메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 218, Issue , 2015, Pages 389-412

Pathways mediating functional recovery

Author keywords

Corticospinal; Hand; Motor cortex; Primate; Propriospinal; Pyramidal tract; Reticulospinal

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BRAIN STEM; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; FUNCTIONAL STATUS; HAND FUNCTION; HUMAN; INTERNEURON; MOTONEURON; MOTOR CONTROL; MOTOR SYSTEM; NEUROPHYSIOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX; PRIMATE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PYRAMIDAL TRACT; RETICULOSPINAL TRACT; SPINAL CORD; SPINAL CORD INJURY; ANIMAL; CONVALESCENCE; CYTOLOGY; HEMISPHERIC DOMINANCE; MOTOR CORTEX; MOVEMENT DISORDERS; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; PATHOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; SENSORY NERVE;

EID: 84955422075     PISSN: 00796123     EISSN: 18757855     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2014.12.010     Document Type: Chapter
Times cited : (77)

References (113)
  • 2
    • 0019450824 scopus 로고
    • Integration in descending motor pathways controlling the forelimb in the cat. 9. Differential behavioural defects after spinal cord lesions interrupting defined pathways from higher centres to motoneurones
    • Alstermark, B., Lundberg, A., Norrsell, U., Sybirska, E., 1981. Integration in descending motor pathways controlling the forelimb in the cat. 9. Differential behavioural defects after spinal cord lesions interrupting defined pathways from higher centres to motoneurones. Exp. Brain Res. 42, 299-318.
    • (1981) Exp. Brain Res , vol.42 , pp. 299-318
    • Alstermark, B.1    Lundberg, A.2    Norrsell, U.3    Sybirska, E.4
  • 3
    • 1542510701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lack of monosynaptic corticomotoneuronal EPSPs in rats: disynaptic EPSPs mediated via reticulospinal neurons and polysynaptic EPSPs via segmental interneurons
    • Alstermark, B., Ogawa, J., Isa, T., 2004. Lack of monosynaptic corticomotoneuronal EPSPs in rats: disynaptic EPSPs mediated via reticulospinal neurons and polysynaptic EPSPs via segmental interneurons. J. Neurophysiol. 91, 1832-1839.
    • (2004) J. Neurophysiol , vol.91 , pp. 1832-1839
    • Alstermark, B.1    Ogawa, J.2    Isa, T.3
  • 5
    • 1642463512 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Networks of inhibitory and excitatory commissural interneurons mediating crossed reticulospinal actions
    • Bannatyne, B.A., Edgley, S.A., Hammar, I., Jankowska, E., Maxwell, D.J., 2003. Networks of inhibitory and excitatory commissural interneurons mediating crossed reticulospinal actions. Eur. J. Neurosci. 18, 2273-2284.
    • (2003) Eur. J. Neurosci , vol.18 , pp. 2273-2284
    • Bannatyne, B.A.1    Edgley, S.A.2    Hammar, I.3    Jankowska, E.4    Maxwell, D.J.5
  • 6
    • 58349092087 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Excitatory and inhibitory intermediate zone interneurons in pathways from feline group I and II afferents: differences in axonal projections and input
    • Bannatyne, B.A., Liu, T.T., Hammar, I., Stecina, K., Jankowska, E., Maxwell, D.J., 2009. Excitatory and inhibitory intermediate zone interneurons in pathways from feline group I and II afferents: differences in axonal projections and input. J. Physiol. 587, 379-399.
    • (2009) J. Physiol , vol.587 , pp. 379-399
    • Bannatyne, B.A.1    Liu, T.T.2    Hammar, I.3    Stecina, K.4    Jankowska, E.5    Maxwell, D.J.6
  • 7
    • 0034083695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plasticity in the distribution of the red nucleus output to forearm muscles after unilateral lesions of the pyramidal tract
    • Belhaj-Saif, A., Cheney, P.D., 2000. Plasticity in the distribution of the red nucleus output to forearm muscles after unilateral lesions of the pyramidal tract. J. Neurophysiol. 83, 3147-3153.
    • (2000) J. Neurophysiol , vol.83 , pp. 3147-3153
    • Belhaj-Saif, A.1    Cheney, P.D.2
  • 8
    • 16244363331 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bi-hemispheric contribution to functional motor recovery of the affected forelimb following focal ischemic brain injury in rats
    • Biernaskie, J., Szymanska, A., Windle, V., Corbett, D., 2005. Bi-hemispheric contribution to functional motor recovery of the affected forelimb following focal ischemic brain injury in rats. Eur. J. Neurosci. 21, 989-999.
    • (2005) Eur. J. Neurosci , vol.21 , pp. 989-999
    • Biernaskie, J.1    Szymanska, A.2    Windle, V.3    Corbett, D.4
  • 9
    • 77952171862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Projections of the hand field of the macaque ventral premotor area F5 to the brainstem and spinal cord
    • Borra, E., Belmalih, A., Gerbella, M., Rozzi, S., Luppino, G., 2010. Projections of the hand field of the macaque ventral premotor area F5 to the brainstem and spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 518, 2570-2591.
    • (2010) J. Comp. Neurol , vol.518 , pp. 2570-2591
    • Borra, E.1    Belmalih, A.2    Gerbella, M.3    Rozzi, S.4    Luppino, G.5
  • 10
    • 37249005764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electrical stimulation of spared corticospinal axons augments connections with ipsilateral spinal motor circuits after injury
    • Brus-Ramer, M., Carmel, J.B., Chakrabarty, S., Martin, J.H., 2007. Electrical stimulation of spared corticospinal axons augments connections with ipsilateral spinal motor circuits after injury. J. Neurosci. 27, 13793-13801.
    • (2007) J. Neurosci , vol.27 , pp. 13793-13801
    • Brus-Ramer, M.1    Carmel, J.B.2    Chakrabarty, S.3    Martin, J.H.4
  • 11
    • 84876078499 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Circuits for grasping: spinal dI3 interneurons mediate cutaneous control of motor behavior
    • Bui, T.V., Akay, T., Loubani, O., Hnasko, T.S., Jessell, T.M., Brownstone, R.M., 2013. Circuits for grasping: spinal dI3 interneurons mediate cutaneous control of motor behavior. Neuron 78, 191-204.
