Cancer Pain Management

Mayo Clinic Proceedings

Volumn 90, Issue 10, 2015, Pages 1428-1439

  Smith, Thomas J ^a   Saiki, Catherine B ^a  

^a DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

Abbreviations and Acronyms NSAID nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drug

Indexed keywords

AMITRIPTYLINE; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; BACLOFEN; BISPHOSPHONIC ACID DERIVATIVE; BUPIVACAINE; CALCITONIN; CLONIDINE; CORTICOSTEROID; DENOSUMAB; FENTANYL; GABAPENTIN; HYDROCODONE; HYDROMORPHONE; KETAMINE; LIDOCAINE; MENTHOL; METHADONE; METHYLPREDNISOLONE; MORPHINE; NARCOTIC ANALGESIC AGENT; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; OXYCODONE; OXYMORPHONE; PARACETAMOL; PLACEBO; TAPENTADOL; TRAMADOL;

ABDOMINAL PAIN; ACUPUNCTURE; ANALGESIA; BONE PAIN; BRACHIAL PLEXUS ANESTHESIA; CANCER PAIN; CELIAC PLEXUS; CONFERENCE PAPER; DISTRESS SYNDROME; DRUG COST; DRUG EFFICACY; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; HUMAN; HYPOGASTRIC PLEXUS; MASSAGE; MOVEMENT PAIN; MUSIC THERAPY; NERVE BLOCK; NERVE STIMULATION; NEUROPATHIC PAIN; NOCICEPTIVE PAIN; PAIN ASSESSMENT; QUALITY OF LIFE; SPINAL CORD STIMULATION; SPLANCHNIC NERVE; STELLATE GANGLION BLOCK; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; SYMPATHETIC BLOCKING; TOUCH; VISCERAL PAIN; COMPLICATION; EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE; HEALTH CARE; NEOPLASM; PAIN; PAIN MEASUREMENT; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PROCEDURES; PSYCHOLOGY; TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

COMPREHENSIVE HEALTH CARE; EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE; HUMANS; NEOPLASMS; PAIN; PAIN MANAGEMENT; PAIN MEASUREMENT; QUALITY IMPROVEMENT; QUALITY OF LIFE; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84955354290     PISSN: 00256196     EISSN: 19425546     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.08.009     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (104)

