Pharmacological treatment of acquired QT prolongation and torsades de pointes

British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology

Volumn 81, Issue 3, 2016, Pages 420-427

  Thomas, Simon H L ^a,b   Behr, Elijah R ^c  

^a NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE HOSPITALS NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^c ST GEORGE'S UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

magnesium sulphate; management; QT interval; torsades de pointes

Indexed keywords

ALPHA 2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; ANTIARRHYTHMIC AGENT; ATROPINE; ISOPRENALINE; LIDOCAINE; MAGNESIUM SULFATE; PHENYTOIN; POTASSIUM; RANOLAZINE;

ARTICLE; CARDIOVERSION; ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY; HUMAN; HYPOXIA; LONG QT SYNDROME; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QT INTERVAL; QT PROLONGATION; RISK ASSESSMENT; TORSADE DES POINTES; CHEMICALLY INDUCED; DISEASE MANAGEMENT; TORSADES DE POINTES;

ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS; DISEASE MANAGEMENT; HUMANS; LONG QT SYNDROME; TORSADES DE POINTES;

EID: 84959142979     PISSN: 03065251     EISSN: 13652125     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12726     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Dessertenne F,. Ventricular tachycardia with 2 variable opposing foci. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 1966; 59: 263-72.
2. Wong L, Behr E,. Acquired long QT syndrome: As risky as congenital long QT syndrome? Europace 2012; 14: 310-1.
3. Othong R, Devlin JJ, Kazzi ZN,. Medical toxicologists' practice patterns regarding drug-induced QT prolongation in overdose patients: A survey in the United States of America, Europe, and Asia Pacific region. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2015; 53: 204-9.
4. Viskin S, Rosovski U, Sands AJ, Chen E, Kistler PM, Kalman JM, Rodriguez Chavez L, Iturralde Torres P, Cruz FFE, Centurión OA, Fujiki A, Maury P, Chen X, Krahn AD, Roithinger F, Zhang L, Vincent GM, Zeltser D,. Inaccurate electrocardiographic interpretation of long QT: the majority of physicians cannot recognize a long QT when they see one. Heart Rhythm 2005; 2: 569-74.
5. Bazett H,. An analysis of the time-relations of the electrocardiogram. Heart 1920; 7: 353-62.
6. European Medicines Agency. ICH topic E 14. The clinical evaluation of QT/QTc interval prolongation and proarrhythmic potential for non-antiarrhythmic drugs. 2005. Available at http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en-GB/document-library/Scientific-guideline/2009/09/WC500002879.pdf (last accessed 1 June 2015).
7. Batchvarov VN, Ghuran A, Smetana P, Hnatkova K, Harries M, Dilaveris P, Camm AJ, Malik M,. QT-RR relationship in healthy subjects exhibits substantial intersubject variability and high intrasubject stability. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2002; 282: H2356-63.
8. Gupta A, Lawrence AT, Krishnan K, Kavinsky CJ, Trohman RG,. Current concepts in the mechanisms and management of drug-induced QT prolongation and torsade de pointes. Am Heart J 2007; 153: 891-9.
9. Drew BJ, Ackerman MJ, Funk M, Gibler WB, Kligfield P, Menon V, Philippides GJ, Roden DM, Zareba W,. Prevention of torsade de pointes in hospital settings: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology Foundation. Circulation 2010; 121: 1047-60.
10. Stratmann HG, Kennedy HL,. Torsades de pointes associated with drugs and toxins: recognition and management. Am Heart J 1987; 113: 1470-82.
11. Chan A, Isbister GK, Kirkpatrick CM, Dufful SB,. Drug-induced QT prolongation and torsades de pointes: evaluation of a QT nomogram. QJM 2007; 100: 609-15.
12. Sauer AJ, Newton-Cheh C,. Clinical and genetic determinants of torsade de pointes risk. Circulation 2012; 125: 1684-94.
13. Kallergis EM, Goudis CA, Simantirakis EN, Kochiadakis GE, Vardas PE,. Mechanisms, risk factors, and management of acquired long QT syndrome: A comprehensive review. Scientific World Journal 2012; 2012: 212178.