    • (2013) Neuron , vol.78 , pp. 191-204
    • Bui, T.V.1    Akay, T.2    Loubani, O.3    Hnasko, T.S.4    Jessell, T.M.5    Brownstone, R.M.6
  • 12
    • 0022924473 scopus 로고
    • Selective facilitation of different hand muscles by single corticospinal neurones in the conscious monkey
    • Buys, E.J., Lemon, R.N., Mantel, G.W.H., Muir, R.B., 1986. Selective facilitation of different hand muscles by single corticospinal neurones in the conscious monkey. J. Physiol. 381, 529-549.
    • (1986) J. Physiol , vol.381 , pp. 529-549
    • Buys, E.J.1    Lemon, R.N.2    Mantel, G.W.H.3    Muir, R.B.4
  • 13
    • 84891822887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electrical stimulation of motor cortex in the uninjured hemisphere after chronic unilateral injury promotes recovery of skilled locomotion through ipsilateral control
    • Carmel, J.B., Kimura, H., Martin, J.H., 2014. Electrical stimulation of motor cortex in the uninjured hemisphere after chronic unilateral injury promotes recovery of skilled locomotion through ipsilateral control. J. Neurosci. 34, 462-466.
    • (2014) J. Neurosci , vol.34 , pp. 462-466
    • Carmel, J.B.1    Kimura, H.2    Martin, J.H.3
  • 14
    • 0024261179 scopus 로고
    • Direct projection of the corticospinal tract to the superficial laminae of the spinal cord in the rat
    • Casale, E.J., Light, A.R., Rustioni, A., 1988. Direct projection of the corticospinal tract to the superficial laminae of the spinal cord in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 278, 275-286.
    • (1988) J. Comp. Neurol , vol.278 , pp. 275-286
    • Casale, E.J.1    Light, A.R.2    Rustioni, A.3
  • 15
    • 0021287163 scopus 로고
    • Corticomotoneuronal cells contribute to long-latency stretch reflexes in the rhesus monkey
    • Cheney, P.D., Fetz, E.E., 1984. Corticomotoneuronal cells contribute to long-latency stretch reflexes in the rhesus monkey. J. Physiol. 349, 249-272.
    • (1984) J. Physiol , vol.349 , pp. 249-272
    • Cheney, P.D.1    Fetz, E.E.2
  • 16
    • 84867222320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A translational paradigm for the preclinical evaluation of the stroke neuroprotectant Tat-NR2B9c in gyrencephalic nonhuman primates
    • Cook, D.J., Teves, L., Tymianski, M., 2012. A translational paradigm for the preclinical evaluation of the stroke neuroprotectant Tat-NR2B9c in gyrencephalic nonhuman primates. Sci. Transl. Med. 4, 154ra133.
    • (2012) Sci. Transl. Med , vol.4
    • Cook, D.J.1    Teves, L.2    Tymianski, M.3
  • 18
    • 24344491450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Loss and recovery of voluntary hand movements in the macaque following a cervical dorsal rhizotomy
    • Darian-Smith, C., Ciferri, M.M., 2005. Loss and recovery of voluntary hand movements in the macaque following a cervical dorsal rhizotomy. J. Comp. Neurol. 491, 27-45.
    • (2005) J. Comp. Neurol , vol.491 , pp. 27-45
    • Darian-Smith, C.1    Ciferri, M.M.2
  • 19
    • 84907016680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Corticospinal sprouting differs according to spinal injury location and cortical origin in macaque monkeys
    • Darian-Smith, C., Lilak, A., Garner, J., Irvine, K.A., 2014. Corticospinal sprouting differs according to spinal injury location and cortical origin in macaque monkeys. J. Neurosci. 34, 12267-12279.
    • (2014) J. Neurosci , vol.34 , pp. 12267-12279
    • Darian-Smith, C.1    Lilak, A.2    Garner, J.3    Irvine, K.A.4
  • 20
    • 3042640896 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Motor outputs from the primate reticular formation to shoulder muscles as revealed by stimulus-triggered averaging
    • Davidson, A.G., Buford, J.A., 2004. Motor outputs from the primate reticular formation to shoulder muscles as revealed by stimulus-triggered averaging. J. Neurophysiol. 92, 83-95.
    • (2004) J. Neurophysiol , vol.92 , pp. 83-95
    • Davidson, A.G.1    Buford, J.A.2
  • 21
    • 33746239025 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bilateral actions of the reticulospinal tract on arm and shoulder muscles in the monkey: stimulus triggered averaging
    • Davidson, A.G., Buford, J.A., 2006. Bilateral actions of the reticulospinal tract on arm and shoulder muscles in the monkey: stimulus triggered averaging. Exp. Brain Res. 173, 25-39.
    • (2006) Exp. Brain Res , vol.173 , pp. 25-39
    • Davidson, A.G.1    Buford, J.A.2
  • 22
    • 34547419507 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bilateral spike-triggered average effects in arm and shoulder muscles from the monkey pontomedullary reticular formation
    • Davidson, A.G., Schieber, M.H., Buford, J.A., 2007. Bilateral spike-triggered average effects in arm and shoulder muscles from the monkey pontomedullary reticular formation. J. Neurosci. 27, 8053-8058.
    • (2007) J. Neurosci , vol.27 , pp. 8053-8058
    • Davidson, A.G.1    Schieber, M.H.2    Buford, J.A.3
  • 25
    • 0022608097 scopus 로고
    • Discharge patterns of reticulospinal and other reticular neurons in chronic, unrestrained cats walking on a treadmill
    • Drew, T., Dubuc, R., Rossignol, S., 1986. Discharge patterns of reticulospinal and other reticular neurons in chronic, unrestrained cats walking on a treadmill. J. Neurophysiol. 55, 375-401.
    • (1986) J. Neurophysiol , vol.55 , pp. 375-401
    • Drew, T.1    Dubuc, R.2    Rossignol, S.3
  • 26
    • 0025937229 scopus 로고
    • The origin of corticospinal projections from the premotor areas in the frontal lobe
    • Dum, R.P., Strick, P.L., 1991. The origin of corticospinal projections from the premotor areas in the frontal lobe. J. Neurosci. 11, 667-689.
