Assessment of myocardial fibrosis with cardiovascular magnetic resonance

Journal of the American College of Cardiology

Volumn 57, Issue 8, 2011, Pages 891-903

  Mewton, Nathan ^a,b   Liu, Chia Ying ^a   Croisille, Pierre ^b   Bluemke, David ^a,c   Lima, Joo A C ^a  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b LOUIS PRADEL HOSPITAL   (France)

^c NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

cardiac magnetic resonance; late gadolinium enhancement; myocardial fibrosis; T1 mapping

Indexed keywords

GADOLINIUM;

ARTICLE; CARDIAC IMAGING; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIASTOLIC DYSFUNCTION; FIBROSING ALVEOLITIS; HEART MUSCLE FIBROSIS; HUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; SYSTOLIC DYSFUNCTION;

EID: 79951642225     PISSN: 07351097     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.11.013     Document Type: Review

References (105)

1. N. de Leeuw, D.J. Ruiter, A.H. Balk, N. de Jonge, W.J. Melchers, and J.M. Galama Histopathologic findings in explanted heart tissue from patients with end-stage idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy Transpl Int 14 2001 299 306 (Pubitemid 33021059)
2. M.M. Marijianowski, P. Teeling, J. Mann, and A.E. Becker Dilated cardiomyopathy is associated with an increase in the type I/type III collagen ratio: a quantitative assessment J Am Coll Cardiol 25 1995 1263 1272
3. P. Whittaker, D.R. Boughner, and R.A. Kloner Analysis of healing after myocardial infarction using polarized light microscopy Am J Pathol 134 1989 879 893 (Pubitemid 19111254)
4. J. Diez, R. Querejeta, B. Lopez, A. Gonzalez, M. Larman, and J.L. Martinez Ubago Losartan-dependent regression of myocardial fibrosis is associated with reduction of left ventricular chamber stiffness in hypertensive patients Circulation 105 2002 2512 2517 (Pubitemid 34568973)
5. C.H. Conrad, W.W. Brooks, J.A. Hayes, S. Sen, K.G. Robinson, and O.H. Bing Myocardial fibrosis and stiffness with hypertrophy and heart failure in the spontaneously hypertensive rat Circulation 91 1995 161 170
6. L. Iles, H. Pfluger, and A. Phrommintikul Evaluation of diffuse myocardial fibrosis in heart failure with cardiac magnetic resonance contrast-enhanced T1 mapping J Am Coll Cardiol 52 2008 1574 1580
7. F. Schwarz, G. Mall, and H. Zebe Quantitative morphologic findings of the myocardium in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy Am J Cardiol 51 1983 501 506 (Pubitemid 13187175)
8. R.G. Assomull, S.K. Prasad, and J. Lyne Cardiovascular magnetic resonance, fibrosis, and prognosis in dilated cardiomyopathy J Am Coll Cardiol 48 2006 1977 1985 (Pubitemid 44738448)
9. D. Bello, D.J. Shah, and G.M. Farah Gadolinium cardiovascular magnetic resonance predicts reversible myocardial dysfunction and remodeling in patients with heart failure undergoing beta-blocker therapy Circulation 108 2003 1945 1953 (Pubitemid 37296539)
10. D.H. Kwon, C.M. Halley, and Z.B. Popovic Gender differences in survival in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction despite similar extent of myocardial scar measured on cardiac magnetic resonance Eur J Heart Fail 11 2009 937 944
11. R.Y. Kwong, A.K. Chan, and K.A. Brown Impact of unrecognized myocardial scar detected by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging on event-free survival in patients presenting with signs or symptoms of coronary artery disease Circulation 113 2006 2733 2743 (Pubitemid 43947991)
12. R.Y. Kwong, H. Sattar, and H. Wu Incidence and prognostic implication of unrecognized myocardial scar characterized by cardiac magnetic resonance in diabetic patients without clinical evidence of myocardial infarction Circulation 118 2008 1011 1020
13. M.G. Friedrich There is more than shape and function J Am Coll Cardiol 52 2008 1581 1583
14. T.D. Karamitsos, J.M. Francis, S. Myerson, J.B. Selvanayagam, and S. Neubauer The role of cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in heart failure J Am Coll Cardiol 54 2009 1407 1424
