From left ventricular hypertrophy to dysfunction and failure

Circulation Journal

Volumn 80, Issue 3, 2016, Pages 555-564

  Lazzeroni, Davide ^a   Rimoldi, Ornella ^a   Camici, Paolo G ^b,c  

^a IRCCS FONDAZIONE DON CARLO GNOCCHI   (Italy)

^b CNR   (Italy)

^c SAN RAFFAELE HOSPITAL   (Italy)

Author keywords

Coronary microvascular dysfunction; Heart failure; Left ventricular hypertrophy; Myocardial fibrosis; Myocardial ischemia

Indexed keywords

AORTA VALVE REGURGITATION; ARTICLE; DISEASE COURSE; GENETIC ASPECT; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE FAILURE; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE OVERLOAD; HEART MUSCLE BLOOD FLOW; HEART MUSCLE CELL; HEART MUSCLE FIBROSIS; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; HYPERVOLEMIA; MITRAL VALVE REGURGITATION; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PROGNOSIS; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VASCULAR REMODELING; COMPLICATION; FIBROSIS; HEART FAILURE; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE FUNCTION; PATHOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY;

FIBROSIS; HEART FAILURE; HUMANS; HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, LEFT;

EID: 84959018868     PISSN: 13469843     EISSN: 13474820     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1253/circj.CJ-16-0062     Document Type: Article

References (100)