    • (1991) J. Neurosci , vol.11 , pp. 667-689
    • Dum, R.P.1    Strick, P.L.2
  • 27
    • 4544230000 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ipsilateral actions of feline corticospinal tract neurons on limb motoneurons
    • Edgley, S.A., Jankowska, E., Hammar, I., 2004. Ipsilateral actions of feline corticospinal tract neurons on limb motoneurons. J. Neurosci. 24, 7804-7813.
    • (2004) J. Neurosci , vol.24 , pp. 7804-7813
    • Edgley, S.A.1    Jankowska, E.2    Hammar, I.3
  • 28
    • 0014243162 scopus 로고
    • Pyramidal tract effects on interneurons in the cat lumbar dorsal horn
    • Fetz, E.E., 1968. Pyramidal tract effects on interneurons in the cat lumbar dorsal horn. J. Neurophysiol. 31, 69-80.
    • (1968) J. Neurophysiol , vol.31 , pp. 69-80
    • Fetz, E.E.1
  • 31
    • 84865652222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reticular formation responses to magnetic brain stimulation of primary motor cortex
    • Fisher, K.M., Zaaimi, B., Baker, S.N., 2012. Reticular formation responses to magnetic brain stimulation of primary motor cortex. J. Physiol. 590, 4045-4060.
    • (2012) J. Physiol , vol.590 , pp. 4045-4060
    • Fisher, K.M.1    Zaaimi, B.2    Baker, S.N.3
  • 34
    • 0017671081 scopus 로고
    • Integration in descending motor pathways controlling the forelimb in the cat. 3. Convergence on propriospinal neurons transmitting disynaptic excitation from the corticospinal tract and other descending tracts
    • Illert, M., Lundberg, A., Tanaka, R., 1977. Integration in descending motor pathways controlling the forelimb in the cat. 3. Convergence on propriospinal neurons transmitting disynaptic excitation from the corticospinal tract and other descending tracts. Exp. Brain Res. 29, 323-346.
    • (1977) Exp. Brain Res , vol.29 , pp. 323-346
    • Illert, M.1    Lundberg, A.2    Tanaka, R.3
  • 35
    • 0018077499 scopus 로고
    • Integration in descending motor pathways controlling the forelimb in the cat. 5. Properties of and monosynaptic connections on C3-C4 propriospinal neurones
    • Illert, M., Lundberg, A., Padel, Y., Tanaka, R., 1978. Integration in descending motor pathways controlling the forelimb in the cat. 5. Properties of and monosynaptic connections on C3-C4 propriospinal neurones. Exp. Brain Res. 33, 101-130.
    • (1978) Exp. Brain Res , vol.33 , pp. 101-130
    • Illert, M.1    Lundberg, A.2    Padel, Y.3    Tanaka, R.4
  • 36
    • 0019474102 scopus 로고
    • Integration in descending motor pathways controlling the forelimb in the cat. 7. Effects from the reticular formation on C3-C4 propriospinal neurones
    • Illert, M., Jankowska, E., Lundberg, A., Odutola, A., 1981. Integration in descending motor pathways controlling the forelimb in the cat. 7. Effects from the reticular formation on C3-C4 propriospinal neurones. Exp. Brain Res. 42, 269-281.
    • (1981) Exp. Brain Res , vol.42 , pp. 269-281
    • Illert, M.1    Jankowska, E.2    Lundberg, A.3    Odutola, A.4
  • 37
    • 34247165515 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Direct and indirect corticomotoneuronal pathways and control of hand/arm movements
    • Isa, T., Ohki, Y., Alstermark, B., Pettersson, L.G., Sasaki, S., 2007. Direct and indirect corticomotoneuronal pathways and control of hand/arm movements. Physiology (Bethesda) 22, 145-152.
    • (2007) Physiology (Bethesda) , vol.22 , pp. 145-152
    • Isa, T.1    Ohki, Y.2    Alstermark, B.3    Pettersson, L.G.4    Sasaki, S.5
  • 38
    • 0014052081 scopus 로고
    • The contribution of the precentral gyrus to the pyramidal tract of man
    • Jane, J.A., Yashon, D., Demyer, W., Bucy, P.C., 1967. The contribution of the precentral gyrus to the pyramidal tract of man. J. Neurosurg. 26, 244-248.
    • (1967) J. Neurosurg , vol.26 , pp. 244-248
    • Jane, J.A.1    Yashon, D.2    Demyer, W.3    Bucy, P.C.4
  • 39
    • 0035867016 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spinal interneuronal systems: identification, multifunctional character and reconfigurations in mammals
    • Jankowska, E., 2001. Spinal interneuronal systems: identification, multifunctional character and reconfigurations in mammals. J. Physiol. 533, 31-40.
    • (2001) J. Physiol , vol.533 , pp. 31-40
    • Jankowska, E.1
  • 40
    • 0020334208 scopus 로고
    • Cutaneous reflex responses and their central nervous pathways studied in man
    • Jenner, J.R., Stephens, J.A., 1982. Cutaneous reflex responses and their central nervous pathways studied in man. J. Physiol. 333, 405-419.
    • (1982) J. Physiol , vol.333 , pp. 405-419
    • Jenner, J.R.1    Stephens, J.A.2
  • 41
    • 0020549545 scopus 로고
    • Principles of motor organization of the monkey cervical spinal cord
    • Jenny, A.B., Inukai, J., 1983. Principles of motor organization of the monkey cervical spinal cord. J. Neurosci. 3, 567-575.
    • (1983) J. Neurosci , vol.3 , pp. 567-575
    • Jenny, A.B.1    Inukai, J.2
  • 42
    • 0042933792 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relative contributions of neural mechanisms versus muscle mechanics in promoting finger extension deficits following stroke
    • Kamper, D.G., Harvey, R.L., Suresh, S., Rymer, W.Z., 2003. Relative contributions of neural mechanisms versus muscle mechanics in promoting finger extension deficits following stroke. Muscle Nerve 28, 309-318.