1. American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts & Figures 2015. Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society. http://www.cancer. org/acs/groups/content/@editorial/documents/document/acspc-044552.pdf. Accessed June 24, 2015.
2. National Cancer Institute. SEER research data 1973-2012dASCII text data: Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program research data (1973-2012). www. seer.cancer.gov. Published April 15, 2015. Accessed June 24, 2015.
3. Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Dikshit R, et al. Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012. Int J Cancer. 2015;136(5):E359-E386.
4. Goudas LC, Bloch R, Gialeli-Goudas M, Lau J, Carr DB. The epidemiology of cancer pain. Cancer Invest. 2005;23(2):182-190.
5. van den Beuken-van Everdingen MH, de Rijke JM, Kessels AG, Schouten HC, van Kleef M, Patijn J. Prevalence of pain in patients with cancer: A systematic review of the past 40 years. Ann Oncol. 2007;18(9):1437-1449.
6. Pachman DR, Barton DL, Swetz KM, Loprinzi CL. Troublesome symptoms in cancer survivors: fatigue, insomnia, neuropathy, and pain. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(30):3687-3696.
7. Lewis MA, Zhao F, Jones D, et al. Neuropathic symptoms and their risk factors in medical oncology outpatients with colorectal vs. breast, lung, or prostate cancer: results from a prospective multicenter study. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2015; 49(6):1016-1024.
8. Deandrea S, Montanari M, Moja L, Apolone G. Prevalence of undertreatment in cancer pain: A review of published literature. Ann Oncol. 2008;19(12):1985-1991.
9. Breivik H, Cherny N, Collett B, et al. Cancer-related pain: A pan-European survey of prevalence, treatment, and patient attitudes. Ann Oncol. 2009;20(8):1420-1433.
10. Breuer B, Fleishman SB, Cruciani RA, Portenoy RK. Medical oncologists' attitudes and practice in cancer pain management: A national survey. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(36):4769-4775.
11. Breuer B, Chang VT, Von Roenn JH, et al. How well do medical oncologists manage chronic cancer pain? a national survey. Oncologist. 2015;20(2):202-209.
12. Fisch MJ, Lee JW, Weiss M, et al. Prospective, observational study of pain and analgesic prescribing in medical oncology outpatients with breast, colorectal, lung, or prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(16):1980-1988.
13. Zhao F, Chang VT, Cleeland C, et al. Determinants of pain severity changes in ambulatory patients with cancer: An analysis from Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group trial E2Z02. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32(4):312-319.
14. Schmidt BL, Hamamoto DT, Simone DA, Wilcox GL. Mechanism of cancer pain. Mol Interv. 2010;10(3):164-178.
15. Ellis A, Bennett DL. Neuroinflammation and the generation of neuropathic pain. Br J Anaesth. 2013;111(1):26-37.
16. Ossipov MH. The perception and endogenous modulation of pain. Scientifica (Cairo). 2012;2012:561761.
17. Gregory NS, Harris AL, Robinson CR, Dougherty PM, Fuchs PN, Sluka KA. An overview of animal models of pain: disease models and outcome measures. J Pain. 2013;14(11): 1255-1269.
18. Jensen MP. A neuropsychological model of pain: research and clinical implications. J Pain. 2010;11(1):2-12.
19. Gate control theory. Wikipedia website. https://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Gate-control-Theory. Updated August 5, 2015. Accessed July 5, 2015.
20. Cohen SP, Mao J. Neuropathic pain: mechanisms and their clinical implications [published correction appears in BMJ. 2014;348:g2323]. BMJ. 2014;348:f7656.
21. Herrero JF, Laird JM, López-García JA. Wind-up of spinal cord neurones and pain sensation: much ado about something? Prog Neurobiol. 2000;61(2):169-203.
22. Kerstman E, Ahn S, Battu S, Tariq S, Grabois M. Neuropathic pain. Handb Clin Neurol. 2013;110:175-187.
23. Wu A, Green CR, Rupenthal ID, Moalem-Taylor G. Role of gap junctions in chronic pain. J Neurosci Res. 2012;90(2): 337-345.
24. Wong CS, Hui GK, Chung EK, Wong SH. Diagnosis and management of neuropathic pain. Pain Manag. 2014;4(3):221-231.
25. Pachman DR, Watson JC, Loprinzi CL. Therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment related peripheral neuropathies. Curr Treat Options Oncol. 2014;15(4):567-580.
26. Wiffen PJ, Wee B, Moore RA. Oral morphine for cancer pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;7:CD003868.
27. Bruera E, Palmer JL, Bosnjak S, et al. Methadone versus morphine as a first-line strong opioid for cancer pain: A randomized, double-blind study. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22(1):185-192.
28. Kress HG, Koch ED, Kosturski H, et al. Tapentadol prolonged release for managing moderate to severe, chronic malignant tumor-related pain. Pain Physician. 2014;17(4):329-343.
29. GlobalRPh calculator. GlobalRPh website. http://www. globalrph.com/narcotic.cgi. Updated August 25, 2015. Accessed July 5, 2015
30. Erlich DR, Bodine W. Tapentadol (Nucynta) for treatment of pain [published correction appears in Am Fam Physician. 2012; 86(1):8]
31. Am Fam Physician. 2012;85(9):910-911.