1. Lorell BH, Carabello A. Left ventricular hypertrophy:Pathogenesis, detection and prognosis. Circulation 2000; 102: 470-479.
2. Burchfield JS, Xie M, Hill JA. Pathological ventricular remodeling: Mechanisms: Part 1 of 2. Circulation 2013; 128: 388-400.
3. Berk BC, Fujiwara K, Lehoux S. ECM remodeling in hypertensive heart disease. J Clin Invest 2007; 117: 568-575.
4. Schwartzkopff B, Motz W, Frenzel H, Vogt M, Knauer S, Strauer BE. Structural and functional alterations of the intramyocardial coronary arterioles in patients with arterial hypertension. Circulation 1993; 88: 993-1003.
5. Pelliccia A, Maron BJ, De Luca R, Di Paolo FM, Spataro A, Culasso F. Remodeling of left ventricular hypertrophy in elite athletes after long-term deconditioning. Circulation 2002; 105: 944-949.
6. Lang RM, Badano LP, Mor-Avi V, Afilalo J, Armstrong A, Ernande L, et al. Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: An update from the AmericanSociety of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2015; 16: 233-270.
7. Wigle ED, Rakowski H, Kimball BP, Williams WG. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Clinical spectrum and treatment. Circulation 1995; 92: 1680-1692.
8. Frey N, Luedde M, Katus HA. Mechanisms of disease: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Nat Rev Cardiol 2011; 9: 91-100.
9. Thierfelder L, Watkins H, MacRae C, Lamas R, McKenna W, Vosberg HP, et al. α-tropomyosin and cardiac troponin T mutations cause familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: A disease of the sarcomere. Cell 1994; 77: 701-712.
10. Watkins H, Ashrafian H, Redwood C. Inherited cardiomyopathies. N Engl J Med 2011; 364: 1643-1656.
11. Hill JA, Olson EN. Cardiac plasticity. N Engl J Med 2008; 358: 1370-1380.
12. Grossman W, Jones D, McLaurin LP. Wall stress and patterns of hypertrophy in the human left ventricle. J Clin Invest 1975; 56: 56-64.
13. Frohlich ED, Tarari RC. Is arterial pressure the sole factor responsible for hypertensive cardiac hypertrophy? Am J Cardiol 1979; 44: 959-963.
14. Tarazi RC, Frohlich ED. Is reversal of cardiac hypertrophy a desirable goal of antihypertensive therapy? Circulation 1987; 75: 113-117.
15. Cuspidi C, Rescaldani M, Sala C, Negri F, Grassi G, Mancia G. Prevalence of electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy in human hypertension: An updated review. J Hypertens 2012; 30: 2066-2073.
16. Devereux RB, Casale PN, Hammond IW, Savage DD, Alderman MH, Campo E, et al. Echocardiographic detection of pressureoverload left ventricular hypertrophy: Effect of criteria and patient population. J Clin Hypertens 1987; 3: 66-78.
17. Kahan T, Bergfeldt L. Left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertension: Its arrhythmogenic potential. Heart 2005; 91: 250-256.
18. Messerli FH, Sundgaard-Riise K, Ventura HO, Dunn FG, Oigman W, Frohlich ED. Clinical and hemodynamic determinants of left ventricular dimensions. Arch Intern Med 1984; 144: 477-481.
19. Nkomo VT, Gardin JM, Skelton TN, Gottdiener JS, Scott CG, Enriquez-Sarano M. Burden of valvular heart diseases: A population- based study. Lancet 2006; 368: 1005-1011.
20. Cioffi G, de Simone G, Cramariuc D, Mureddu GF, Gerdts E. Inappropriately high left-ventricular mass in asymptomatic mild-moderate aortic stenosis. J Hypertens 2012; 30: 421-428.
21. Cioffi G, Faggiano P, Vizzardi E, Tarantini L, Cramariuc D, Gerdts E, et al. Prognostic effect of inappropriately high left ventricular mass in asymptomatic severe aortic stenosis. Heart 2011; 97: 301-307.
22. Rader F, Sachdev E, Arsanjani R, Siegel RJ. Left ventricular hypertrophy in valvular aortic stenosis: Mechanisms and clinical implications. Am J Med 2015; 128: 344-352.
23. Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Erwin JP, Guyton RA, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014; 63: e57-e185, doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2014.02.536.
24. Carabello BA. Volume overload. Heart Fail Clin 2012; 8: 33-42.
25. Zile MR, Tomita M, Nakano K, Mirsky I, Usher B, Lindroth J, et al. Effects of left ventricular volume overload produced by mitral regurgitation on diastolic function. Am J Physiol 1991; 261: 1471-1480.
26. Corin WJ, Murakami T, Monrad ES, Hess OM, Krayenbuehl HP. Left ventricular passive diastolic properties in chronic mitral regurgitation. Circulation 1991; 83: 797-807.
27. Wisenbaugh T, Spann JF, Carabello BA. Differences in myocardial performance and load between patients with similar amounts of chronic aortic versus chronic mitral regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol 1984; 3: 916-923.
28. Feiring AJ, Rumberger JA. Ultrafast computed tomography analysis of regional radius-to-wall thickness ratios in normal and volume- overloaded human left ventricle. Circulation 1992; 85: 1423-1432.
29. Carabello BA. The relationship of left ventricular geometry and hypertrophy to left ventricular function in valvular heart disease. J Heart Valve Dis 1995; 4: S132-S138.
30. Schwarz F, Flameng W, Schaper J, Hehrlein F. Correlation between myocardial structure and diastolic properties of the heart in chronic aortic valve disease: Effects of corrective surgery. Am J Cardiol 1978; 42: 895-903.
31. Krayenbuehl HP, Hess OM, Monrad ES, Schneider J, Mall G, Turina M. Left ventricular myocardial structure in aortic valve disease before, intermediate, and late after aortic valve replacement. Circulation 1989; 79: 744-755.