    • (2003) Muscle Nerve , vol.28 , pp. 309-318
    • Kamper, D.G.1    Harvey, R.L.2    Suresh, S.3    Rymer, W.Z.4
  • 43
    • 44949094325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anterior cerebral artery infarction: stroke mechanism and clinical-imaging study in 100 patients
    • Kang, S.Y., Kim, J.S., 2008. Anterior cerebral artery infarction: stroke mechanism and clinical-imaging study in 100 patients. Neurology 70, 2386-2393.
    • (2008) Neurology , vol.70 , pp. 2386-2393
    • Kang, S.Y.1    Kim, J.S.2
  • 44
    • 0024577045 scopus 로고
    • Distribution of corticospinal neurons with collaterals to the lower brain stem reticular formation in monkey (Macaca fascicularis)
    • Keizer, K., Kuypers, H.G.J.M., 1989. Distribution of corticospinal neurons with collaterals to the lower brain stem reticular formation in monkey (Macaca fascicularis). Exp. Brain Res. 74, 311-318.
    • (1989) Exp. Brain Res , vol.74 , pp. 311-318
    • Keizer, K.1    Kuypers, H.G.J.M.2
  • 46
    • 84900803438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Different phase delays of peripheral input to primate motor cortex and spinal cord promote cancellation at physiological tremor frequencies
    • Kozelj, S., Baker, S.N., 2014. Different phase delays of peripheral input to primate motor cortex and spinal cord promote cancellation at physiological tremor frequencies. J. Neurophysiol. 111, 2001-2016.
    • (2014) J. Neurophysiol , vol.111 , pp. 2001-2016
    • Kozelj, S.1    Baker, S.N.2
  • 48
    • 0001266601 scopus 로고
    • Subcorticospinal projections in the rhesus monkey
    • Kuypers, H.G., Fleming, W.R., Farinholt, J.W., 1962. Subcorticospinal projections in the rhesus monkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 118, 107-137.
    • (1962) J. Comp. Neurol , vol.118 , pp. 107-137
    • Kuypers, H.G.1    Fleming, W.R.2    Farinholt, J.W.3
  • 49
    • 0041315446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential impairment of individuated finger movements in humans after damage to the motor cortex or the corticospinal tract
    • Lang, C.E., Schieber, M.H., 2003. Differential impairment of individuated finger movements in humans after damage to the motor cortex or the corticospinal tract. J. Neurophysiol. 90, 1160-1170.
    • (2003) J. Neurophysiol , vol.90 , pp. 1160-1170
    • Lang, C.E.1    Schieber, M.H.2
  • 50
    • 1542615170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduced muscle selectivity during individuated finger movements in humans after damage to the motor cortex or corticospinal tract
    • Lang, C.E., Schieber, M.H., 2004. Reduced muscle selectivity during individuated finger movements in humans after damage to the motor cortex or corticospinal tract. J. Neurophysiol. 91, 1722-1733.
    • (2004) J. Neurophysiol , vol.91 , pp. 1722-1733
    • Lang, C.E.1    Schieber, M.H.2
  • 51
    • 0014259748 scopus 로고
    • The functional organization of the motor system in the monkey. I. The effects of bilateral pyramidal lesions
    • Lawrence, D.G., Kuypers, H.G.J.M., 1968a. The functional organization of the motor system in the monkey. I. The effects of bilateral pyramidal lesions. Brain 91, 1-14.
    • (1968) Brain , vol.91 , pp. 1-14
    • Lawrence, D.G.1    Kuypers, H.G.J.M.2
  • 52
    • 0014259957 scopus 로고
    • The functional organization of the motor system in the monkey. II. The effects of lesions of the descending brain-stem pathway
    • Lawrence, D.G., Kuypers, H.G.J.M., 1968b. The functional organization of the motor system in the monkey. II. The effects of lesions of the descending brain-stem pathway. Brain 91, 15-36.
    • (1968) Brain , vol.91 , pp. 15-36
    • Lawrence, D.G.1    Kuypers, H.G.J.M.2
  • 53
    • 46149116992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Descending pathways in motor control
    • Lemon, R.N., 2008. Descending pathways in motor control. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 31, 195-218.
    • (2008) Annu. Rev. Neurosci , vol.31 , pp. 195-218
    • Lemon, R.N.1
  • 54
    • 0017167891 scopus 로고
    • Afferent input to movement-related precentral neurones in conscious monkeys
    • Lemon, R.N., Porter, R., 1976. Afferent input to movement-related precentral neurones in conscious monkeys. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B 194, 313-339.
    • (1976) Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B , vol.194 , pp. 313-339
    • Lemon, R.N.1    Porter, R.2
  • 55
    • 84863220898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lawrence and Kuypers (1968a, b) revisited: copies of the original filmed material from their classic papers in Brain
    • Lemon, R.N., Landau, W., Tutssel, D., Lawrence, D.G., 2012. Lawrence and Kuypers (1968a, b) revisited: copies of the original filmed material from their classic papers in Brain. Brain 135, 2290-2295.
    • (2012) Brain , vol.135 , pp. 2290-2295
    • Lemon, R.N.1    Landau, W.2    Tutssel, D.3    Lawrence, D.G.4
  • 56
    • 0025866383 scopus 로고
    • Corticomotoneuronal connections in the rat: evidence from double-labeling of motoneurons and corticospinal axon arborizations
    • Liang, F., Moret, M., Wiesendanger, M., Rouiller, E.M., 1991. Corticomotoneuronal connections in the rat: evidence from double-labeling of motoneurons and corticospinal axon arborizations. J. Comp. Neurol. 311, 356-366.
    • (1991) J. Comp. Neurol , vol.311 , pp. 356-366
    • Liang, F.1    Moret, M.2    Wiesendanger, M.3    Rouiller, E.M.4
  • 57
    • 0000321666 scopus 로고
    • An experimental study of the cortico-spinal system in the monkey (Macaca Mulatta). the spinal pathways and preterminal distribution of degenerating fibers following discrete lesions of the pre-and postcentral gyri and bulbar pyramid
    • Liu, C.N., Chambers, W.W., 1964. An experimental study of the cortico-spinal system in the monkey (Macaca Mulatta). the spinal pathways and preterminal distribution of degenerating fibers following discrete lesions of the pre-and postcentral gyri and bulbar pyramid. J. Comp. Neurol. 123, 257-283.