15. H. Mahrholdt, A. Wagner, R.M. Judd, U. Sechtem, and R.J. Kim Delayed enhancement cardiovascular magnetic resonance assessment of non-ischaemic cardiomyopathies Eur Heart J 26 2005 1461 1474 (Pubitemid 41373486)
16. T.D. Karamitsos, L.E. Hudsmith, J.B. Selvanayagam, S. Neubauer, and J.M. Francis Operator induced variability in left ventricular measurements with cardiovascular magnetic resonance is improved after training J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 9 2007 777 783 (Pubitemid 47463903)
17. H. Mahrholdt, A. Wagner, and T.A. Holly Reproducibility of chronic infarct size measurement by contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging Circulation 106 2002 2322 2327 (Pubitemid 35244732)
18. D.J. Pennell, U.P. Sechtem, and C.B. Higgins Clinical indications for cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR): Consensus Panel report Eur Heart J 25 2004 1940 1965 (Pubitemid 39452612)
19. J. Schaper, and B. Speiser The extracellular matrix in the failing human heart Basic Res Cardiol 87 Suppl 1 1992 303 309
20. J.E. Bishop, R. Greenbaum, D.G. Gibson, M. Yacoub, and G.J. Laurent Enhanced deposition of predominantly type I collagen in myocardial disease J Mol Cell Cardiol 22 1990 1157 1165 (Pubitemid 20378828)
21. A. Brooks, V. Schinde, A.C. Bateman, and P.J. Gallagher Interstitial fibrosis in the dilated non-ischaemic myocardium Heart 89 2003 1255 1256 (Pubitemid 37164032)
22. W.C. Roberts, R.J. Siegel, and B.M. McManus Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: analysis of 152 necropsy patients Am J Cardiol 60 1987 1340 1355
23. K.T. Weber, J.S. Janicki, S.G. Shroff, R. Pick, R.M. Chen, and R.I. Bashey Collagen remodeling of the pressure-overloaded, hypertrophied nonhuman primate myocardium Circ Res 62 1988 757 765
24. S. Boudina, and E.D. Abel Diabetic cardiomyopathy revisited Circulation 115 2007 3213 3223 (Pubitemid 47012236)
25. S.M. Factor, R. Bhan, T. Minase, H. Wolinsky, and E.H. Sonnenblick Hypertensive-diabetic cardiomyopathy in the rat: an experimental model of human disease Am J Pathol 102 1981 219 228 (Pubitemid 12190461)
26. M. Tanaka, H. Fujiwara, T. Onodera, D.J. Wu, Y. Hamashima, and C. Kawai Quantitative analysis of myocardial fibrosis in normals, hypertensive hearts, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Br Heart J 55 1986 575 581 (Pubitemid 16092908)
27. K.T. Weber, and C.G. Brilla Pathological hypertrophy and cardiac interstitium Fibrosis and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system Circulation 83 1991 1849 1865
28. E. Konduracka, A. Gackowski, P. Rostoff, D. Galicka-Latala, W. Frasik, and W. Piwowarska Diabetes-specific cardiomyopathy in type 1 diabetes mellitus: no evidence for its occurrence in the era of intensive insulin therapy Eur Heart J 28 2007 2465 2471 (Pubitemid 47614285)
29. F. Schwarz, W. Flameng, and J. Schaper Myocardial structure and function in patients with aortic valve disease and their relation to postoperative results Am J Cardiol 41 1978 661 669 (Pubitemid 8311358)
30. F. Weidemann, S. Herrmann, and S. Stork Impact of myocardial fibrosis in patients with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis Circulation 120 2009 577 584
31. M.M. Marijianowski, P. Teeling, and A.E. Becker Remodeling after myocardial infarction in humans is not associated with interstitial fibrosis of noninfarcted myocardium J Am Coll Cardiol 30 1997 76 82 (Pubitemid 27357128)
32. R. Martos, J. Baugh, and M. Ledwidge Diastolic heart failure: evidence of increased myocardial collagen turnover linked to diastolic dysfunction Circulation 115 2007 888 895 (Pubitemid 46294729)
33. B. Lopez, A. Gonzalez, J. Beaumont, R. Querejeta, M. Larman, and J. Diez Identification of a potential cardiac antifibrotic mechanism of torsemide in patients with chronic heart failure J Am Coll Cardiol 50 2007 859 867 (Pubitemid 47268745)
34. B. Lopez, R. Querejeta, A. Gonzalez, E. Sanchez, M. Larman, and J. Diez Effects of loop diuretics on myocardial fibrosis and collagen type I turnover in chronic heart failure J Am Coll Cardiol 43 2004 2028 2035 (Pubitemid 38686797)
35. K.B. Shah, Y. Inoue, and M.R. Mehra Amyloidosis and the heart: a comprehensive review Arch Intern Med 166 2006 1805 1813 (Pubitemid 44455160)