32. Khouri MG, Peshock RM, Ayers CR, de Lemos JA, Drazner MH. A 4-tiered classification of left ventricular hypertrophy based on left ventricular geometry: The Dallas heart study. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2010; 3: 164-171.
33. Bang CN, Gerdts E, Aurigemma GP, Boman K, de Simone G, Dahlöf B, et al. Four-group classification of left ventricular hypertrophy based on ventricular concentricity and dilatation identifies a low-risk subset of eccentric hypertrophy in hypertensive patients. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2014; 7: 422-429.
34. Garg S, de Lemos JA, Ayers C, Khouri MG, Pandey A, Berry JD, et al. Association of a 4-tiered classification of LV hypertrophy with adverse CV outcomes in the general population. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2015; 8: 1034-1041.
35. Paulus WJ, Tschöpe C. A novel paradigm for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: Comorbidities drive myocardial dysfunction and remodeling through coronary microvascular endothelial inflammation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 62: 263-271.
36. Camici PG, D’amati G, Rimoldi O. Coronary microvascular dysfunction: Mechanisms and functional assessment. Nat Rev Cardiol 2015; 12: 48-62.
37. Camici PG, Crea F. Coronary microvascular dysfunction. N Engl J Med 2007; 356: 830-840.
38. Gould KL, Johnson NP, Bateman TM, Beanlands RS, Bengel FM, Bober R, et al. Anatomic versus physiologic assessment of coronary artery disease: Role of coronary flow reserve, fractional flow reserve, and positron emission tomography imaging in revascularization decision-making. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 62: 1639-1653.
39. Crea F, Camici PG, Bairey Merz CN. Coronary microvascular dysfunction: An update. Eur Heart J 2013; 35: 1101-1111.
40. Camici PG, Olivotto I, Rimoldi O. The coronary circulation and blood flow in left ventricular hypertrophy. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2012; 52: 857-864.
41. Radvan J, Choudhury L, Sheridan DJ, Camici PG. Comparison of coronary vasodilator reserve in elite rowing athletes versus hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 1997; 80: 1621-1623.
42. Toraa M, Pouillard F, Merlet P, Friemel F. Cardiac hypertrophy and coronary reserve in endurance athletes. Can J Appl Physiol 1999; 24: 87-95.
43. Hildick-Smith DJR, Johnson PJ, Wisbey CR, Winter EM, Shapiro LM. Coronary flow reserve is supranormal in endurance athletes: An adenosine transthoracic echocardiographic study. Heart 2000; 84: 383-389.
44. Camici PG, Chiriatti G, Lorenzoni R, Bellina RC, Gistri R, Italiani G, et al. Coronary vasodilation is impaired in both hypertrophied and non-hypertrophied myocardium of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: A study with nitrogen-13ammonia and positron emission tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991; 17: 879-886.
45. Olivotto I, Girolami F, Sciagra’ R, Michael J, Ackerman MJ, Sotgia B, et al. Microvascular function is selectively impaired in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and sarcomere myofilament gene mutations. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 58: 839-848.
46. Basso C, Thiene G, Corrado D, Buja G, Melacini P, Nava A. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and sudden death in the young: Pathologic evidence of myocardial ischemia. Hum Pathol 2000; 31: 988-998.
47. Olivotto I, Cecchi F, Gistri R, Lorenzoni R, Chiriatti G, Girolami F, et al. Relevance of coronary microvascular flow impairment to long-term remodeling and systolic dysfunction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47: 1043-1048.
48. Cecchi F, Olivotto I, Gistri R, Lorenzoni R, Chiriatti G, Camici PG. Coronary microvascular dysfunction and prognosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 1027-1035.
49. Neglia D, Parodi O, Gallopin M, Sambuceti G, Giorgetti A, Pratali L, et al. Myocardial blood flow response to pacing tachycardia and to dipyridamole infusion in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy without overt heart failure: A quantitative assessment by positron emission tomography. Circulation 1995; 92: 796-804.
50. Neglia D, Michelassi C, Trivieri MG, Sambuceti G, Giorgetti A, Pratali L, et al. Prognostic role of myocardial blood flow impairment in idiopathic left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation 2002; 105: 186-193.
51. Rimoldi O, Rosen SD, Camici PG. The blunting of coronary flow reserve in hypertension with left ventricular hypertrophy is transmural and correlates with systolic blood pressure. J Hypertens 2014; 32: 2465-2471.
52. Neglia D, Fommei E, Varela-Carver A, Mancini M, Ghione S, Lombardi M, et al. Perindopril and indapamide reverse coronary microvascular remodelling and improve flow in arterial hypertension. J Hypertens 2011; 29: 364-372.
53. Murthy VL, Naya M, Foster CR, Hainer J, Gaber M, Di Carli G, et al. Improved cardiac risk assessment with noninvasive measures of coronary flow reserve. Circulation 2011; 124: 2215-2224.
54. Rajappan K, Rimoldi OE, Dutka DP, Ariff B, Pennell DJ, Sheridan DJ, et al. Mechanisms of coronary microcirculatory dysfunction in patients with aortic stenosis and angiographically normal coronary arteries. Circulation 2002; 105: 470-476.
55. Hildick-Smith DJ, Shapiro LM. Coronary flow reserve improves after aortic valve replacement for aortic stenosis: An adenosine transthoracic echocardiography study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 36: 1889-1896.