    • (1964) J. Comp. Neurol , vol.123 , pp. 257-283
    • Liu, C.N.1    Chambers, W.W.2
  • 58
    • 0036173818 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differences in the corticospinal projection from primary motor cortex and supplementary motor area to macaque upper limb motoneurons: an anatomical and electrophysiological study
    • Maier, M.A., Armand, J., Kirkwood, P.A., Yang, H.W., Davis, J.N., Lemon, R.N., 2002. Differences in the corticospinal projection from primary motor cortex and supplementary motor area to macaque upper limb motoneurons: an anatomical and electrophysiological study. Cereb. Cortex 12, 281-296.
    • (2002) Cereb. Cortex , vol.12 , pp. 281-296
    • Maier, M.A.1    Armand, J.2    Kirkwood, P.A.3    Yang, H.W.4    Davis, J.N.5    Lemon, R.N.6
  • 59
    • 0031014783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multi-segmental innervation of single pontine reticulospinal axons in the cervico-thoracic region of the cat: anterograde PHA-L tracing study
    • Matsuyama, K., Takakusaki, K., Nakajima, K., Mori, S., 1997. Multi-segmental innervation of single pontine reticulospinal axons in the cervico-thoracic region of the cat: anterograde PHA-L tracing study. J. Comp. Neurol. 377, 234-250.
    • (1997) J. Comp. Neurol , vol.377 , pp. 234-250
    • Matsuyama, K.1    Takakusaki, K.2    Nakajima, K.3    Mori, S.4
  • 60
    • 0033517174 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Morphology of single pontine reticulospinal axons in the lumbar enlargement of the cat: a study using the anterograde tracer PHA-L
    • Matsuyama, K., Mori, F., Kuze, B., Mori, S., 1999. Morphology of single pontine reticulospinal axons in the lumbar enlargement of the cat: a study using the anterograde tracer PHA-L. J. Comp. Neurol. 410, 413-430.
    • (1999) J. Comp. Neurol , vol.410 , pp. 413-430
    • Matsuyama, K.1    Mori, F.2    Kuze, B.3    Mori, S.4
  • 62
    • 84887419344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recruitment of ipsilateral and contralateral upper limb muscles following stimulation of the cortical motor areas in the monkey
    • Montgomery, L.R., Herbert, W.J., Buford, J.A., 2013. Recruitment of ipsilateral and contralateral upper limb muscles following stimulation of the cortical motor areas in the monkey. Exp. Brain Res. 230, 153-164.
    • (2013) Exp. Brain Res , vol.230 , pp. 153-164
    • Montgomery, L.R.1    Herbert, W.J.2    Buford, J.A.3
  • 63
    • 84886702156 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Terminal distribution of the corticospinal projection from the hand/arm region of the primary motor cortex to the cervical enlargement in rhesus monkey
    • Morecraft, R.J., Ge, J., Stilwell-Morecraft, K.S., Mcneal, D.W., Pizzimenti, M.A., Darling, W.G., 2013. Terminal distribution of the corticospinal projection from the hand/arm region of the primary motor cortex to the cervical enlargement in rhesus monkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 521, 4205-4235.
    • (2013) J. Comp. Neurol , vol.521 , pp. 4205-4235
    • Morecraft, R.J.1    Ge, J.2    Stilwell-Morecraft, K.S.3    Mcneal, D.W.4    Pizzimenti, M.A.5    Darling, W.G.6
  • 64
    • 0035222621 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Supraspinal sites that induce locomotion in the vertebrate central nervous system
    • Mori, S., Matsuyama, K., Mori, F., Nakajima, K., 2001. Supraspinal sites that induce locomotion in the vertebrate central nervous system. Adv. Neurol. 87, 25-40.
    • (2001) Adv. Neurol , vol.87 , pp. 25-40
    • Mori, S.1    Matsuyama, K.2    Mori, F.3    Nakajima, K.4
  • 65
    • 0020674994 scopus 로고
    • Corticospinal neurons with a special role in precision grip
    • Muir, R.B., Lemon, R.N., 1983. Corticospinal neurons with a special role in precision grip. Brain Res. 261, 312-316.
    • (1983) Brain Res , vol.261 , pp. 312-316
    • Muir, R.B.1    Lemon, R.N.2
  • 66
    • 0030766848 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Object representation in the ventral premotor cortex (area F5) of the monkey
    • Murata, A., Fadiga, L., Fogassi, L., Gallese, V., Raos, V., Rizzolatti, G., 1997. Object representation in the ventral premotor cortex (area F5) of the monkey. J. Neurophysiol. 78, 2226-2230.
    • (1997) J. Neurophysiol , vol.78 , pp. 2226-2230
    • Murata, A.1    Fadiga, L.2    Fogassi, L.3    Gallese, V.4    Raos, V.5    Rizzolatti, G.6
  • 67
    • 0000950177 scopus 로고
    • Long descending tracts in man. I. Review of present knowledge
    • Nathan, P.W., Smith, M.C., 1955. Long descending tracts in man. I. Review of present knowledge. Brain 78, 248-303.
    • (1955) Brain , vol.78 , pp. 248-303
    • Nathan, P.W.1    Smith, M.C.2
  • 69
    • 36249031519 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Timedependent central compensatory mechanisms of finger dexterity after spinal cord injury
    • Nishimura, Y., Onoe, H., Morichika, Y., Perfiliev, S., Tsukada, H., Isa, T., 2007. Timedependent central compensatory mechanisms of finger dexterity after spinal cord injury. Science 318, 1150-1155.
    • (2007) Science , vol.318 , pp. 1150-1155
    • Nishimura, Y.1    Onoe, H.2    Morichika, Y.3    Perfiliev, S.4    Tsukada, H.5    Isa, T.6
  • 70
    • 64849116015 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A subcortical oscillatory network contributes to recovery of hand dexterity after spinal cord injury
    • Nishimura, Y., Morichika, Y., Isa, T., 2009. A subcortical oscillatory network contributes to recovery of hand dexterity after spinal cord injury. Brain 132, 709-721.