36. Y.A. Zarate, and R.J. Hopkin Fabry's disease Lancet 372 2008 1427 1435
37. M.G. Sutton, and N. Sharpe Left ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction: pathophysiology and therapy Circulation 101 2000 2981 2988 (Pubitemid 30415891)
38. S. Bohl, R. Wassmuth, and H. Abdel-Aty Delayed enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance imaging reveals typical patterns of myocardial injury in patients with various forms of non-ischemic heart disease Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 24 2008 597 607
39. R. Querejeta, B. Lopez, and A. Gonzalez Increased collagen type I synthesis in patients with heart failure of hypertensive origin: relation to myocardial fibrosis Circulation 110 2004 1263 1268 (Pubitemid 39202343)
40. S. Schalla, S.C. Bekkers, and R. Dennert Replacement and reactive myocardial fibrosis in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: comparison of magnetic resonance imaging with right ventricular biopsy Eur J Heart Fail 12 2010 227 231
41. P. Croisille, D. Revel, and M. Saeed Contrast agents and cardiac MR imaging of myocardial ischemia: from bench to bedside Eur Radiol 16 2006 1951 1963 (Pubitemid 44193180)
42. R.M. Judd, M.K. Atalay, G.A. Rottman, and E.A. Zerhouni Effects of myocardial water exchange on T1 enhancement during bolus administration of MR contrast agents Magn Reson Med 33 1995 215 223
43. R.J. Kim, E.L. Chen, J.A. Lima, and R.M. Judd Myocardial Gd-DTPA kinetics determine MRI contrast enhancement and reflect the extent and severity of myocardial injury after acute reperfused infarction Circulation 94 1996 3318 3326 (Pubitemid 26427504)
44. R.M. Judd, C.H. Lugo-Olivieri, and M. Arai Physiological basis of myocardial contrast enhancement in fast magnetic resonance images of 2-day-old reperfused canine infarcts Circulation 92 1995 1902 1910
45. J.A. Lima, R.M. Judd, A. Bazille, S.P. Schulman, E. Atalar, and E.A. Zerhouni Regional heterogeneity of human myocardial infarcts demonstrated by contrast-enhanced MRI Potential mechanisms Circulation 92 1995 1117 1125
46. R.J. Kim, E. Wu, and A. Rafael The use of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging to identify reversible myocardial dysfunction N Engl J Med 343 2000 1445 1453
47. R.J. Kim, D.S. Fieno, and T.B. Parrish Relationship of MRI delayed contrast enhancement to irreversible injury, infarct age, and contractile function Circulation 100 1999 1992 2002 (Pubitemid 29529292)
48. M.J. Ricciardi, E. Wu, and C.J. Davidson Visualization of discrete microinfarction after percutaneous coronary intervention associated with mild creatine kinase-MB elevation Circulation 103 2001 2780 2783 (Pubitemid 32550063)
49. E. Wu, R.M. Judd, J.D. Vargas, F.J. Klocke, R.O. Bonow, and R.J. Kim Visualisation of presence, location, and transmural extent of healed Q-wave and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction Lancet 357 2001 21 28 (Pubitemid 32056497)
50. J.A. McCrohon, J.C. Moon, and S.K. Prasad Differentiation of heart failure related to dilated cardiomyopathy and coronary artery disease using gadolinium-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance Circulation 108 2003 54 59 (Pubitemid 36859020)
51. A. Moreo, G. Ambrosio, and B. De Chiara Influence of myocardial fibrosis on left ventricular diastolic function: noninvasive assessment by cardiac magnetic resonance and echo Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2 2009 437 443
52. S. Nanjo, K. Yoshikawa, and M. Harada Correlation between left ventricular diastolic function and ejection fraction in dilated cardiomyopathy using magnetic resonance imaging with late gadolinium enhancement Circ J 73 2009 1939 1944
53. S. Nazarian, D.A. Bluemke, and A.C. Lardo Magnetic resonance assessment of the substrate for inducible ventricular tachycardia in nonischemic cardiomyopathy Circulation 112 2005 2821 2825 (Pubitemid 41641676)
