans. Ashton, N., Lewis, S.G., Stringer, C., (eds.) The Ancient Human Occupation of Britain Developments in Quaternary Science, vol. 14, 2011, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 263–278 309 pp.
51. Linseele, V., Riemer, H., Baeten, J., De Vos, D., Marinova, E., Ottoni, C., Species identification of archaeological dung remains: a critical review of potential methods. Environmental Archaeology 18:1 (2013), 5–17.
52. Lowe, J., Barton, N., Blockley, S., Bronk Ramsey, C., Cullen, V.L., Davis, W., Gamble, C., Grant, K., Hardiman, M., Housley, R., Lane, C.S., Lee, S., Lewis, M., MacLeod, A., Menzies, M., Muller, W., Pollard, M., Price, C., Roberts, A.P., Rohling, E.J., Satow, C., Smith, V.C., Stringer, C.B., Tomlinson, E.L., White, D., Albert, P., Arienzo, I., Barker, G., Boric, D., Carandente, A., Civetta, L., Ferrier, C., Gaudelli, J., Karkanas, P., Koumouzelis, M., Muller, U.C., Orsi, G., Pross, J., Rosi, M., Shalamonov-Korobar, L., Sirakov, N., Tzedakis, P.C., Volcanic ash layers illuminate resilience of Neanderthal and early Modern Humans to natural hazards. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 34 (2012), 13532–13537.
53. Markovic, S.B., Oches, E.A., Mc Coy, W.D., Frechen, M., Gaudenyi, T., Malacological and sedimentological evidence for ‘‘warm” glacial climate from the Irig loess sequence, Vojvodina, Serbia. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 8:9 (2007), 1–12.
54. Marković, S.B., Bokhorst, M., Vandenberghe, J., Oches, E.A., Zöller, L., McCoy, W.D., Gaudenyi, T., Jovanović, M., Hambach, U., Machalett, B., Late Pleistocene loess-paleosol sequences in the Vojvodina region, North Serbia. Journal of Quaternary Science 23 (2008), 73–84.
55. Martin, P.S., Sharrock, F.W., Pollen analysis of prehistoric human feces: a new approach to ethnobotany. American Antiquity 30 (1964), 168–180.
56. Mellars, P., A new radiocarbon revolution and the dispersal of modern humans in Eurasia. Nature 439 (2006), 931–935.
57. Mellars, P., The earliest modern humans in Europe. Nature 479 (2011), 483–485.
58. Mikov, V., Magura Cave. Bulgarian Tourist, vol. IX, 1927, 9–12 (in Bulgarian).
59. Nöllert, A., Grossenbacher, K., Laufer, H., Pelobates fuscus (Laurenti, 1768) – Knoblauchkröte. Grossenbacher, K., (eds.) Handbuch der Reptilien und Amphibien Europas. Band 5/I Froschlurche (Anura) I (Alytidae, Bombinatoridae, Pelodytidae, Pelobatidae), 2012, Aula-Verlag Wiebelsheim, 465–562.
60. Opravil, E., Vegetation. Svoboda, J., (eds.) Pavlov I – Excavation 1952-1983, Ch. V., ERAUL 66 The Dolní Vestonice Studies 2, 1994, 177–180 Liege.
61. Parfitt, S.A., Larkin, N.R., Appendix: exceptionally large hyaena coprolites from West Runton and the possible presence of the giant short-faced hyaena (Pachycrocuta brevirostris). Stuart, A.J., Lister, A.M., (eds.) The West Runton Elephant and its Cromerian Environment, 228, 2010, Quaternary International, 131–135.
62. Pyle, D.M., Ricketts, G.D., Margari, V., van Andel, T.H., Sinitsyn, A.A., Praslov, N.D., Lisitsyn, S., Wide dispersal and deposition of distal tephra during the Pleistocene “Campanian Ignimbrite/Y5” eruption, Italy. Quaternary Science Reviews 25:21–22 (2006), 2713–2728.
63. Rabeder, G., Neues vom Höhlenbären: zur Morphogenetik der Backenzähne. Die Höhle 34:2 (1983), 67–87.
64. Rabeder, G., Modus und Geschwindigkeit der Hohlenbaren Evolution. Schriften des Vereines zur Verbreitung Naturwissens Chaftlicher Kenntnisse in Wien 127 (1989), 105–126.
65. Rabeder, G., Die Evolution des Höhlenbärengebisses. Mitteilungen der Kommission für Quartärforschungder Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Wien 11 (1999), 1–102.