32. Bennett MI. Effectiveness of antiepileptic or antidepressant drugs when added to opioids for cancer pain: systematic review. Palliat Med. 2011;25(5):553-559.
33. Finnerup NB, Sindrup SH, Jensen TS. The evidence for pharmacological treatment of neuropathic pain. Pain. 2010;150(3): 573-581.
34. Wong R, Wiffen PJ. Bisphosphonates for the relief of pain secondary to bone metastases. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002; (2):CD002068.
35. Wong MH, Stockler MR, Pavlakis N. Bisphosphonates and other bone agents for breast cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;2:CD003474.
36. von Moos R, Sternberg C, Body JJ, Bokemeyer C. Reducing the burden of bone metastases: current concepts and treatment options. Support Care Cancer. 2013;21(6): 1773-1783.
37. Stopeck AT, Lipton A, Body JJ, et al. Denosumab compared with zoledronic acid for the treatment of bone metastases in patients with advanced breast cancer: A randomized, double-blind study. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(35):5132-5139.
38. Knopp-Sihota JA, Newburn-Cook CV, Homik J, Cummings GG, Voaklander D. Calcitonin for treating acute and chronic pain of recent and remote osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures: A systematic review and meta-Analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2012;23(1):17-38.
39. Liu P, Yang DQ, Xie F, Zhou B, Liu M. Effect of calcitonin on anastrozole-induced bone pain during aromatase inhibitor therapy for breast cancer. Genet Mol Res. 2014;13(3):5285-5291.
40. Martinez-Zapata MJ, Roqué M, Alonso-Coello P, Català E. Calcitonin for metastatic bone pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(3):CD003223.
41. Paulsen O, Klepstad P, Rosland JH, et al. Efficacy of methylprednisolone on pain, fatigue, and appetite loss in patients with advanced cancer using opioids: A randomized, placebocontrolled, double-blind trial. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32(29):3221-3228.
42. Haywood A, Good P, Khan S, et al. Corticosteroids for the management of cancer-related pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;4:CD010756.
43. Yennurajalingam S, Frisbee-Hume S, Palmer JL, et al. Reduction of cancer-related fatigue with dexamethasone: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in patients with advanced cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(25): 3076-3082.
44. Khan L, Chiang A, Zhang L, et al. Prophylactic dexamethasone effectively reduces the incidence of pain flare following spine stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT): A prospective observational study [published online ahead of print March 10, 2015]. Support Care Cancer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00520-015-2659-z.
45. Israel FJ, Parker G, Charles M, Reymond L. Lack of benefit from paracetamol (acetaminophen) for palliative cancer patients requiring high-dose strong opioids: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2010;39(3):548-554.
46. Stockler M, Vardy J, Pillai A, Warr D. Acetaminophen (paracetamol) improves pain and well-being in people with advanced cancer already receiving a strong opioid regimen: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over trial. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22(16):3389-3394.
47. Mercadante S, Giarratano A. The long and winding road of non steroidal antinflammatory drugs and paracetamol in cancer pain management: A critical review. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2013;87(2):140-145.
48. Nabal M, Librada S, Redondo MJ, Pigni A, Brunelli C, Caraceni A. The role of paracetamol and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in addition to WHO Step III opioids in the control of pain in advanced cancer: A systematic review of the literature. Palliat Med. 2012;26(4):305-312.
49. Mercadante S, Villari P, Ferrera P, Casuccio A. Optimization of opioid therapy for preventing incident pain associated with bone metastases. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2004;28(5): 505-510.
50. Mercadante S, Villari P, Ferrera P, Arcuri E, David F. Opioid switching and burst ketamine to improve the opioid response in patients with movement-related pain due to bone metastases. Clin J Pain. 2009;25(7):648-649.
51. Fallon MT, Storey DJ, Krishan A, et al. Cancer treatment-related neuropathic pain: proof of concept study with mentholda TRPM8 agonist. Support Care Cancer. 2015;23(9):2769-2777.
52. Barton DL, Wos EJ, Qin R, et al. A double-blind, placebocontrolled trial of a topical treatment for chemotherapyinduced peripheral neuropathy: NCCTG trial N06CA. Support Care Cancer. 2011;19(6):833-841.
53. Hiom S, Patel GK, Newcombe RG, Khot S, Martin C. Severe postherpetic neuralgia and other neuropathic pain syndromes alleviated by topical gabapentin. Br J Dermatol. 2015;173(1): 300-302.
54. Bryson E, Asbill S, Sweitzer S. Skin permeation and antinociception of topical gabapentin formulations. Int J Pharm Compd. 2014;18(6):504-511.
55. Demant DT, Lund K, Finnerup NB, et al. Pain relief with lidocaine 5% patch in localized peripheral neuropathic pain in relation to pain phenotype [published online ahead of print June 18, 2015]. Pain. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000266.