56. Akasaka T, Yoshida K, Hozumi T, Takagi T, Kaji S, Kawamoto T, et al. Restricted coronary flow reserve in patients with mitral regurgitation improves after mitral reconstructive surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998; 32: 1923-1930.
57. Gascho JA, Mueller TM, Eastham C, Marcus ML. Effect of volume- overload hypertrophy on the coronary circulation in awake dogs. Cardiovasc Res 1982; 16: 288-292.
58. Mewton N, Liu CY, Croisille P, Bluemke D, Lima JA. Assessment of myocardial fibrosis with cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 57: 891-903.
59. Varnava AM, Elliott PM, Sharma S, McKenna WJ, Davies MJ. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: The interrelation of disarray, fibrosis, and small vessel disease. Heart 2000; 84: 476-482.
60. Anderson KR, Sutton MG, Lie JT. Histopathological types of cardiac fibrosis in myocardial disease. J Pathol 1979; 128: 79-85.
61. Fabre A, Sheppard MN. Sudden adult death syndrome and other non-ischaemic causes of sudden cardiac death. Heart 2006; 92: 316-320.
62. Emoto R, Yokota Y, Miki T, Nomura H, Miki T, Usuki S, et al. Prognosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Echocardiographic and postmortem histopathologic study of 30 patients. J Cardiol 1988; 18: 695-703.
63. Brandenburg RO. Cardiomyopathies and their role in sudden death. J Am Coll Cardiol 1985; 5: 185B-189B.
64. Kim RJ, Fieno DS, Parrish TB, Harris K, Chen EL, Simonetti O, et al. Relationship of MRI delayed contrast enhancement to irreversible injury, infarct age, and contractile function. Circulation 1999; 100: 1992-2002.
65. Schelbert EB, Hsu LY, Anderson SA, Mohanty BD, Karim SM, Kellman P, et al. Late gadolinium-enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance identifies postinfarction myocardial fibrosis and the border zone at the near cellular level in ex vivo rat heart. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2010; 3: 743-752.
66. Kim RJ, Wu E, Rafael A, Chen EL, Parker MA, Simonetti O, et al. The use of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging to identify reversible myocardial dysfunction. N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 1445-1453.
67. Bodi V, Sanchis J, Lopez-Lereu MP, Losada A, Nunez J, Pellicer M, et al. Usefulness of a comprehensive cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging assessment for predicting recovery of left ventricular wall motion in the setting of myocardial stunning. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 46: 1747-1752.
68. Iles L, Pfluger H, Lefkovits L, Butler MJ, Kistler PM, Kaye DM, et al. Myocardial fibrosis predicts appropriate device therapy in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators for primary prevention of sudden cardiac death. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 57: 821-828.
69. McCrohon JA, Moon JCC, Prasad SK, McKenna WJ, Lorenz CH, Coats AJS, et al. Differentiation of heart failure related to dilated cardiomyopathy and coronary artery disease using gadoliniumenhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Circulation 2003; 108: 54-59.
70. Gulati A, Jabbour A, Ismail TF, Guha K, Khwaja J, Raza S, et al. Association of fibrosis with mortality and sudden cardiac death in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. JAMA 2013; 309: 896-908.
71. Kasner M, Westermann D, Lopez B, Gaub R, Escher F, Kuhl U, et al. Diastolic tissue Doppler indexes correlate with the degree of collagen expression and cross-linking in heart failure and normal ejection fraction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 57: 977-985.
72. Weber KT, Brilla CG. Pathological hypertrophy and cardiac interstitium: Fibrosis and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Circulation 1991; 83: 1849-1865.
73. Flett AS, Hasleton J, Cook C, Hausenloy D, Quarta G, Ariti C, et al. Evaluation of techniques for the quantification of myocardial scar of differing etiology using cardiac magnetic resonance. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2011; 4: 150-156.
74. Moon JC, Messroghli DR, Kellman P, Piechnik SK, Robson MD, Ugander M, et al. Myocardial T1 mapping and extracellular volume quantification: A Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (SCMR) and CMR Working Group of the European Society of Cardiology consensus statement. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2013; 15: 92.
75. Hinojar R, Varma N, Child N, Goodman B, Jabbour A, Yu CY, et al. T1 Mapping in discrimination of hypertrophic phenotypes: Hypertensive heart disease and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Findings from the International T1 Multicenter Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Study. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2015; 8: e003285, doi:10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.115.003285.
76. Flett AS, Hasleton J, Cook C, Hausenloy D, Quarta G, Ariti C, et al. Evaluation of techniques for the quantification of myocardial scar of differing etiology using cardiac magnetic resonance. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2011; 4: 150-156.
77. Harris KM, Spirito P, Maron MS, Zenovich AG, Formisano F, Lesser JR, et al. Prevalence, clinical profile, and significance of left ventricular remodeling in the end-stage phase of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 2006; 114: 216-225.