66. Rabeder, G., Tsoukala, E., Morphodynamic analysis of some cave-bear teeth from Petralona cave (Chalkidiki, North-Greece). Beiträge zur Paläontologie von Österreich 16 (1990), 103–109.
67. Rabeder, G., Hofrelter, M., Nagel, D., Withalm, G., New taxa of Alpine Cave Bears (Ursidae, Carnivora). Actes du 9e Symposium international sur l'ours descavernes, Entremont-le-Vieux (Savoie, France), Septembre 2003. Hors Série, vol. 2, 2004, Muséum, Lyon, 49–67.
68. Rabeder, G., Pacher, M., Withalm, G., Early Pleistocene Bear Remains from Deutsch-Altenburg (Lower Austria), vol. 17, 2009, Mitteilungen der Kommission für Quartärforschung der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien 135pp.
69. Rasmussen, S.O., Bigler, M., Blockley, S.P., Blunier, T., Buchardt, S.L., Clausen, H.B., Cvijanovic, I., Dahl-Jensen, D., Johnsen, S.J., Fischer, H., Gkinis, V., Guillevic, M., Hoek, W.Z., Lowe, J., Pedro, J.B., Popp, T., Inger, K., Seierstad, I.K., Jørgen Peder Steffensen, J.P., Svensson, A.M., Vallelonga, P., Vinther, B.M., Walker, M.J.C., Wheatley, J.J., Winstrup, M., A stratigraphic framework for abrupt climatic changes during the Last Glacial period based on three synchronized Greenland ice-core records: refining and extending the INTIMATE event stratigraphy. Quaternary Science Reviews 106 (2014), 14–28.
70. Reimer, P.J., Bard, E., Bayliss, A., Beck, J.W., Blackwell, P.G., Bronk Ramsey, C., Buck, C.E., Cheng, H., Edwards, R.L., Friedrich, M., Grootes, P.M., Guilderson, T.P., Haflidason, H., Hajdas, I., Hatté, C., Heaton, T.J., Hoffmann, D.L., Hogg, A.G., Hughen, K.A., Kaiser, K.F., Kromer, B., Manning, S.W., Niu, M., Reimer, R.W., Richards, D.A., Scott, E.M., Southon, J.R., Staff, R.A., Turney, C.S.M., van der Plicht, J., IntCal13 and Marine13 radiocarbon age calibration curves 0–50,000 years cal BP. Radiocarbon 55:4 (2013), 1869–1887.
71. Reinhard, K.J., Bryant, V.M., Coprolite analysis: a biological perspective on archaeology. Archaeological Method and Theory 4 (1992), 245–288.
72. Reinhard, K.J., Hamilton, D.L., Hevly, R.H., Use of pollen concentration in paleopharmacology: coprolite evidence of medicinal plants. Journal of Ethnobiology 11 (1991), 117–132.
73. Reinhard, K.J., Edwards, S., Damon, T.R., Meier, D.K., Pollen concentration analysis of ancestral pueblo dietary variation. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 237 (2006), 92–109.
74. Rohland, N., Pollack, J.L., Nagel, D., Beauval, C., Airvaux, J., Pääbo, S., Hofreiter, M., The population history of extant and extinct Hyenas. Molecular Biology and Evolution 22:12 (2005), 2435–2443.
75. Rudner, Z.E., Sümegi, P., Recurring taiga forest-steppe habitats in the Carpathian Basin in the Upper Weichselian. Quaternary International 76/77 (2001), 177–189.
76. Scott, L., Pollen analysis of hyaena coprolites and sediments from Equus Cave, Taung, Southern Kalahari (South Africa). Quaternary Research 28 (1987), 144–156.
77. Scott, L., Steenkamp, N., Beaumont, P.B., Palaeoenvironmental conditions in South Africa at the Pleistocene–Holocene transition. Quaternary Science Reviews 14 (1995), 937–994.
78. Scott, L., Fernández Jalvo, Y., Carrión, J., Brink, J., Preservation and interpretation of pollen in hyaena coprolites: taphonomic observations from Spain and southern Africa. Palaeontologia Africana 39 (2003), 83–91.
79. Sirakov, N., Guadelli, J.-L., Ivanova, S., Sirakova, S., Boudadi-Maligne, M., Dimitrova, I., Fernandez, Ph, Ferrier, C., Guadelli, A., Iordanova, D., Iordanova, N., Kovatcheva, M., Krumov, I., Leblanc, J.-Cl, Miteva, V., Popov, V., Spassov, R., Taneva, S., Tsanova, T., An ancient continuous human presence in the Balkans and the beginnings of human settlement in western Eurasia: a Lower Pleistocene example of the Lower Palaeolithic levels in Kozarnika cave (North-western Bulgaria). Quaternary International 223 (2010), 94–106.