56. Smith TJ, Coyne PJ, Staats PS, et al. An implantable drug delivery system (IDDS) for refractory cancer pain provides sustained pain control, less drug-related toxicity, and possibly better survival compared with comprehensive medical management (CMM). Ann Oncol. 2005;16(5):825-833.
57. Stockler MR, Wilcken NR. Why is management of cancer pain still a problem [editorial]? J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(16):1907-1908.
58. Baker TA, O'Connor ML, Krok JL. Experience and knowledge of pain management in patients receiving outpatient cancer treatment: what do older adults really know about their cancer pain? Pain Med. 2014;15(1):52-60.
59. Portenoy RK, Dhingra LK. Assessment of cancer pain. UpTo-Date website. http://www.uptodate.com/contents/assessmentof-cancer-pain?source=search-result&search=Assessment+ of+cancer+pain&selectedTitle=1w150. Updated May 15, 2015. Accessed August 23, 2015.
60. WHO's cancer pain ladder for adults. World Health Organization website. http://www.who.int/cancer/palliative/painladder/en/. Accessed August 8, 2014.
61. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Cancer Pain Guidelines version 2.2015:28. http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician-gls/pdf/pain.pdf. Accessed July 5, 2015.
62. Vargas-Schaffer G. Is the WHO analgesic ladder still valid? twenty-four years of experience. Can Fam Physician. 2010; 56(6):514-517.
63. Mercadante S, Fulfaro F. World Health Organization guidelines for cancer pain: A reappraisal. Ann Oncol. 2005;16(suppl 4):iv132-iv135.
64. Kane CM, Hoskin P, Bennett MI. Cancer induced bone pain. BMJ. 2015;350:h315.
65. Fischberg D, Bull J, Casarett D, et al; HPM Choosing Wisely Task Force. Five things physicians and patients should question in hospice and palliative medicine. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2013;45(3):595-605.
66. Badgwell B, Krouse R, Cormier J, Guevara C, Klimberg VS, Ferrell B. Frequent and early death limits quality of life assessment in patients with advanced malignancies evaluated for palliative surgical intervention. Ann Surg Oncol. 2012;19(12): 3651-3658.
67. Eisenberg E, Carr DB, Chalmers TC. Neurolytic celiac plexus block for treatment of cancer pain: A meta-Analysis [published correction appears in Anesth Analg. 1995;81(1):213]. Anesth Analg. 1995;80(2):290-295.
68. Wong GY, Sakorafas GH, Tsiotos GG, Sarr MG. Palliation of pain in chronic pancreatitis: use of neural blocks and neurotomy. Surg Clin North Am. 1999;79(4):873-893.
69. de Oliveira R, dos Reis MP, Prado WA. The effects of early or late neurolytic sympathetic plexus block on the management of abdominal or pelvic cancer pain. Pain. 2004;110(1-2):400-408.
70. Erdine S. Celiac ganglion block. Agri. 2005;17(1):14-22.
71. Haest K, Kumar A, Van Calster B, et al. Stellate ganglion block for the management of hot flashes and sleep disturbances in breast cancer survivors: An uncontrolled experimental study with 24 weeks of follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2012;23(6):1449-1454.
72. Agarwal-Kozlowski K, Lorke DE, Habermann CR, Am Esch JS, Beck H. CT-guided blocks and neuroablation of the ganglion impar (Walther) in perineal pain: Anatomy, technique, safety, and efficacy. Clin J Pain. 2009;25(7):570-576.
73. Mukherji SK, Wagle A, Armao DM, Dogra S. Brachial plexus nerve block with CT guidance for regional pain management: initial results. Radiology. 2000;216(3):886-890.
74. Yoo HS, Nahm FS, Lee PB, Lee CJ. Early thoracic sympathetic block improves the treatment effect for upper extremity neuropathic pain. Anesth Analg. 2011;113(3):605-609.
75. Ohtori S, Yamashita M, Inoue G, et al. L2 spinal nerve-block effects on acute low back pain from osteoporotic vertebral fracture. J Pain. 2009;10(8):870-875.
76. Keskinbora K, Aydinli I. Perineural morphine in patients with chronic ischemic lower extremity pain: efficacy and longterm results. J Anesth. 2009;23(1):11-18.
77. Mitchell AC, Fallon MT. A single infusion of intravenous ketamine improves pain relief in patients with critical limb ischaemia: results of a double blind randomised controlled trial. Pain. 2002;97(3):275-281.
78. Tawfic QA, Eipe N, Penning J. Ultra-low-dose ketamine infusion for ischemic limb pain [letter]. Can J Anaesth. 2014;61(1): 86-87.
79. Aslakson R, Brookman JC, Smith TJ. When should nerve blocks be used for pain management?. In: Goldstein NE, Morrison RS, eds. Evidence-Based Practice of Palliative Medicine. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2013:99-102.
80. Garcia MK, McQuade J, Haddad R, et al. Systematic review of acupuncture in cancer care: A synthesis of the evidence. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(7):952-960.
81. Deer TR, Krames E, Mekhail N, et al; Neuromodulation Appropriateness Consensus Committee. The appropriate use of neurostimulation: new and evolving neurostimulation therapies and applicable treatment for chronic pain and selected disease states. Neuromodulation. 2014;17(6):599-615.