54. C.J. Soriano, F. Ridocci, J. Estornell, J. Jimenez, V. Martinez, and J.A. De Velasco Noninvasive diagnosis of coronary artery disease in patients with heart failure and systolic dysfunction of uncertain etiology, using late gadolinium-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance J Am Coll Cardiol 45 2005 743 748 (Pubitemid 40278973)
55. K.C. Wu, R.G. Weiss, and D.R. Thiemann Late gadolinium enhancement by cardiovascular magnetic resonance heralds an adverse prognosis in nonischemic cardiomyopathy J Am Coll Cardiol 51 2008 2414 2421 (Pubitemid 351826874)
56. R. Rubinshtein, J.F. Glockner, and S.R. Ommen Characteristics and clinical significance of late gadolinium enhancement by contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Circ Heart Fail 3 2010 51 58
57. D.H. Kwon, N.G. Smedira, and E.R. Rodriguez Cardiac magnetic resonance detection of myocardial scarring in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: correlation with histopathology and prevalence of ventricular tachycardia J Am Coll Cardiol 54 2009 242 249
58. G.D. Aquaro, P. Masci, and F. Formisano Usefulness of delayed enhancement by magnetic resonance imaging in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy as a marker of disease and its severity Am J Cardiol 105 2010 392 397
59. T. Boonyasirinant, P. Rajiah, and R.M. Setser Aortic stiffness is increased in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with myocardial fibrosis: novel insights in vascular function from magnetic resonance imaging J Am Coll Cardiol 54 2009 255 262
60. L. Choudhury, H. Mahrholdt, and A. Wagner Myocardial scarring in asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy J Am Coll Cardiol 40 2002 2156 2164 (Pubitemid 36005903)
61. K. Debl, B. Djavidani, and S. Buchner Delayed hyperenhancement in magnetic resonance imaging of left ventricular hypertrophy caused by aortic stenosis and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: visualisation of focal fibrosis Heart 92 2006 1447 1451 (Pubitemid 44578839)
62. C. Doesch, S. Huck, and C.K. Bohm Visual estimation of the extent of myocardial hyperenhancement on late gadolinium-enhanced CMR in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Magn Reson Imaging 28 2010 812 819
63. M.S. Maron, B.J. Maron, and C. Harrigan Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy phenotype revisited after 50 years with cardiovascular magnetic resonance J Am Coll Cardiol 54 2009 220 228
64. J.C. Moon, W.J. McKenna, J.A. McCrohon, P.M. Elliott, G.C. Smith, and D.J. Pennell Toward clinical risk assessment in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with gadolinium cardiovascular magnetic resonance J Am Coll Cardiol 41 2003 1561 1567 (Pubitemid 36543376)
65. A. Rudolph, H. Abdel-Aty, and S. Bohl Noninvasive detection of fibrosis applying contrast-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance in different forms of left ventricular hypertrophy relation to remodeling J Am Coll Cardiol 53 2009 284 291
66. J. Schulz-Menger, H. Abdel-Aty, and A. Rudolph Gender-specific differences in left ventricular remodelling and fibrosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: insights from cardiovascular magnetic resonance Eur J Heart Fail 10 2008 850 854
67. O. Bruder, A. Wagner, and C.J. Jensen Myocardial scar visualized by cardiac magnetic resonance Imaging predicts major adverse events in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy J Am Coll Cardiol 56 2010 875 887
68. R. O'Hanlon, A. Grasso, and M. Roughton Prognostic significance of myocardial fibrosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy J Am Coll Cardiol 56 2010 867 874
69. M. Nigri, C.F. Azevedo, and C.E. Rochitte Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging identifies focal regions of intramyocardial fibrosis in patients with severe aortic valve disease: Correlation with quantitative histopathology Am Heart J 157 2009 361 368
70. K. Nassenstein, O. Bruder, F. Breuckmann, R. Erbel, J. Barkhausen, and T. Schlosser Prevalence, pattern, and functional impact of late gadolinium enhancement in left ventricular hypertrophy due to aortic valve stenosis Rofo 181 2009 472 476