80. Sobolik, K.D., Gremillion, K.J., Whitten, P.L., Watson, P.J., Technical note: sex determination of prehistoric human paleofeces. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 101 (1996), 288–295.
81. Sommer, R.S., Nadachowski, A., Glacial refugia of mammals in Europe: evidence from fossil records. Mammal Review 36:4 (2006), 251–265.
82. Spassov, N., Popov, V., History of the formation of the Bulgarian mammal fauna. Miteva, S., Mihova, B., Georgiev, K., Petrov, B., Vansink, D., (eds.) The Mammals, Important for Conservation in Bulgaria, 2007, Dutch Mammal Society VZZ, Arnhem, 31–46 (in Bulgarian).
83. Stiller, M., Molak, M., Prost, S., Rabeder, G., Baryshnikov, G., Rosendahl, W., Münzel, S., Bocherens, H., Grandal-d'Anglade, A., Hilpert, B., Mitochondrial DNA diversity and evolution of the Pleistocene cave bear complex. Quaternary International 339–340 (2014), 224–231.
84. Stiner, M.C., Mortality analysis of Pleistocene bears and its paleoanthropological relevance. Journal of Human Evolution 34 (1998), 303–326.
85. Stoytchev, T., Horse Painting from Magoura Cave. Bulgaria Annual of Department of Archaeology - NBU, vol. I, 1994 (Sofia).
86. Stuart, A.J., Lister, A.M., New radiocarbon evidence on the extirpation of the spotted hyaena (Crocuta crocuta (Erxl.)) in northern Eurasia. Quaternary Science Reviews 96 (2014), 108–116.
87. Székely, P., Tudor, M., Cogălniceanu, D., Effect of habitat drying on the development of the Eastern spadefoot toad (Pelobates syriacus) tadpoles. Amphibia-Reptilia 31 (2010), 425–434.
88. Tomlinson, E.L., Arienzo, I., Civetta, L., Wulf, S., Smith, V.C., Hardiman, M., Lane, C.S., Carandente, A., Orsi, G., Rosi, M., Muller, W., Thirlwall, M., Menzies, M.A., Geochemistry of the Phlegraean Fields (Italy) proximal sources for major Mediterranean tephras: implications for the dispersal of Plinian and co-ignimbritic components of explosive eruptions. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 93 (2012), 102–128.
89. Tomlinson, E.L., Smith, V.C., Albert, P.G., Aydar, E., Civetta, L., Cioni, R., Çubukçu, E., Gertisser, R., Isaia, R., Menzies, M., Orsi, G., Rosi, M., Zanchetta, G., The major and trace element glass compositions of the productive Mediterranean volcanic sources: tools for correlating distal tephra layers in and around Europe. Quaternary Science Reviews 118 (2015), 48–66.
90. Trevor-Deutsch, B., Bryant, V.M., Analysis of suspected human coprolites from Terra Amata, Nice, France. Journal of Archaeological Science 5 (1978), 387–390.
91. Turner, A., Evidence for Pleistocene contact between the British Isles and the European continent based on distributions of larger carnivores. Preece, R.C., (eds.) Island Britain: a Quaternary Perspective, vol. 96, 1995, Geological Society Special Publication, 141–149.
92. Turner, C., Problems and pitfalls with the application of palynology to Pleistocene archaeological sites in Western Europe. Renault-Miskovsky, J., (eds.) Palynologie, Archéologie Notes et Monographies Techniques, Centre des Recherches Archéologiques, 17, 1985, 347–372.
93. Verpoorte, A., Neanderthal Energetics and Spatial Behaviour. Before Farming. 2006 http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/bfarm.2006.3.2.
94. Willis, K.J., Rudner, E., Sumegi, P., The full-glacial forests of central and southeastern Europe. Quaternary Research 53 (2000), 203–213.
95. Yll, R., Carrión, J.S., Marra, A.C., Bonfiglio, L., Vegetation reconstruction on the basis of pollen in Late Pleistocene hyena coprolites from San Teodoro Cave (Sicily, Italy). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 237 (2006), 32–39.
96. Zech, R., Zech, M., Markovic, S., Hambach, U., Huang, Y., Humid glacials, arid interglacials? Critical thoughts on pedogenesis and paleoclimate based on multi-proxy analyses of the loess-paleosol sequence Crvenka, Northern Serbia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 387 (2013), 165–175.