A review of the treatment of type 2 diabetes in children

Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Volumn 20, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 4-16

  St Onge, Erin ^a   Miller, Shannona A ^a   Motycka, Carol ^a   DeBerry, Adrienne ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA HEALTH   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA HEALTH JACKSONVILLE   (United States)

Author keywords

Adolescents; Children; Guidelines; Treatment; Type 2 diabetes

Indexed keywords

EID: 84955656920     PISSN: 15516776     EISSN: 2331348X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5863/1551-6776-20.1.4     Document Type: Review

References (67)

1. Copeland KC, Silverstein J, Moore KR et al. Management of newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2013;131(2):364-382.
2. Rosenbloom AL, Silverstein JH, Amemiya S et al. Type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents (ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2009 Compendium). Pediatr Diabetes. 2009;10(suppl 12):17-32.
3. May AL, Kuklina EV, Yoon PW. Prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors among US adolescents, 1999-2008. Pediatrics. 2012;129(6):1035-1041.
4. Pinhas-Hamiel O, Zeitler P. The global spread of type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents. J Pediatr. 2005;146(5):693-700.
5. Writing Group for the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study Group. Incidence of diabetes in youth in the United States. JAMA. 2007;297(24):2716-2724.
6. Nolan CJ, Damm P, Prentki M. Type 2 diabetes across generations: from pathophysiology to prevention and management. Lancet. 2011;378(9786):169-181.
7. Defronzo RA. Banting Lecture. From the triumvirate to the ominous octet: a new paradigm for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes. 2009;58(4):773-795.
8. Goran MI, Gower BA. Longitudinal study on pubertal insulin resistance. Diabetes.2001;50(11):2444-2450.
9. Caprio S. Insulin resistance in childhood obesity. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab.2002;15(suppl 1):487-492.
10. Molnár D. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents. Int J Obesity. 2004;28(suppl 3):S70-S74.
11. Neeland IJ, Turer AT, Ayers CR et al. Dysfunctional adiposity and the risk of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes in obese adults. JAMA. 2012;308(11):1150-1159.
12. Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Curtin LR et al. Prevalence of high body mass index in US children and adolescents, 2007-2008. JAMA. 2010;303(3):242-249.
13. Ogden CL, Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Johnson CL. Prevalence and trends in overweight among US children and adolescents, 1999-2000. JAMA. 2002;288(14):1728-1732.
14. Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Flegal KM. Prevalence of obesity and trends in body mass index among US children and adolescents, 1999-2010. JAMA. 2012;307(5):483-490.
15. Goran MI, Ball DC, Cruz ML. Obesity and risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in children and adolescents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88(4):1417-1427.
16. Dietz WH. Overweight in childhood and adolescence. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(9):855-857.
17. Franks PW, Hanson RL, Knowler WC et al. Childhood obesity, other cardiovascular risk factors, and premature death. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(6):485-493.
18. Li C, Ford ES, Zhao G, Mokdad AH. Prevalence of pre-diabetes and its association with clustering of cardiometabolic risk factors and hyperinsulinemia among US adolescents: NHANES 2005-2006. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(2):342-347.
19. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National diabetes fact sheet: national estimates and general information on diabetes and prediabetes in the United States, 2011. http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pubs/fact-sheet11.htm. Accessed October 31, 2014.
20. Dileepan K, Feldt M. Type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents. Pediatr Rev.2013;34(12):541-547.
21. Reinehr T, Schober E, Roth CL et al. Type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents in a 2-year follow-up: insufficient adherence to diabetes centers. Horm Res. 2008;69(2):107-113.
22. Ludvigsson J. Prevention of adverse events in juvenile diabetes. Minerva Pediatr.2004;56(3):277-290.
23. DeFronzo RA, Barzilai N, Simonson DC. Mechanism of metformin action in obese and lean noninsulin-dependent diabetic subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1991;73(6):1294-1301.
24. DeFronzo RA, Goodman AM, the Multicenter Metformin Study Group Efficacy of metformin in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med.1995;333(9):541-549.
25. Stang MR, Wysowski DK, Butler-Jones D. Incidence of lactic acidosis in metformin users. Diabetes Care. 1999;22(6):925-927.
26. Glucophage [package insert] New York, NY: Bristol-Myers Squibb Co.; 2014.
27. Garber AJ, Duncan TG, Goodman AM et al. Efficacy of metformin in type II diabetes: results of a double blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response trial. Am J Med.1997;103(6):491-497.
28. Jones KL, Park JS, Arslanian S et al. Effect of metformin in pediatric patient with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2002;25(1):89-94.
29. TODAY Study Group. A clinical trial to maintain glycemic control in youth with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(24):2247-2256.
30. Cali AMG, Pierpont BM, Taksali SE et al. Rosiglitazone improves glucose metabolism in obese adolescents with impaired glucose tolerance: a pilot study. Obesity. 2011;19(1):94-99.
31. Aronoff S, Rosenblatt S, Braithwaite S et al. Pioglitazone hydrochloride monotherapy improves glycemic control in the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care.2000;23(11):1605-1611.
