Increasing walking among older people: A test of behaviour change techniques using factorial randomised N-of-1 trials

Psychology and Health

Volumn 31, Issue 3, 2016, Pages 313-330

  Nyman, Samuel R ^a   Goodwin, Kelly ^b   Kwasnicka, Dominika ^c   Callaway, Andrew ^b  

^a BOURNEMOUTH UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b BOURNEMOUTH UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^c NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

behaviour change; N of 1; older people; physical activity; self regulation; walking

Indexed keywords

ACTIMETRY; AGED; BEHAVIOR THERAPY; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MOTIVATION; PROCEDURES; PSYCHOLOGY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; SELF CONTROL; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; VERY ELDERLY; WALKING;

ACTIGRAPHY; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; BEHAVIOR THERAPY; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; GOALS; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; SELF-CONTROL; WALKING;

EID: 84959193829     PISSN: 08870446     EISSN: 14768321     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2015.1088014     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Australian Sports Commission. (2000). Physiological tests for elite athletes (1st ed.). Leeds: Human Kinetics.
2. G.Baker,, S.R.Gray,, A.Wright,, C.Fitzsimons,, M.Nimmo,, R.Lowry,, & N.Mutrie, (2008). The effect of a pedometer-based community walking intervention “Walking for Wellbeing in the West” on physical activity levels and health outcomes: A 12-week randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 5, e44.10.1186/1479-5868-5-44
3. D.H.Barlow,, M.K.Knock,, & M.Hersen, (2008). Single case experimental designs: Strategies for studying behavior change (3rd ed.). London: Pearson.
4. S.Barton, (2000). Which clinical studies provide the best evidence? British Medical Journal, 321, 255–256.10.1136/bmj.321.7256.255
5. E.L.Bird,, G.Baker,, N.Mutrie,, D.Ogilvie,, S.Sahlqvist,, & J.Powell, (2013). Behavior change techniques used to promote walking and cycling: A systematic review. Health Psychology, 32, 829–838.10.1037/a0032078
6. D.M.Bravata,, C.Smith-Spangler,, V.Sundaram,, A.L.Gienger,, N.Lin,, R.Lewis,,.. J.R.Sirard, (2007). Using pedometers to increase physical activity and improve health: A systematic review. Journal of the American Medical Association, 298, 2296–2304.10.1001/jama.298.19.2296
7. Canada Fitness Survey. (1983). Fitness and lifestyle in Canada. Ottawa, ON: Directorate of Fitness and Amateur Sport.
8. C.S.Carver,, & M.F.Scheier, (1982). Control theory: A useful conceptual framework for personality-social, clinical, and health psychology. Psychological Bulletin, 92, 111–135.10.1037/0033-2909.92.1.111
9. J.Cohen, (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates.
10. V.S.Conn,, A.R.Hafdahl,, S.A.Brown,, & L.M.Brown, (2008). Meta-analysis of patient education interventions to increase physical activity among chronically ill adults. Patient Education & Counseling, 70, 157–172.
11. P.Craig,, M.Dieppe,, S.Macintyre,, S.Michie,, I.Nazareth,, & M.Petticrew, (2008). Developing and evaluating complex interventions: The new Medical Research Council guidance. British Medical Journal, 337. Published online 29 September, doi:10.1136/bmj.a1655
12. P.J.Curran,, & D.J.Bauer, (2011). The disaggregation of within-person and between-person effects in longitudinal models of change. Annual Review of Psychology, 62, 583–619.10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100356
13. C.C.Cushing,, R.W.Walters,, & L.Hoffman, (2014). Aggregated N-of-1 randomized controlled trials: Modern data analytics applied to a clinically valid method of intervention effectiveness. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 39, 138–150.10.1093/jpepsy/jst083
14. G.Demiris,, & H.J.Thompson, (2012). Mobilizing older adults: Harnessing the potential of smart home technologies. Contribution of the IMIA working group on smart homes and ambient assisted living. Yearbook of Medical Informatics, 7, 94–99.
15. Department of Health, Physical Activity, Health Improvement, and Protection. (2011). Start active, stay active: A report on physical activity for health from the four home countries’ chief medical officers. London: Author.
16. S.U.Dombrowski,, F.F.Sniehotta,, A.Avenell,, M.Johnston,, G.MacLennan,, & V.Araújo-Soares, (2012). Identifying active ingredients in complex behavioural interventions for obese adults with obesity-related co-morbidities or additional risk factors for co-morbidities: A systematic review. Health Psychology Review, 6, 7–32.10.1080/17437199.2010.513298