    • (2009) Brain , vol.132 , pp. 709-721
    • Nishimura, Y.1    Morichika, Y.2    Isa, T.3
  • 71
    • 33744920084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • C3-C4 interneurons in behaving monkey: activity related to reach-and-grasp and wrist movements
    • Niwa, M., Fadok, J.P., Fetz, E.E., Perlmutter, S.I., 2004. C3-C4 interneurons in behaving monkey: activity related to reach-and-grasp and wrist movements. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr, 656.6.
    • (2004) Soc. Neurosci. Abstr, 656.6
    • Niwa, M.1    Fadok, J.P.2    Fetz, E.E.3    Perlmutter, S.I.4
  • 72
    • 84891637337 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recovery after brain injury: mechanisms and principles
    • Nudo, R.J., 2013. Recovery after brain injury: mechanisms and principles. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 7, 887.
    • (2013) Front. Hum. Neurosci , vol.7 , pp. 887
    • Nudo, R.J.1
  • 74
    • 78650833222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carbocyanine dye usage in demarcating boundaries of the aged human red nucleus
    • Onodera, S., Hicks, T.P., 2010. Carbocyanine dye usage in demarcating boundaries of the aged human red nucleus. PLoS One 5, e14430.
    • (2010) PLoS One , vol.5
    • Onodera, S.1    Hicks, T.P.2
  • 75
    • 0016588795 scopus 로고
    • Patterns of projection and branching of reticulospinal neurons
    • Peterson, B.W., Maunz, R.A., Pitts, N.G., Mackel, R.G., 1975. Patterns of projection and branching of reticulospinal neurons. Exp. Brain Res. 23, 333-351.
    • (1975) Exp. Brain Res , vol.23 , pp. 333-351
    • Peterson, B.W.1    Maunz, R.A.2    Pitts, N.G.3    Mackel, R.G.4
  • 76
    • 0018365468 scopus 로고
    • Reticulospinal connections with limb and axial motoneurons
    • Peterson, B.W., Pitts, N.G., Fukushima, K., 1979. Reticulospinal connections with limb and axial motoneurons. Exp. Brain Res. 36, 1-20.
    • (1979) Exp. Brain Res , vol.36 , pp. 1-20
    • Peterson, B.W.1    Pitts, N.G.2    Fukushima, K.3
  • 77
    • 0022396796 scopus 로고
    • The terminations of corticospinal tract axons in the macaque monkey
    • Ralston, D.D., Ralston, H.J., 1985. The terminations of corticospinal tract axons in the macaque monkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 242, 325-337.
    • (1985) J. Comp. Neurol , vol.242 , pp. 325-337
    • Ralston, D.D.1    Ralston, H.J.2
  • 78
    • 33744474555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Muscle representation in the macaque motor cortex: an anatomical perspective
    • Rathelot, J.A., Strick, P.L., 2006. Muscle representation in the macaque motor cortex: an anatomical perspective. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 103, 8257-8262.
    • (2006) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A , vol.103 , pp. 8257-8262
    • Rathelot, J.A.1    Strick, P.L.2
  • 79
    • 58849084705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subdivisions of primary motor cortex based on corticomotoneuronal cells
    • Rathelot, J.A., Strick, P.L., 2009. Subdivisions of primary motor cortex based on corticomotoneuronal cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 106, 918-923.
    • (2009) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A , vol.106 , pp. 918-923
    • Rathelot, J.A.1    Strick, P.L.2
  • 80
    • 77952966820 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Convergence of pyramidal and medial brain stem descending pathways onto macaque cervical spinal interneurons
    • Riddle, C.N., Baker, S.N., 2010. Convergence of pyramidal and medial brain stem descending pathways onto macaque cervical spinal interneurons. J. Neurophysiol. 103, 2821-2832.
    • (2010) J. Neurophysiol , vol.103 , pp. 2821-2832
    • Riddle, C.N.1    Baker, S.N.2
  • 81
    • 65549159287 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Direct and indirect connections with upper limb motoneurons from the primate reticulospinal tract
    • Riddle, C.N., Edgley, S.A., Baker, S.N., 2009. Direct and indirect connections with upper limb motoneurons from the primate reticulospinal tract. J. Neurosci. 29, 4993-4999.
    • (2009) J. Neurosci , vol.29 , pp. 4993-4999
    • Riddle, C.N.1    Edgley, S.A.2    Baker, S.N.3
  • 83
    • 0015267269 scopus 로고
    • Peripheral afferent inputs to the forelimb area of the monkey motor cortex: input-output relations
    • Rosen, I., Asanuma, H., 1972. Peripheral afferent inputs to the forelimb area of the monkey motor cortex: input-output relations. Exp. Brain Res. 14, 257-273.
    • (1972) Exp. Brain Res , vol.14 , pp. 257-273
    • Rosen, I.1    Asanuma, H.2
  • 86
    • 0029921818 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for direct connections between the hand region of the supplementary motor area and cervical motoneurons in the macaque monkey
    • Rouiller, E.M., Moret, V., Tanne, J., Boussaoud, D., 1996. Evidence for direct connections between the hand region of the supplementary motor area and cervical motoneurons in the macaque monkey. Eur. J. Neurosci. 8, 1055-1059.
    • (1996) Eur. J. Neurosci , vol.8 , pp. 1055-1059
    • Rouiller, E.M.1    Moret, V.2    Tanne, J.3    Boussaoud, D.4
  • 87
    • 0031813536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dexterity in adult monkeys following early lesion of the motor cortical hand area: the role of cortex adjacent to the lesion
    • Rouiller, E.M., Yu, X.H., Moret, V., Tempini, A., Wiesendanger, M., Liang, F., 1998. Dexterity in adult monkeys following early lesion of the motor cortical hand area: the role of cortex adjacent to the lesion. Eur. J. Neurosci. 10, 729-740.
    • (1998) Eur. J. Neurosci , vol.10 , pp. 729-740
    • Rouiller, E.M.1    Yu, X.H.2    Moret, V.3    Tempini, A.4    Wiesendanger, M.5    Liang, F.6
  • 88
    • 0001899777 scopus 로고
    • The quantitative corticoid origin of pyramidal axons of Macaca rhesus. With some remarks on the slow rate of axolysis
    • Russell, J.R., Demyer, W., 1961. The quantitative corticoid origin of pyramidal axons of Macaca rhesus. With some remarks on the slow rate of axolysis. Neurology 11, 96-108.