71. B.Y. Cheong, R. Muthupillai, and M. Nemeth The utility of delayed-enhancement magnetic resonance imaging for identifying nonischemic myocardial fibrosis in asymptomatic patients with biopsy-proven systemic sarcoidosis Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 26 2009 39 46
72. M.R. Patel, P.J. Cawley, and J.F. Heitner Detection of myocardial damage in patients with sarcoidosis Circulation 120 2009 1969 1977
73. J.P. Smedema, G. Snoep, and M.P. van Kroonenburgh Evaluation of the accuracy of gadolinium-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance in the diagnosis of cardiac sarcoidosis J Am Coll Cardiol 45 2005 1683 1690 (Pubitemid 40704507)
74. B.A. Austin, W.H. Tang, and E.R. Rodriguez Delayed hyper-enhancement magnetic resonance imaging provides incremental diagnostic and prognostic utility in suspected cardiac amyloidosis J Am Coll Cardiol Img 2 2009 1369 1377
75. A.M. Maceira, J. Joshi, and S.K. Prasad Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in cardiac amyloidosis Circulation 111 2005 186 193 (Pubitemid 40139730)
76. R. Krittayaphong, T. Boonyasirinant, and V. Chaithiraphan Prognostic value of late gadolinium enhancement in hypertensive patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 26 Suppl 1 2010 123 131
77. H. Steen, C. Merten, and S. Refle Prevalence of different gadolinium enhancement patterns in patients after heart transplantation J Am Coll Cardiol 52 2008 1160 1167
78. A. Pepe, V. Positano, and M. Capra Myocardial scarring by delayed enhancement cardiovascular magnetic resonance in thalassaemia major Heart 95 2009 1688 1693
79. C.E. Rochitte, P.F. Oliveira, and J.M. Andrade Myocardial delayed enhancement by magnetic resonance imaging in patients with Chagas' disease: a marker of disease severity J Am Coll Cardiol 46 2005 1553 1558 (Pubitemid 41446195)
80. B.J. Schietinger, G.M. Brammer, and H. Wang Patterns of late gadolinium enhancement in chronic hemodialysis patients J Am Coll Cardiol Img 1 2008 450 456 (Pubitemid 351998677)
81. S. Orn, C. Manhenke, and I.S. Anand Effect of left ventricular scar size, location, and transmurality on left ventricular remodeling with healed myocardial infarction Am J Cardiol 99 2007 1109 1114 (Pubitemid 46560460)
82. D. Bello, D.S. Fieno, and R.J. Kim Infarct morphology identifies patients with substrate for sustained ventricular tachycardia J Am Coll Cardiol 45 2005 1104 1108 (Pubitemid 40432446)
83. C.F. Azevedo, M. Nigri, and M.L. Higuchi Prognostic significance of myocardial fibrosis quantification by histopathology and magnetic resonance imaging in patients with severe aortic valve disease J Am Coll Cardiol 56 2010 278 287
84. R.C. Hendel, M.R. Patel, and C.M. Kramer ACCF/ACR/SCCT/SCMR/ASNC/NASCI/ SCAI/SIR 2006 appropriateness criteria for cardiac computed tomography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Quality Strategic Directions Committee Appropriateness Criteria Working Group, American College of Radiology, Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, North American Society for Cardiac Imaging, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Interventional Radiology J Am Coll Cardiol 48 2006 1475 1497
85. O.P. Simonetti, R.J. Kim, and D.S. Fieno An improved MR imaging technique for the visualization of myocardial infarction Radiology 218 2001 215 223 (Pubitemid 32151298)
86. M. Spiewak, L.A. Malek, and J. Misko Comparison of different quantification methods of late gadolinium enhancement in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Eur J Radiol 74 2010 e149 e153
87. L.C. Amado, B.L. Gerber, and S.N. Gupta Accurate and objective infarct sizing by contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in a canine myocardial infarction model J Am Coll Cardiol 44 2004 2383 2389 (Pubitemid 39647614)
88. O. Bondarenko, A.M. Beek, and M.B. Hofman Standardizing the definition of hyperenhancement in the quantitative assessment of infarct size and myocardial viability using delayed contrast-enhanced CMR J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 7 2005 481 485 (Pubitemid 40563339)