32. Loke YK, Singh S, Furberg C. Long-term use of thiazolidinediones and fractures in type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. CMAJ. 2009;180(1):32-39.
33. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA drug safety communication: update to ongoing safety review of Actos (pioglitazone) and increased risk of bladder cancer. http://www.fda.gov/drugs/drugsafety/ucm259150.htm. Accessed October 24, 2014.
34. Nissen SE, Wolski K. Effect of rosiglitazone on the risk of myocardial infarction and death from cardiovascular causes. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(24):2457-2471.
35. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA drug safety communication: FDA requires removal of some prescribing and dispensing restrictions for rosiglitazone-containing diabetes medicines. http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm376389.htm, accessed October 24, 2014.
36. Gottschalk M, Danne T, Vlajnic A, Cara J. Glimepiride versus metformin as monotherapy in pediatric patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(4):790-794.
37. Fajans SS, Brown MB. Administration of sulfonylureas can increase glucose-induced insulin secretion for decades in patient with maturity-onset diabetes of the young. Diabetes Care. 1993;16(9):1254-1261.
38. Culler FL, McKean LP, Buchanan CN et al. Glipizide treatment of patients with cystic fibrosis and impaired glucose tolerance. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1994;18(3):375-378.
39. Wudy SA, Hogel J, Dollinger B et al. Glimepiride treatment and IGF-I in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(4):1312.
40. Rosenbloom A. Increasing incidence of type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents: treatment considerations. Pediatr Drugs. 2002;4(4):209-221.
41. Sherifali D, Cheng JE, Nerenberg K et al. The effect of oral antidiabetic agents on A1c levels. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(8):1859-1864.
42. Becker M, Galler A, Raile K. Meglitinide analogues in adolescent patients with HNF1A-MODY (MODY 3). Pediatrics. 2014;133(3):e775-779.
43. Repaglinide [package insert] Clayton, NC: Novo Nordisk Inc.; 2014.
44. Nateglinide [package insert] Parsippany, NJ: Watson Laboratories, Inc.; 2014.
45. Coniff RF, Shapiro JA, Robbins D et al. Reduction of glycosylated hemoglobin and postprandial hyperglycemia by acarbose in patient with NIDDM. Diabetes Care.1995;18(6):817-824.
46. Acarbose [package insert] Wayne, NJ: Bayer Health Care Pharmaceuticals; 2014.
47. Kentrup H, Bongers H, Spengler M et al. Efficacy and safety of acarbose in patients with cystic fibrosis and impaired glucose tolerance. Eur J Pediatr. 1999;158(6):455-459.
48. Miller SA, St Onge EL. Sitagliptin: a dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Ann Pharmacother. 2006;40(7-8):1336-1343.
49. Exenatide [package insert] New York, NY: Bristol-Myers Squibb Co.; 2014.
50. Liraglutide [package insert] Clayton, NC: Novo Nordisk Inc.; 2014.
51. Peters A. Incretin-based therapies: review of current clinical trial data. Am J Med.2010;123(suppl 3):S28-S37.
52. Kelly AS, Metzig AM, Rudser KD et al. Exenatide as a weight-loss therapy in extreme pediatric obesity: a randomized, controlled pilot study. Obesity. 2012;20(2):364-370. [PMC free article]
53. Kelly AS, Rudser KD, Nathan BM et al. The effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist therapy on body mass index in adolescents with severe obesity. JAMA Pediatr.2013;167(4):355-360.
54. Raman VS, Yu X, Mason KJ et al. The role of adjunctive exenatide therapy in pediatric type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(6):1294-96.
55. Sitagliptin [package insert] Kenilworth, NJ: Merck & Company, Inc.; 2014.
56. Saxagliptin [package insert] New York, NY: Bristol-Myers Squibb Co.; 2014.
57. Alogliptin [package insert] Deerfield, IL: Takeda Pharmaceuticals America, Inc.; 2014.
58. Linagliptin [package insert] Ridgefield, CT: Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; 2014.
59. Schmitz O, Brock B, Rungby J. Amylin agonists: a novel approach in the treatment of diabetes. Diabetes. 2004;53(suppl 3):S233-238.
60. Weinzimer SA, Carria L, Sherr JL et al. Effect of pramlintide on prandial glycemic excursions during closed-loop control in adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(10):1994-1999.
61. Chase HP, Lutz K, Pencek R et al. Pramlintide lowered glucose excursions and was well-tolerated in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: results from a randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. J Pediatr. 2009;155(3):369-373.
62. Heptulla RA, Rodriguez LM, Mason KJ, Haymond MW. Twenty-four-hour simultaneous subcutaneous basal-bolus administration of insulin and amylin in adolescents with type 1 diabetes decreases postprandial hyperglycemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94(5):1608-1611.
63. Hassan K, Heptulla RA. Reducing post-prandial hyperglycemia with adjuvant premeal pramlintide and postmeal insulin in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Pediatric Diabetes.2009;10(4):264-268.
64. Kishiyama C, Burdick PL, Cobry EC et al. A pilot trial of pramlintide home usage in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Pediatrics. 2009;124(5):1344-1347.
65. Pramlintide [package insert] San Diego, CA: Amylin Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; 2014.
66. Hoogwerf BJ, Doshi KB, Diab D. Pramlintide, the synthetic analogue of amylin: physiology, pathophysiology, and effects on glycemic control, body weight, and selected biomarkers of vascular risk. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2008;4(2):355-362.
67. Barnes NS, White PC, Hutchison MR. Time to failure of oral therapy in children with type 2 diabetes: A single center retrospective chart review. Pediatr Diabetes. 2012;13(7):578-582.