Should we design buildings that are less sensitive to occupant behaviour? A simulation study of effects of behaviour and design on office energy consumption

Energy Efficiency

Volumn 9, Issue 6, 2016, Pages 1257-1270

  Karjalainen, Sami ^a  

^a VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND   (Finland)

Author keywords

Behaviour change; Building design; Control system; Energy conservation; Energy efficiency; Personal control; Robust design; Usability

Indexed keywords

COMPUTER SOFTWARE; CONTROL SYSTEMS; ENERGY CONSERVATION; ENERGY EFFICIENCY; ENERGY UTILIZATION; HISTORIC PRESERVATION;

BEHAVIOUR CHANGES; BUILDING DESIGN; PERSONAL CONTROL; ROBUST DESIGNS; USABILITY;

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN;

BUILDING; CONTROL SYSTEM; DESIGN; ENERGY CONSERVATION; ENERGY EFFICIENCY; ENERGY USE; SIMULATION;

EID: 84954311469     PISSN: 1570646X     EISSN: 15706478     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12053-015-9422-7     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. Abrahamse, W., Steg, L., Vlek, C., & Rothengatter, T. (2005). A review of intervention studies aimed at household energy conservation. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 25, 273–291.
2. ASHRAE. (2009). ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals, SI ed. Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers.
3. Boerstra, A., Beuker, T., Loomans, M., & Hensen, J. (2013). Impact of available and perceived control on comfort and health in European offices. Architectural Science Review, 56, 30–41.
4. Brager, G. S., Paliaga, G., & de Dear, R. (2004). Operable windows, personal control and occupant control. Ashrae Transactions, 110, 17–35.
5. Carrico, A. R., & Riemer, M. (2011). Motivating energy conservation in the workplace: an evaluation of the use of group-level feedback and peer education. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 31, 1–13.
6. Coleman, M. J., Irvine, K. N., Lemon, M., & Shao, L. (2013). Promoting behaviour change through personalized energy feedback in offices. Building Research and Information, 41, 637–651.
7. D2 National Building Code of Finland. (2003). Indoor climate and ventilation of buildings, regulations and guidelines. Helsinki: Housing and Building Department, Ministry of the Environment.
8. Darby, S. (2001). Making it obvious: designing feedback into energy consumption. In P. Bertoldi, A. Ricci, & A. de Almeida (Eds.), Energy efficiency in household appliances and lighting (pp. 685–696). Berlin Heidelberg: Springer.
9. Delmas, M. A., & Lessem, N. (2014). Saving power to conserve your reputation? The effectiveness of private versus public information. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 67, 353–370.
10. Drake, P., Welch, P., & Zeisel, J. (1986). The role of occupancy analysis in diagnosing total building performance. In G. Davis (Ed.), Building performance: function, preservation, and rehabilitation. Philadelphia: ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials.
11. Ehrhardt-Martinez, K., Donnelly, K. A., & Laitner, J. A. (2010). Advanced metering initiatives and residential feedback programs: a meta-review for household electricity saving opportunities. Washington: American Council for an Energy-efficient Economy.
12. Fabi, Andersen, R. V., Corgnati, S., & Olesen, B. W. (2012). Occupants’ window opening behaviour: a literature review of factors influencing occupant behaviour and models. Building and Environment, 58, 188–198.
13. Faruqui, A., Sergici, S., & Sharif, A. (2010). The impact of informational feedback on energy consumption—a survey of the experimental evidence. Energy, 35, 1598–1608.
14. Fischer, C. (2008). Feedback on household electricity consumption: a tool for saving energy? Energy Efficiency, 1, 79–104.
15. Foster, M., & Oreszczyn, T. (2001). Occupant control of passive systems: the use of Venetian blinds. Building and Environment, 36, 149–155.
16. Handgraaf, M. J. J., Van Lidth de Jeude, M. A., & Appelt, K. C. (2013). Public praise vs. private pay: effects of rewards on energy conservation in the workplace. Ecological Economics, 86, 86–92.