89. L.Y. Hsu, W.P. Ingkanisorn, P. Kellman, A.H. Aletras, and A.E. Arai Quantitative myocardial infarction on delayed enhancement MRI Part II: Clinical application of an automated feature analysis and combined thresholding infarct sizing algorithm J Magn Reson Imaging 23 2006 309 314 (Pubitemid 43364056)
90. A.T. Yan, A.J. Shayne, and K.A. Brown Characterization of the peri-infarct zone by contrast-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance imaging is a powerful predictor of post-myocardial infarction mortality Circulation 114 2006 32 39 (Pubitemid 44305272)
91. A. Schmidt, C.F. Azevedo, and A. Cheng Infarct tissue heterogeneity by magnetic resonance imaging identifies enhanced cardiac arrhythmia susceptibility in patients with left ventricular dysfunction Circulation 115 2007 2006 2014 (Pubitemid 46625951)
92. D.R. Messroghli, A. Radjenovic, S. Kozerke, D.M. Higgins, M.U. Sivananthan, and J.P. Ridgway Modified Look-Locker inversion recovery (MOLLI) for high-resolution T1 mapping of the heart Magn Reson Med 52 2004 141 146 (Pubitemid 39295266)
93. D.R. Messroghli, S. Plein, and D.M. Higgins Human myocardium: single-breath-hold MR T1 mapping with high spatial resolutionreproducibility study Radiology 238 2006 1004 1012 (Pubitemid 43289933)
94. D.R. Messroghli, A. Greiser, M. Frohlich, R. Dietz, and J. Schulz-Menger Optimization and validation of a fully-integrated pulse sequence for modified look-locker inversion-recovery (MOLLI) T1 mapping of the heart J Magn Reson Imaging 26 2007 1081 1086 (Pubitemid 47548170)
95. S.J. Flacke, S.E. Fischer, and C.H. Lorenz Measurement of the gadopentetate dimeglumine partition coefficient in human myocardium in vivo: normal distribution and elevation in acute and chronic infarction Radiology 218 2001 703 710 (Pubitemid 32172551)
96. D.R. Messroghli, T. Niendorf, J. Schulz-Menger, R. Dietz, and M.G. Friedrich T1 mapping in patients with acute myocardial infarction J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 5 2003 353 359 (Pubitemid 36569954)
97. D.R. Messroghli, K. Walters, and S. Plein Myocardial T1 mapping: application to patients with acute and chronic myocardial infarction Magn Reson Med 58 2007 34 40 (Pubitemid 47229915)
98. E. Kehr, M. Sono, S.S. Chugh, and M. Jerosch-Herold Gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging for detection and quantification of fibrosis in human myocardium in vitro Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 24 2008 61 68 (Pubitemid 350263105)
99. P. Sparrow, D.R. Messroghli, S. Reid, J.P. Ridgway, G. Bainbridge, and M.U. Sivananthan Myocardial T1 mapping for detection of left ventricular myocardial fibrosis in chronic aortic regurgitation: pilot study AJR Am J Roentgenol 187 2006 W630 W635
100. Slavin GS, Song T, Stainsby JA. The effect of heart rate in Look-Locker Cardiac T1 mapping. Paper presented at: International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 19th Annual Scientific Meeting, 2010.
101. Song T, Ho VB, Slavin G, Hood MN, Stainsby JA. Clinical evaluation of a cardiac T1 mapping method using a reduced number of sample times. Paper presented at: Joint Annual Meeting of the International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine (ISMRM) and the European Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine and Biology (ESMRMB); May 17, 2010; Stockholm, Sweden.
102. N. Gai, E.B. Turkbey, and S. Nazarian T1 mapping of the gadolinium-enhanced myocardium: adjustment for factors affecting inter-patient comparison Magn Reson Med 2010 Dec 16 [E-pub ahead of print]
103. A.S. Flett, M.P. Hayward, and M.T. Ashworth Equilibrium contrast cardiovascular magnetic resonance for the measurement of diffuse myocardial fibrosis: preliminary validation in humans Circulation 122 2010 138 144
104. C. Jellis, J. Martin, J. Narula, and T.H. Marwick Assessment of nonischemic myocardial fibrosis J Am Coll Cardiol 56 2010 89 97
105. F.M. Bogun, B. Desjardins, and E. Good Delayed-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in nonischemic cardiomyopathy: utility for identifying the ventricular arrhythmia substrate J Am Coll Cardiol 53 2009 1138 1145