14. Roden DM,. Drug-induced prolongation of the QT interval. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 1013-22.
15. Newton-Cheh C, Eijgelsheim M, Rice KM, de Bakker PI, Yin X, Estrada K, Bis JC, Marciante K, Rivadeneira F, Noseworthy PA, Sotoodehnia N, Smith NL, Rotter JI, Kors JA, Witteman JC, Hofman A, Heckbert SR, O'Donnell CJ, Uitterlinden AG, Psaty BM, Lumley T, Larson MG, Stricker BH,. Common variants at ten loci influence QT interval duration in the QTGEN Study. Nat Genet 2009; 41: 399-406.
16. Behr ER, Roden D,. Drug-induced arrhythmia: pharmacogenomic prescribing? Eur Heart J 2013; 34: 89-95.
17. Behr ER, Ritchie MD, Tanaka T, Kaab S, Crawford DC, Nicoletti P, Floratos A, Sinner MF, Kannankeril PJ, Wilde AA, Bezzina CR, Schulze-Bahr E, Zumhagen S, Guicheney P, Bishopric NH, Marshall V, Shakir S, Dalageorgou C, Bevan S, Jamshidi Y, Bastiaenen R, Myerburg RJ, Schott JJ, Camm AJ, Steinbeck G, Norris K, Altman RB, Tatonetti NP, Jeffery S, Kubo M, Nakamura Y, Shen Y, George AL Jr, Roden DM,. Genome wide analysis of drug-induced torsades de pointes: lack of common variants with large effect sizes. PLoS One 2013; 8: e78511.
18. CredibleMeds. Resources for healthcare professionals. Available at https://www.crediblemeds.org/healthcare-providers/ (last accessed 1 June 2015).
19. Bauman JL,. The role of pharmacokinetics, drug interactions and pharmacogenetics in the aquired long QT syndrome. Eur Heart J 2001; 3: K93-100.
20. Zipes DP, Camm AJ, Borggrefe M, Buxton AE, Chaitman B, Fromer M, Gregoratos G, Klein G, Moss AJ, Myerburg RJ, Priori SG, Quinones MA, Roden DM, Silka MJ, Tracy C, Smith SC Jr, Jacobs AK, Adams CD, Antman EM, Anderson JL, Hunt SA, Halperin JL, Nishimura R, Ornato JP, Page RL, Riegel B, Priori SG, Blanc JJ, Budaj A, Camm AJ, Dean V, Deckers JW, Despres C, Dickstein K, Lekakis J, McGregor K, Metra M, Morais J, Osterspey A, Tamargo JL, Zamorano JL,. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death - executive summary: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for Management of Patients with Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death) developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society. Eur Heart J 2006; 27: 2099-140.
21. Choy AM, Lang CC, Chomsky DM, Rayos GH, Wilson JR, Roden DM,. Normalization of acquired QT prolongation in humans by intravenous potassium. Circulation 1997; 96: 2149-54.
22. Kaye P, O'Sullivan I,. The role of magnesium in the emergency department. Emerg Med J 2002; 19: 288-91.
23. Tzivoni D, Banai S, Schuger C, Benhorin J, Keren A, Gottlieb S, Stern S,. Treatment of torsade de pointes with magnesium sulfate. Circulation 1988; 77: 392-7.
24. Etienne Y, Blanc JJ, Songy B, Boschat J, Guiserix J, Etienne E, Egreteau JP, Penther P,. Antiarrhythmic effects of intravenous magnesium sulfate in torsade de pointes. Apropos of 6 cases. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 1986; 79: 362-7.
25. Hoshino K, Ogawa K, Hishitani T, Isobe T, Eto Y,. Optimal administration dosage of magnesium sulfate for torsades de pointes in children with long QT syndrome. J Am Coll Nutr 2004; 23: 497S-500.
26. Yamamoto H, Bando S, Nishikado A, Shinohara A, Hamai K, Yamamoto K, Ikefuji H, Ito S,. The efficacy of isoproterenol on quinidine induced torsade de pointes. Tokushima J Exp Med 1991; 38: 1-4.
27. Inoue H, Matsuo H, Mashima S, Murao S,. Effects of atrial pacing, isoprenaline and lignocaine on experimental polymorphous ventricular tachycardia. Cardiovasc Res 1984; 18: 538-47.
28. Omar HR, Sprenker C, Karlnoski R, Mangar D, Camporesi EM,. The use of isoproterenol and phenytoin to reverse torsade de pointes. Am J Emerg Med 2014; 32: 683 e5-7.
29. Shimizu W, Ohe T, Kurita T, Takaki H, Aihara N, Kamakura S, Matsuhisa M, Shimomura K,. Early afterdepolarizations induced by isoproterenol in patients with congenital long QT syndrome. Circulation 1991; 84: 1915-23.
30. Khan IA, Gowda RM,. Novel therapeutics for treatment of long-QT syndrome and torsade de pointes. Int J Cardiol 2004; 95: 1-6.