    • (1961) Neurology , vol.11 , pp. 96-108
    • Russell, J.R.1    Demyer, W.2
  • 89
    • 76249101712 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reticulospinal neurons in the pontomedullary reticular formation of the monkey (Macaca fascicularis)
    • Sakai, S.T., Davidson, A.G., Buford, J.A., 2009. Reticulospinal neurons in the pontomedullary reticular formation of the monkey (Macaca fascicularis). Neuroscience 163, 1158-1170.
    • (2009) Neuroscience , vol.163 , pp. 1158-1170
    • Sakai, S.T.1    Davidson, A.G.2    Buford, J.A.3
  • 91
    • 4644333088 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Independent and convergent signals from the pontomedullary reticular formation contribute to the control of posture and movement during reaching in the cat
    • Schepens, B., Drew, T., 2004. Independent and convergent signals from the pontomedullary reticular formation contribute to the control of posture and movement during reaching in the cat. J. Neurophysiol. 92, 2217-2238.
    • (2004) J. Neurophysiol , vol.92 , pp. 2217-2238
    • Schepens, B.1    Drew, T.2
  • 92
    • 33751240786 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Descending signals from the pontomedullary reticular formation are bilateral, asymmetric, and gated during reaching movements in the cat
    • Schepens, B., Drew, T., 2006. Descending signals from the pontomedullary reticular formation are bilateral, asymmetric, and gated during reaching movements in the cat. J. Neurophysiol. 96, 2229-2252.
    • (2006) J. Neurophysiol , vol.96 , pp. 2229-2252
    • Schepens, B.1    Drew, T.2
  • 93
    • 57349173973 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurons in the pontomedullary reticular formation signal posture and movement both as an integrated behavior and independently
    • Schepens, B., Stapley, P., Drew, T., 2008. Neurons in the pontomedullary reticular formation signal posture and movement both as an integrated behavior and independently. J. Neurophysiol. 100, 2235-2253.
    • (2008) J. Neurophysiol , vol.100 , pp. 2235-2253
    • Schepens, B.1    Stapley, P.2    Drew, T.3
  • 95
    • 0842304125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Macaque ventral premotor cortex exerts powerful facilitation of motor cortex outputs to upper limb motoneurons
    • Shimazu, H., Maier, M.A., Cerri, G., Kirkwood, P.A., Lemon, R.N., 2004. Macaque ventral premotor cortex exerts powerful facilitation of motor cortex outputs to upper limb motoneurons. J. Neurosci. 24, 1200-1211.
    • (2004) J. Neurosci , vol.24 , pp. 1200-1211
    • Shimazu, H.1    Maier, M.A.2    Cerri, G.3    Kirkwood, P.A.4    Lemon, R.N.5
  • 96
    • 0018385173 scopus 로고
    • Spinal branching of pyramidal tract neurons in the monkey
    • Shinoda, Y., Zarzecki, P., Asanuma, H., 1979. Spinal branching of pyramidal tract neurons in the monkey. Exp. Brain Res. 34, 59-72.
    • (1979) Exp. Brain Res , vol.34 , pp. 59-72
    • Shinoda, Y.1    Zarzecki, P.2    Asanuma, H.3
  • 97
    • 79961219549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lack of evidence for direct corticospinal contributions to control of the ipsilateral forelimb in monkey
    • Soteropoulos, D.S., Edgley, S.A., Baker, S.N., 2011. Lack of evidence for direct corticospinal contributions to control of the ipsilateral forelimb in monkey. J. Neurosci. 31, 11208-11219.
    • (2011) J. Neurosci , vol.31 , pp. 11208-11219
    • Soteropoulos, D.S.1    Edgley, S.A.2    Baker, S.N.3
  • 98
    • 84865633018 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cells in the monkey ponto-medullary reticular formation modulate their activity with slow finger movements
    • Soteropoulos, D.S., Williams, E.R., Baker, S.N., 2012. Cells in the monkey ponto-medullary reticular formation modulate their activity with slow finger movements. J. Physiol. 590, 4011-4027.
    • (2012) J. Physiol , vol.590 , pp. 4011-4027
    • Soteropoulos, D.S.1    Williams, E.R.2    Baker, S.N.3
  • 99
    • 84878474156 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spinal commissural connections to motoneurons controlling the primate hand and wrist
    • Soteropoulos, D.S., Edgley, S.A., Baker, S.N., 2013. Spinal commissural connections to motoneurons controlling the primate hand and wrist. J. Neurosci. 33, 9614-9625.
    • (2013) J. Neurosci , vol.33 , pp. 9614-9625
    • Soteropoulos, D.S.1    Edgley, S.A.2    Baker, S.N.3
  • 100
    • 84870166716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Back seat driving: hindlimb corticospinal neurons assume forelimb control following ischaemic stroke
    • Starkey, M.L., Bleul, C., Zorner, B., Lindau, N.T., Mueggler, T., Rudin, M., Schwab, M.E., 2012. Back seat driving: hindlimb corticospinal neurons assume forelimb control following ischaemic stroke. Brain 135, 3265-3281.
    • (2012) Brain , vol.135 , pp. 3265-3281
    • Starkey, M.L.1    Bleul, C.2    Zorner, B.3    Lindau, N.T.4    Mueggler, T.5    Rudin, M.6    Schwab, M.E.7
  • 101
    • 0020318619 scopus 로고
    • Two representations of the hand in area 4 of a primate. II. Somatosensory input organization
    • Strick, P.L., Preston, J.B., 1982. Two representations of the hand in area 4 of a primate. II. Somatosensory input organization. J. Neurophysiol. 48, 150-159.
    • (1982) J. Neurophysiol , vol.48 , pp. 150-159
    • Strick, P.L.1    Preston, J.B.2
  • 102
    • 78650319061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spinal interneurons facilitate coactivation of hand muscles during a precision grip task in monkeys
    • Takei, T., Seki, K., 2010. Spinal interneurons facilitate coactivation of hand muscles during a precision grip task in monkeys. J. Neurosci. 30, 17041-17050.