17. Herkel, S., Knapp, U., & Pfafferott, J. (2008). Towards a model of user behaviour regarding the manual control of windows in office buildings. Building and Environment, 43, 588–600.
18. Hoes, P., Hensen, J. L. M., Loomans, M. G. L. C., de Vries, B., & Bourgeois, D. (2009). User behavior in whole building simulation. Energy and Buildings, 41, 295–302.
19. Humphreys, M., & Nicol, F. (1998). Understanding the adaptive approach to thermal comfort. ASHRAE Transactions, 104, 991–1004.
20. Hunt, D. R. G. (1979). The use of artificial lighting in relation to daylight levels and occupancy. Building and Environment, 14, 21–33.
21. Junnila, S. (2007). The potential effect of end-users on energy conservation in office buildings. Facilities, 25, 329–339.
22. Karjalainen, S. (2007). The characteristics of usable room temperature. VTT Publications 662. Espoo: VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland.
23. Karjalainen, S., & Koistinen, O. (2007). User problems with individual temperature control in offices. Building and Environment, 42, 2880–2887.
24. Karjalainen, S., & Vastamäki, R. (2007) Occupants have a false idea of comfortable summer season temperature. In Proceedings of Clima 2007 WellBeing Indoors. Helsinki, Finland.
25. Karlsson, F., Rohdin, P., & Persson, M.-L. (2007). Measured and predicted energy demand of a low energy building: important aspects when using Building Energy Simulation. Building Services Engineering Research and Technology, 28, 223–235.
26. Kempton, W. (1987). Two theories of home heat control. In N. Quinn & D. C. Holland (Eds.), Cultural models in language and thought (pp. 222–242). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
27. Kempton, W., Feuermann, D., & McGarity, A. E. (1992). “I always turn it on super”: user decisions about when and how to operate room air conditioners. Energy and Buildings, 18, 177–191.
28. Klein, S. A., Beckman, A., Mitchell, W., & Duffie, A. (2012). TRNSYS 17, a TRaNsient SYstem Simulation program. Wisconsin: Solar Energy Laboratory, University of Wisconsin.
29. Laine, J., & Saari, M. (1994). METOP, CFC-aineeton matalaenergiatoimistotalo [METOP, CFC-free low-energy office building]. Espoo: VTT Valtion teknillinen tutkimuskeskus.
30. Leaman, A. (1999) Window seat or aisle? Studies of buildings in use are showing the importance of personal control of one’s environment, which includes windows. Architects’ Journal, 3 March 1999.
31. Leaman, A., & Bordass, B. (2000). Productivity in buildings: the ‘killer’ variables. In D. Clements-Croome (Ed.), Creating the productive workplace (pp. 167–191). London: E & FN SPON.
32. Leygue, C. (2014). Saving energy in the workplace; why, and for whom? In Proceeding of Behave Conference. Oxford: Saïd Business School.
33. Littleford, T. J., & Ryley, S. K. (2014). Firth, context, control and the spillover of energy use behaviours between office and home settings. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 40, 157–166.
34. Lopes, M. A. R., Antunes, C. H., & Martins, N. (2012). Energy behaviours as promoters of energy efficiency: a 21st century review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16, 4095–4104.
35. Luo, M., Cao, B., Zhou, X., Li, M., Zhang, J., Ouyang, Q., & Zhu, Y. (2014). Can personal control influence human thermal comfort? A field study in residential buildings in China in winter. Energy and Buildings, 72, 411–418.
36. Lutzenhiser, L. (1992). A question of control: alternative patterns of room air-conditioner use. Energy and Buildings, 18, 193–200.
37. Masoso, O. T., & Grobler, L. J. (2010). The dark side of occupants’ behaviour on building energy use. Energy and Buildings, 42, 173–177.
38. Mulville, M., Jones, K., & Huebner, G. (2014). The potential for energy reduction in UK commercial offices through effective management and behaviour change. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 10, 79–90.