17. A.R.Eisenstein,, T.R.Prohaska,, J.Kruger,, W.A.Satariano,, S.Hooker,, D.Buchner,,.. R.H.Hunter, (2011). Environmental correlates of overweight and obesity in community residing older adults. Journal of Aging and Health, 23, 994–1009.10.1177/0898264311404557
18. D.Fay, (2014). A method of predicting arrival times for operating a piece of equipment. UK Preliminary Patent Application number 1305264.2. Cork: University College Cork.
19. C.F.Fitzsimons,, G.Baker,, S.R.Gray,, M.A.Nimmo,, & N.Mutrie, (2012). Does physical activity counselling enhance the effects of a pedometer-based intervention over the long-term: 12-month findings from the Walking for Wellbeing in the west study. BMC Public Health, 12, e206.10.1186/1471-2458-12-206
20. J.Freeman,, & J.Lessiter, (2009). Exploring how manufacturers, suppliers and retailers address the needs of older and disabled people: What are the barriers and drivers? London: Ofcom.
21. N.B.Gabler,, N.Duan,, S.Vohra,, & R.L.Kravitz, (2011). N-of-1 trials in the medical literature: A systematic review. Medical Care, 49, 761–768.10.1097/MLR.0b013e318215d90d
22. G.Guyatt,, D.Sackett,, D.W.Taylor,, J.Chong,, R.Roberts,, & S.Pugsley, (1986). Determining optimal therapy – Randomized trials in individual patients. New England Journal of Medicine, 314, 889–892.10.1056/NEJM198604033141406
23. E.B.Hekler,, M.P.Buman,, N.Poothakandiyil,, D.E.Rivera,, J.M.Dzierzewski,, A.A.Morgan,,.. P.R.J.Giacobbi, (2013). Exploring behavioral markers of long-term physical activity maintenance: A case study of system identification modeling within a behavioral intervention. Health Education & Behavior, 40, 51S–62S.
24. N.Hobbs,, D.Dixon,, M.Johnston,, & K.Howie, (2013). Can the theory of planned behaviour predict the physical activity behaviour of individuals? Psychology & Health, 28, 234–249.
25. J.Honaker,, & G.King, (2010). What to do about missing values in time-series cross-section data. American Journal of Political Science, 54, 561–581.10.1111/ajps.2010.54.issue-2
26. D.W.Johnston,, & M.Johnston, (2013). Useful theories should apply to individuals. British Journal of Health Psychology, 18, 469–473.10.1111/bjhp.2013.18.issue-3
27. M.W.Kreuter,, D.Farrell,, L.Olevitch,, & L.Brennan, (2000). Tailoring health messages: Customizing communication with computer technology. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
28. E.A.Locke,, & G.P.Latham, (1990). A theory of goal setting and task performance. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
29. E.A.Locke,, & G.P.Latham, (2002). Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation. A 35-year odyssey. American Psychologist, 57, 705–717.10.1037/0003-066X.57.9.705
30. V.G.Loehr,, A.S.Baldwin,, D.Rosenfield,, & J.A.J.Smits, (2014). Weekly variability in outcome expectations: Examining associations with related physical activity experiences during physical activity initiation. Journal of Health Psychology, 19, 1309–1319.10.1177/1359105313488981
31. J.P.Maher,, S.E.Doerksen,, S.Elavsky,, A.L.Hyde,, A.L.Pincus,, N.Ram,, & D.E.Conroy, (2013). A daily analysis of physical activity and satisfaction with life in emerging adults. Health Psychology, 32, 647–656.10.1037/a0030129
32. S.Michie,, C.Abraham,, C.Whittington,, J.McAteer,, & S.Gupta, (2009). Effective techniques in healthy eating and physical activity interventions: A meta-regression. Health Psychology, 28, 690–701.10.1037/a0016136
33. S.Michie,, M.Richardson,, M.Johnston,, C.Abraham,, J.Francis,, W.Hardeman,,.. C.E.Wood, (2013). The behavior change technique taxonomy (v1) of 93 hierarchically clustered techniques: Building an international consensus for the reporting of behavior change interventions. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 46, 81–95.10.1007/s12160-013-9486-6
34. P.C.M.Molenaar,, & C.G.Campbell, (2009). The new person-specific paradigm in psychology. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18, 112–117.10.1111/cdir.2009.18.issue-2
35. J.N.Morris,, & A.E.Hardman, (1997). Walking to health. Sports Medicine, 23, 306–332.10.2165/00007256-199723050-00004
36. A.Nathan,, L.Wood,, & B.Giles-Corti, (2014). Examining correlates of self-reported and objectively measured physical activity among retirement village residents. Australasian Journal on Ageing, 33, 250–256.10.1111/ajag.2014.33.issue-4
37. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. (2006). Four commonly used methods to increase physical activity: Brief interventions in primary care, exercise referral schemes, pedometers and community-based exercise programmes for walking and cycling. London: Author.
38. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. (2007). Behaviour change at population, community and individual levels (NICE public health guidance 6). London: Author.
39. S.R.Nyman,, & L.Yardley, (2009). Web-site-based tailored advice to promote strength and balance training: An experimental evaluation. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 17, 210–222.
40. Ofcom. (2011). UK adults’ media literacy. London: Ofcom.
41. Ofcom. (2013). Communications market report 2013. London: Ofcom.
42. D.Ogilvie,, C.E.Foster,, H.Rothnie,, N.Cavill,, V.Hamilton,, C.F.Fitzsimons,, & N.Mutrie, (2007). Interventions to promote walking: Systematic review. British Medical Jornal, 334, e1204.10.1136/bmj.39198.722720.BE
43. J.A.Orr,, & R.J.King, (2015). Mobile phone SMS messages can enhance healthy behaviour: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Health Psychology Review. Published online 5 March, doi:10.1080/17437199.2015.1022847
44. J.Presseau,, R.I.Tait,, D.W.Johnston,, J.J.Francis,, & F.F.Sniehotta, (2013). Goal conflict and goal facilitation as predictors of daily accelerometer-assessed physical activity. Health Psychology, 32, 1179–1187.10.1037/a0029430
45. J.D.Price,, & J.Grimley Evans, (2002). N-of-1 randomized controlled trials (‘N-of-1 trials’): Singularly useful in geriatric medicine. Age and Ageing, 31, 227–232.10.1093/ageing/31.4.227
46. F.Quinn,, M.Johnston,, & D.W.Johnston, (2013). Testing an integrated behavioural and biomedical model of disability in N-of-1 studies with chronic pain. Psychology & Health, 28, 1391–1406.
47. B.Renner,, Y.Spivak,, S.Kwon,, & R.Schwarzer, (2007). Does age make a difference? Predicting physical activity of South Koreans. Psychology and Aging, 22, 482–493.10.1037/0882-7974.22.3.482
48. S.Scholes,, & J.Mindell, (2013). Physical activity in adults. In R.Craig & J.Mindell (Eds.), Health survey for England – 2012 (pp. 1–49). London: The Health and Social Care Information Centre.
49. U.Scholz,, F.F.Sniehotta,, S.Burkert,, & R.Schwarzer, (2007). Increasing physical exercise levels: Age-specific benefits of planning. Journal of Aging and Health, 19, 851–866.10.1177/0898264307305207
50. D.J.Schulman-Green,, A.D.Naik,, E.H.Bradley,, R.McCorkle,, & S.T.Bogardus, (2006). Goal setting as a shared decision making strategy among clinicians and their older patients. Patient Education and Counseling, 63, 145–151.10.1016/j.pec.2005.09.010
51. P.A.Scuffham,, J.Nikles,, G.K.Mitchell,, M.J.Yelland,, N.Vine,, C.J.Poulos,,.. P.Glasziou, (2010). Using N-of-1 trials to improve patient management and save costs. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 25, 906–913.10.1007/s11606-010-1352-7
52. P.A.Scuffham,, M.J.Yelland,, J.Nikles,, E.Pietrzak,, & D.Wilkinson, (2008). Are N-of-1 trials an economically viable option to improve access to selected high cost medications? The Australian experience. Value in Health, 11, 97–109.10.1111/j.1524-4733.2007.00218.x
53. D.A.Skelton,, A.Young,, A.Walker,, & E.Hoinville, (1999). Physical activity in later life: Further analysis of the Allied Dunbar national fitness survey and the Health Education Authority national survey of activity and health. London: Health Education Authority.
54. F.F.Sniehotta,, J.Presseau,, N.Hobbs,, & V.Araújo-Soares, (2012). Testing self-regulation interventions to increase walking using factorial randomized N-of-1 trials. Health Psychology, 31, 733–737.10.1037/a0027337
55. D.S.Soper, (2015). Binomial probability calculator [software]. Retrieved March 3, 2015, from http://www.danielsoper.com/statcalc
56. J.A.Steeves,, B.M.Tyo,, C.P.Connolly,, D.A.Gregory,, N.A.Stark,, & D.R.Bassett, (2011). Validity and reliability of the Omron HJ-303 tri-axial accelerometer-based pedometer. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 8, 1014–1020.
57. J.A.Sugden,, F.F.Sniehotta,, P.T.Donnan,, P.Boyle,, D.W.Johnston,, & M.E.T.McMurdo, (2008). The feasibility of using pedometers and brief advice to increase activity in sedentary older women – A pilot study. BMC Health Services Research, 8, e169.10.1186/1472-6963-8-169
58. C.Tudor-Locke,, C.L.Craig,, Y.Aoyagi,, R.C.Bell,, K.A.Croteau,, I.De Bourdeaudhuij,,.. S.N.Blair, (2011). How many steps/day are enough? For older adults and special populations. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 8, e80.10.1186/1479-5868-8-80
59. T.L.Webb,, J.Joseph,, L.Yardley,, & S.Michie, (2010). Using the Internet to promote health behavior change: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of theoretical basis, use of behavior change techniques, and mode of delivery on efficacy. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 12, e4.10.2196/jmir.1376