31. Furushima H, Niwano S, Chinushi M, Yamaura M, Taneda K, Washizuka T, Aizawa Y,. Effect of atropine on QT prolongation and torsade de pointes induced by intracoronary acetylcholine in the long QT syndrome. Am J Cardiol 1999; 83: 714-8.
32. Tan HL, Wilde AA, Peters RJ,. Suppression of torsades de pointes by atropine. Heart 1998; 79: 99-100.
33. Banai S, Tzivoni D,. Drug therapy for torsade de pointes. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1993; 4: 206-10.
34. Oosterhoff P, Thomsen MB, Maas JN, Atteveld NJ, Beekman JD, Van Rijen HV, Van Der Heyden MA, Vos MA,. High-rate pacing reduces variability of repolarization and prevents repolarization-dependent arrhythmias in dogs with chronic AV block. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2010; 21: 1384-91.
35. Keren A, Tzivoni D, Golhman JM, Corcos P, Benhorin J, Stern S,. Ventricular pacing in atypical ventricular tachycardia. J Electrocardiol 1981; 14: 201-5.
36. Totterman KJ, Turto H, Pellinen T,. Overdrive pacing as treatment of sotalol-induced ventricular tachyarrhythmias (torsade de pointes). Acta Med Scand Suppl 1982; 668: 28-33.
37. Davison ET,. Amitriptyline-induced torsade de pointes. Successful therapy with atrial pacing. J Electrocardiol 1985; 18: 299-301.
38. Charlton NP, Lawrence DT, Brady WJ, Kirk MA, Holstege CP,. Termination of drug-induced torsades de pointes with overdrive pacing. Am J Emerg Med 2010; 28: 95-102.
39. Pinski SL, Eguia LE, Trohman RG,. What is the minimal pacing rate that prevents torsades de pointes? Insights from patients with permanent pacemakers. Pace 2002; 25: 1612-5.
40. Faber TS, Zehender M, Just H,. Drug-induced torsade-de-pointes-incidence, management and prevention. Drug Saf 1994; 11: 463-76.
41. Wang WQ, Robertson C, Dhalla AK, Belardinelli L,. Antitorsadogenic effects of ({+/-})-N-(2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-(4[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]-1-pipera zine (ranolazine) in anesthetized rabbits. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 325: 875-81.
42. Assimes TL, Malcolm I,. Torsade de pointes with sotalol overdose treated successfully with lidocaine. Can J Cardiol 1998; 14: 753-6.
43. Takahashi N, Ito M, Inoue T, Koumatsu K, Takeshita Y, Tsumabuki S, Tamura M, Inoue K, Maeda T, Saikawa T,. Torsades de pointes associated with acquired long QT syndrome: observation of 7 cases. J Cardiol 1993; 23: 99-106.
44. Vukmir RB, Stein KL,. Torsades de pointes therapy with phenytoin. Ann Emerg Med 1991; 20: 198-200.
45. Diness T, Yeh YH, Qi X, Chartier D, Tsuji Y, Hansen RS, Olesen SP, Grunnet M, Nattel S,. Antiarrhythmic properties of a rapid delayed-rectifier current activator in rabbit models of acquired long QT syndrome. Cardiovasc Res 2008; 79: 61-9.
46. Testai L, Cecchetti V, Sabatini S, Martelli A, Breschi MC, Calderone V,. Effects of K openers on the QT prolongation induced by HERG-blocking drugs in guinea-pigs. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 62: 924-30.
47. Tsutsui K, Hayami N, Kunishima T, Sugiura A, Mikamo T, Kanamori K, Yamagishi N, Yamagishi S, Watanabe H, Ajiki K, Murakawa Y,. Dexmedetomidine and clonidine inhibit ventricular tachyarrhythmias in a rabbit model of acquired long QT syndrome. Circ J 2012; 76: 2343-7.
48. Mazur A, Roden DM, Anderson ME,. Systemic administration of calmodulin antagonist W-7 or protein kinase A inhibitor H-8 prevents torsade de pointes in rabbits. Circulation 1999; 100: 2437-42.
49. Priori SG, Wilde AA, Horie M, Cho Y, Behr ER, Berul C, Blom N, Brugada J, Chiang CE, Huikuri H, Kannankeril P, Krahn A, Leenhardt A, Moss A, Schwartz PJ, Shimizu W, Tomaselli G, Tracy C,. Executive summary: HRS/EHRA/APHRS expert consensus statement on the diagnosis and management of patients with inherited primary arrhythmia syndromes. Europace 2013; 15: 1389-406.
50. Barra S, Agarwal S, Begley D, Providencia R,. Post-acute management of the acquired long QT syndrome. Postgrad Med J 2014; 90: 348-58.