    • (2010) J. Neurosci , vol.30 , pp. 17041-17050
    • Takei, T.1    Seki, K.2
  • 103
    • 0019441452 scopus 로고
    • Submodality distribution in sensorimotor cortex of the unanaesthetized monkey
    • Tanji, J., Wise, S.P., 1981. Submodality distribution in sensorimotor cortex of the unanaesthetized monkey. J. Neurophysiol. 45, 467-481.
    • (1981) J. Neurophysiol , vol.45 , pp. 467-481
    • Tanji, J.1    Wise, S.P.2
  • 104
    • 84907978893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selective activation of ipsilateral motor pathways in intact humans
    • Tazoe, T., Perez, M.A., 2014. Selective activation of ipsilateral motor pathways in intact humans. J. Neurosci. 34, 13924-13934.
    • (2014) J. Neurosci , vol.34 , pp. 13924-13934
    • Tazoe, T.1    Perez, M.A.2
  • 105
    • 0001209026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contralateral and ipsilateral EMG responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation during recovery of arm and hand function after stroke
    • Turton, A., Wroe, S., Trepte, N., Fraser, C., Lemon, R.N., 1996. Contralateral and ipsilateral EMG responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation during recovery of arm and hand function after stroke. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 101, 316-328.
    • (1996) Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol , vol.101 , pp. 316-328
    • Turton, A.1    Wroe, S.2    Trepte, N.3    Fraser, C.4    Lemon, R.N.5
  • 106
    • 34447573656 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simultaneous recording of macaque premotor and primary motor cortex neuronal populations reveals different functional contributions to visuomotor grasp
    • Umilta, M.A., Brochier, T., Spinks, R.L., Lemon, R.N., 2007. Simultaneous recording of macaque premotor and primary motor cortex neuronal populations reveals different functional contributions to visuomotor grasp. J. Neurophysiol. 98, 488-501.
    • (2007) J. Neurophysiol , vol.98 , pp. 488-501
    • Umilta, M.A.1    Brochier, T.2    Spinks, R.L.3    Lemon, R.N.4
  • 107
    • 0142246340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neural correlates of motor recovery after stroke: a longitudinal fMRI study
    • Ward, N.S., Brown, M.M., Thompson, A.J., Frackowiak, R.S., 2003. Neural correlates of motor recovery after stroke: a longitudinal fMRI study. Brain 126, 2476-2496.
    • (2003) Brain , vol.126 , pp. 2476-2496
    • Ward, N.S.1    Brown, M.M.2    Thompson, A.J.3    Frackowiak, R.S.4
  • 108
    • 77954636627 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spinal interneuron circuits reduce approximately 10-Hz movement discontinuities by phase cancellation
    • Williams, E.R., Soteropoulos, D.S., Baker, S.N., 2010. Spinal interneuron circuits reduce approximately 10-Hz movement discontinuities by phase cancellation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 107, 11098-11103.
    • (2010) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A , vol.107 , pp. 11098-11103
    • Williams, E.R.1    Soteropoulos, D.S.2    Baker, S.N.3
  • 109
    • 0018071719 scopus 로고
    • Spatial organization of precentral cortex in awake primates. I. Somatosensory inputs
    • Wong, Y.C., Kwan, H.C., MacKay, W.A., Murphy, J.T., 1978. Spatial organization of precentral cortex in awake primates. I. Somatosensory inputs. J. Neurophysiol. 41, 1107-1118.
    • (1978) J. Neurophysiol , vol.41 , pp. 1107-1118
    • Wong, Y.C.1    Kwan, H.C.2    MacKay, W.A.3    Murphy, J.T.4
  • 110
    • 0037392912 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An electron microscopic examination of the corticospinal projection to the cervical spinal cord in the rat: lack of evidence for cortico-motoneuronal synapses
    • Yang, H.W., Lemon, R.N., 2003. An electron microscopic examination of the corticospinal projection to the cervical spinal cord in the rat: lack of evidence for cortico-motoneuronal synapses. Exp. Brain Res. 149, 458-469.
    • (2003) Exp. Brain Res , vol.149 , pp. 458-469
    • Yang, H.W.1    Lemon, R.N.2
  • 111
    • 78650172129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantitative inter-segmental and inter-laminar comparison of corticospinal projections from the forelimb area of the primary motor cortex of macaque monkeys
    • Yoshino-Saito, K., Nishimura, Y., Oishi, T., Isa, T., 2010. Quantitative inter-segmental and inter-laminar comparison of corticospinal projections from the forelimb area of the primary motor cortex of macaque monkeys. Neuroscience 171, 1164-1179.
    • (2010) Neuroscience , vol.171 , pp. 1164-1179
    • Yoshino-Saito, K.1    Nishimura, Y.2    Oishi, T.3    Isa, T.4
  • 112
    • 84863216165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in descending motor pathway connectivity after corticospinal tract lesion in macaque monkey
    • Zaaimi, B., Edgley, S.A., Soteropoulos, D.S., Baker, S.N., 2012. Changes in descending motor pathway connectivity after corticospinal tract lesion in macaque monkey. Brain 135, 2277-2289.
    • (2012) Brain , vol.135 , pp. 2277-2289
    • Zaaimi, B.1    Edgley, S.A.2    Soteropoulos, D.S.3    Baker, S.N.4
  • 113
    • 0033178920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dissociation of the pathways mediating ipsilateral and contralateral motor-evoked potentials in human hand and arm muscles
    • Ziemann, U., Ishii, K., Borgheresi, A., Yaseen, Z., Battaglia, F., Hallett, M., Cincotta, M., Wassermann, E.M., 1999. Dissociation of the pathways mediating ipsilateral and contralateral motor-evoked potentials in human hand and arm muscles. J. Physiol. 518 (Pt. 3), 895-906.
    • (1999) J. Physiol , vol.518 , pp. 895-906
    • Ziemann, U.1    Ishii, K.2    Borgheresi, A.3    Yaseen, Z.4    Battaglia, F.5    Hallett, M.6    Cincotta, M.7    Wassermann, E.M.8


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.