39. Murtagh, N., Nati, M., Headley, W. R., Gatersleben, B., Gluhak, A., Imran, M. A., & Uzzell, D. (2013). Individual energy use and feedback in an office setting: a field trial. Energy Policy, 62, 717–728.
40. Nicol, J.F. (2001) Characterising occupant behaviour in buildings: towards a stochastic model of occupant use of windows, lights, blinds heaters and fans. In Proceedings of Building Simulation, Seventh International IBPSA Conference (pp. 1073–1078). Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
41. Nolan, J. M., Schultz, P. W., Cialdini, R. B., Goldstein, N. J., & Griskevicius, V. (2008). Normative social influence is underdetected. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 913–923.
42. O’Brien, W. (2013) Occupant-proof buildings: can we design buildings that are robust against occupant behaviour? In 13th Conference of International Building Performance Simulation Association (pp. 1746–1754). Chambéry, France.
43. O’Brien, W., & Gunay, H. B. (2014). The contextual factors contributing to occupants’ adaptive comfort behaviors in offices—a review and proposed modeling framework. Building and Environment, 77, 77–87.
44. O’Brien, W., Kapsis, K., & Athienitis, A. K. (2013). Manually-operated window shade patterns in office buildings: a critical review. Building and Environment, 60, 319–338.
45. Orland, B., Ram, N., Lang, D., Houser, K., Kling, N., & Coccia, M. (2014). Saving energy in an office environment: a serious game intervention. Energy and Buildings, 74, 43–52.
46. Palme, M., Isalgué, A., Coch, H., & Serra, R. (2006) Robust design: a way to control energy use from human behavior in architectural spaces. In Proceedings of the PLEA Conference, the 23rd Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture, Geneve, Switzerland.
47. Pfafferott, J., & Boerstra, A. (2014). Comfort, user behavior and energy efficiency—summary of a workshop at Windsor Conference 2014. The REHVA European HVAC Journal, 51, 25–27.
48. Pigg, S., Ejiers, M., & Reed, J. (1996) Behavioral aspects of lighting and occupancy sensors in private offices: a case study of a University Office Building. In: Proceedings of the 1996 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings (pp. 8.161–8.171). Pacific Grove, CA.
49. Rijal, Tuohy, P., Humphreys, M. A., Nicol, J. F., Samuel, A., & Clarke, J. (2007). Using results from field surveys to predict the effect of open windows on thermal comfort and energy use in buildings. Energy and Buildings, 39, 823–836.
50. Siero, F. W., Bakker, A. B., Dekker, G. B., & Van den Burg, M. T. C. (1996). Changing organizational energy consumption behaviour through comparative feedback. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 16, 235–246.
51. Spence, A., Leygue, C., Bedwell, B., & O’Malley, C. (2014). Engaging with energy reduction: does a climate change frame have the potential for achieving broader sustainable behaviour? Journal of Environmental Psychology, 38, 17–28.
52. Steg, L., & Vlek, C. (2009). Encouraging pro-environmental behaviour: an integrative review and research agenda. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 29, 309–317.
53. Van Den Wymelenberg, K. (2012). Patterns of occupant interaction with window blinds: a literature review. Energy and Buildings, 51, 165–176.
54. Wang, L., & Greenberg, S. (2015). Window operation and impacts on building energy consumption. Energy and Buildings, 92, 313–321.
55. Wargocki, & Seppänen, O. (Eds.). (2006). Indoor climate and productivity in offices. Rehva guidebook no. 6. Finland: Rehva.
56. Webber, C. A., Roberson, J. A., Brown, R. E., Payne, C. T., Nordman, B., & Koomey, J. G. (2001). Field surveys of office equipment operating patterns, LBNL-46930. Berkeley: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
57. Zhang, Y., & Barrett, P. (2012). Factors influencing the occupants’ window opening behaviour in a naturally ventilated office building. Building and Environment, 50, 125–134.
58. Zhang, T., Siebers, P., & Aickelin, U. (2011). Modelling electricity consumption in office buildings: an agent based approach. Energy and Buildings, 43, 2882–2892.