82. Greenlee H, Balneaves LG, Carlson LE, et al; Society for Integrative Oncology Guidelines Working Group. Clinical practice guidelines on the use of integrative therapies as supportive care in patients treated for breast cancer [published correction appears in J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 2015;2015(51): 98]. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 2014;2014(50):346-358.
83. O'Neill J, Smith TJ. Fundamentals of Cancer Pain Management, "Supportive Cancer Care". Heidelberg and New York City: Springer-Verlag; 2015.
84. Gilron I, Bailey JM, Tu D, Holden RR, Weaver DF, Houlden RL. Morphine, gabapentin, or their combination for neuropathic pain. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(13):1324-1334.
85. Hershman DL, Lacchetti C, Dworkin RH, et al. Prevention and management of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy in survivors of adult cancers: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32(18): 1941-1967.
86. Smith EM, Pang H, Cirrincione C, et al. Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology. Effect of duloxetine on pain, function, and quality of life among patients with chemotherapy-induced painful peripheral neuropathy: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2013;309(13):1359-1367.
87. Hershman DL, Unger JM, Crew KD, et al. Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of acetyl-L-carnitine for the prevention of taxane-induced neuropathy in women undergoing adjuvant breast cancer therapy. J Clin Oncol. 2013; 31(20):2627-2633.
88. Lillemoe KD, Cameron JL, Kaufman HS, Yeo CJ, Pitt HA, Sauter PK. Chemical splanchnicectomy in patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer: A prospective randomized trial. Ann Surg. 1993;217(5):447-455.
89. Wong GY, Schroeder DR, Carns PE, et al. Effect of neurolytic celiac plexus block on pain relief, quality of life, and survival in patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;291(9):1092-1099.
90. Chow E, van der Linden YM, Roos D, et al. Single versus multiple fractions of repeat radiation for painful bone metastases: A randomised, controlled, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15(2):164-171.
91. Lin YC, Kuan TS, Hsieh PC, Yen WJ, Chang WC, Chen SM. Therapeutic effects of lidocaine patch on myofascial pain syndrome of the upper trapezius: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2012; 91(10):871-882.
92. Garzón-Rodríguez C, Casals Merchan M, Calsina-Berna A, López-Rómboli E, Porta-Sales J. Lidocaine 5 % patches as an effective short-Term co-Analgesic in cancer pain: preliminary results. Support Care Cancer. 2013;21(11):3153-3158.
93. Derry S, Wiffen PJ, Moore RA, Quinlan J. Topical lidocaine for neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014; 7:CD010958.
94. Tarumi Y, Wilson MP, Szafran O, Spooner GR. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oral docusate in the management of constipation in hospice patients. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2013;45(1):2-13.
95. Bull J, Wellman CV, Israel RJ, Barrett AC, Paterson C, Forbes WP. Fixed-dose subcutaneous methylnaltrexone in patients with advanced illness and opioid-induced constipation: results of a randomized, placebo-controlled study and openlabel extension. J Palliat Med. 2015;18(7):593-600.
96. Portenoy RK, Mehta Z, Ahmed E. Cancer pain management with opioids: prevention and management of side effects. UpToDate website. http://www.uptodate.com/contents/cancerpain-management-with-opioids-prevention-And-managementof-side-effects?source=search-result&search=Cancer+pain+ management+with+opioids&selectedTitle=2w150. Updated August 4, 2015. Accessed July 4, 2015.
97. Finnerup NB, Attal N, Haroutounian S, et al. Pharmacotherapy for neuropathic pain in adults: A systematic review and meta-Analysis. Lancet Neurol. 2015;14(2):162-173.
98. Smith TJ, Coyne PJ, Parker GL, Dodson P, Ramakrishnan V. Pilot trial of a patient-specific cutaneous electrostimulation device (MC5-A Calmare) for chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2010;40(6): 883-891.
99. Pachman DR, Weisbrod BL, Seisler DK, et al. Pilot evaluation of Scrambler therapy for the treatment of chemotherapyinduced peripheral neuropathy. Support Care Cancer. 2015; 23(4):943-951.
100. Marineo G, Iorno V, Gandini C, Moschini V, Smith TJ. Scrambler therapy may relieve chronic neuropathic pain more effectively than guideline-based drug management: results of a pilot, randomized, controlled trial. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2012;43(1):87-95.
101. Swislocki A, Orth M, Bales M, et al. A randomized clinical trial of the effectiveness of photon stimulation on pain, sensation, and quality of life in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2010;39(1):88-99.
102. Gotink RA, Chu P, Busschbach JJ, Benson H, Fricchione GL, Hunink MG. Standardised mindfulnessbased interventions in healthcare: An overview of systematic reviews and meta-Analyses of RCTs. PLoS One. 2015; 10(4):e0124344.
103. Bower JE, Crosswell AD, Stanton AL, et al. Mindfulness meditation for younger breast cancer survivors: A randomized controlled trial [published correction appears in Cancer. 2015;121(11):1910]. Cancer. 2015;121(8):1231-1240.
104. Ledesma D, Kumano H. Mindfulness-based stress reduction and cancer: A meta-Analysis. Psychooncology. 2009;18(6): 571-579.