78. Sotgia B, Sciagrà R, Olivotto I, Casolo G, Rega L, Betti I, et al. Spatial relationship between coronary microvascular dysfunction and delayed contrast enhancement in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Nucl Med 2008; 49: 1090-1096.
79. Moon JC, Mogensen J, Elliott PM, Smith GC, Elkington AG, Prasad SK, et al. Myocardial late gadolinium enhancement cardiovascular magnetic resonance in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy caused by mutations in troponin I. Heart 2005; 91: 1036-1040.
80. Rudolph A, Abdel-Aty H, Bohl S, Boyé P, Zagrosek A, Dietz R, et al. Noninvasive detection of fibrosis applying contrast-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance in different forms of left ventricular hypertrophy relation to remodeling. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 53: 284-291.
81. Olivotto I, Maron BJ, Appelbaum E, Harrigan CJ, Salton C, Gibson CM, et al. Spectrum and clinical significance of systolic function and myocardial fibrosis assessed by cardiovascular magnetic resonance in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 2010; 106: 261-267.
82. O’Hanlon R, Grasso A, Roughton M, Moon JC, Clark S, Wage R, et al. Prognostic significance of myocardial fibrosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 56: 867-874.
83. Adabag AS, Maron BJ, Appelbaum E, Harrigan CJ, Buros JL, Gibson CM, et al. Occurrence and frequency of arrhythmias in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in relation to delayed enhancement on cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 51: 1369-1374.
84. Chan RH, Maron BJ, Olivotto I, Pencina MJ, Assenza GE, Haas T, et al. Prognostic value of quantitative contrast-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance for the evaluation of sudden death risk in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 2014; 130: 484-495.
85. Ismail TF, Jabbour A, Gulati A, Mallorie A, Raza S, Cowling TE, et al. Role of late gadolinium enhancement cardiovascular magnetic resonance in the risk stratification of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart 2014; 100: 1851-1858.
86. Brooks A, Schinde V, Bateman AC, Gallagher PJ. Interstitial fibrosis in the dilated nonischaemic myocardium. Heart 2003; 89: 1255-1256.
87. Weber KT, Brilla CG, Janicki JS. Myocardial fibrosis: Functional significance and regulatory factors. Cardiovasc Res 1993; 27: 341-348.
88. McCrohon JA, Moon JC, Prasad SK, McKenna WJ, Lorenz CH, Coats AJ, et al. Differentiation of heart failure related to dilated cardiomyopathy and coronary artery disease using gadoliniumenhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Circulation 2003; 108: 54-59.
89. Leong DP, Chakrabarty A, Shipp N, Molaee P, Madsen PL, Joerg L, et al. Effects of myocardial fibrosis and ventricular dyssynchrony on response to therapy in new presentation idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: Insights from cardiovascular magnetic resonance and echocardiography. Eur Heart J 2012; 33: 640-648.
90. Lehrke S, Lossnitzer D, Schob M, Steen H, Merten C, Kemmling H, et al. Use of cardiovascular magnetic resonance for risk stratification in chronic heart failure: Prognostic value of late gadolinium enhancement in patients with non-ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy. Heart 2011; 97: 727-732.
91. Assomull RG, Prasad SK, Lyne J, Smith G, Burman ED, Khan M, et al. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance, fibrosis, and prognosis in dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 48: 1977-1985.
92. Yokota H, Imai Y, Tsuboko Y, Tokumaru AM, Fujimoto H, Harada K. Nocturnal blood pressure pattern affects left ventricular remodeling and late gadolinium enhancement in patients with hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy. PLoS One 2013; 8: e67825, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0067825.
93. Dweck MR, Joshi S, Murigu T, Alpendurada F, Jabbour A, Melina G, et al. Midwall fibrosis is an independent predictor of mortality in patients with aortic stenosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 58: 1271-1279.
94. Shah AS, Chin CW, Vassiliou V, Cowell SJ, Doris M, Kwok TC, et al. Left ventricular hypertrophy with strain and aortic stenosis. Circulation 2014; 130: 1607-1616.
95. Krayenbuehl HP, Hess OM, Monrad ES, Schneider J, Mall G, Turina M. Left ventricular myocardial structure in aortic valve disease before, intermediate, and late after aortic valve replacement. Circulation 1989; 79: 744-755.
96. Maron BJ, Ferrans VJ, Roberts WC. Myocardial ultrastructure in patients with chronic aortic valve disease. Am J Cardiol 1975; 35: 725-739.
97. Borer JS, Truter S, Herrold EM, Falcone DJ, Pena M, Carter JN, et al. Myocardial fibrosis in chronic aortic regurgitation: Molecular and cellular responses to volume overload. Circulation 2002; 105: 1837-1842.
98. Van De Heyning CM, Magne J, Piérard LA, Bruyère PJ, Davin L, De Maeyer C, et al. Late gadolinium enhancement CMR in primary mitral regurgitation. Eur J Clin Invest 2014; 44: 840-847.
99. Edwards NC, Moody WE, Yuan M, Weale P, Neal D, Townend JN, et al. Quantification of left ventricular interstitial fibrosis in asymptomatic chronic primary degenerative mitral regurgitation. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2014; 7: 946-953.
100. Drazner MH. The progression of hypertensive heart disease. Circulation 2011; 123: 327-334.