Origin and Dissemination of Almond

Horticultural Reviews

Volumn 38, Issue , 2011, Pages 23-81

  Gradziel, Thomas M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Almond origin and dissemination westward dissemination, cultivated almond into the Mediterranean; New World dissemination, of almonds early colonization by European and Asian settlers; Old World dissemination, cultivated almond remains in tomb of Tutankhamen, in 1323 BCE

Indexed keywords

ALMOND ORIGIN AND DISSEMINATION - WESTWARD DISSEMINATION, CULTIVATED ALMOND INTO THE MEDITERRANEAN; NEW WORLD DISSEMINATION, OF ALMONDS - EARLY COLONIZATION BY EUROPEAN AND ASIAN SETTLERS; OLD WORLDS;

EID: 84954207412     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780470872376.ch2     Document Type: Chapter

References (174)

1. Abdallah, A., M.H. Ahumada, and T.M. Gradziel. 1998 Oil content and fatty acid composition of almond kernels from different genotypes and California production regions. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 123:1029-1033.
2. Abdelwahed, M., and L.M Albisu. 1994 Spanish almond costs: Alternatives and future evolution. Int. Almond Cong., Agrigento Italy. Acta Hort. 373:317-324.
3. Achaya, K.T. 1998. A Historical Dictionary of Indian food. Oxford Univ. Press, Cambridge.
4. Agabbio, M., A. M. Frau, and I. Chessa. 1984. Remarks on a five-year survey based on ninety-two almond selections of the Sardinian atrimony variety. 5 Colloque GREMPA, Sfax, Tunisia. 1983.
5. Aguilar, A. A., N.E. Smith, and R.L. Baldwin. 1984 Nutritional value of almond hulls for dairy cows J. Dairy Sci. 67:96-103.
6. Albala, K. 2009 Almonds along the Silk Road: The exchange and adaptation of ideas from west to east. Petits Propos Culinaires 87:1-33.
7. Alexander-Essers, A.J. 1994 Making safe flour from bitter cassava by indigenous solid substrate fermentation Acta Hort. 375:217-224.
8. Almond Board of California (ABC). 2008 Almond almanac Modesto, CA.
9. Alston, J.M., J. Christian, J. R. Murua, and R. Sexton. 1993. Restricting flow of almonds to export markets may raise profits. Calif. Agr. 47(6):7-10.
10. Asai, W., W. Micke, D. Kester, and D. Rough. 1996. The evaluation and selection of current varieties. In: W.C. Micke (ed.), Almond Production Manual. Univ. Calif., Publ. 3364, p. 52-60.
11. Avanzato, D., and I. Vasssallo. 2006. Following almond footprints (Amygdalus communis L.) across Sicily. Cultivation and culture, folk and history, traditions and uses. Scripta Hort. 4.
12. Ayfer, M. 1975. Varietal selection of almond for central and southern Anatolia. 2nd Colloque, GREMPA, CIHEAM. Montpelier, France.
13. Bacarella, A. 1994 Marketing almond Acta Hort. 375:217-224.
14. Bailey, C.H., and L. F. Hough. 1975. Apricots. p. 367-385. In: J. Janick and J.N. Moore (eds.), Advances in fruit breeding. Purdue Univ. Press, West Lafayette, IN.
15. Barbera, G., L. Di Marco, G. Fatta Del Bosco, and P. Inglese. 1988. Behaviour of 26 almond cultivars growing under rainfed and semiarid conditions in Sicily. p. 17-32. In: C. Grasselly (ed.), Commission des Communates europeennes, Agriculture: Programme de recherche Agrimed. 7 Coll. GREMPA.
16. Barbeau, G., and A. El Baduami. 1981. Prospections " Amandier" dans le Sud-Marocain. GREMPA Coll. 1980, Izmir. Options editerraneennes. I:49-56.
17. Bianca, G. 1872. Manuale della coltivazione del mandorlo in Sicilia. Palermo. Stamperia di Giovanni Lorsnaider. Via Collegio M. Giusino 8. 1-443.
18. Bottero, J. 2004. The oldest cuisine in the world: Cooking in Mesopotamia. Univ. Chicago Press, Chicago.
19. Brooks, R.M., and H.P. Olmo 1997. The Brooks and Olmo register of fruit and nut varieties, 3rd ed. ASHS Press, Alexandria, VA.
20. Browicz, K. 1969 Amygdalus In: K.H. Rechinger (eds.), Flora Iranica 66:166-168.
21. Browicz, K. 1974. The genus Amygdalus in Turkey. Proc. Int. Sym. on Abies equitrojani and Turkish flora. Istanbul Univ. Orman Facult. Yainlari 209: 239-255.
22. Browicz, K., and D. Zohary. 1996 The genus Amygdalus L (Rosaceae): Species relationships, distribution and evolution under domestication. Genetic Res. Crop Evol. 43:229-247.
23. Buell, P., D. Buell, and E. N. Anderson. 2000 A soup for the Qan. Kegan Paul, London.
24. Cerdá J., D. 1973. Economía antigau de Mallorca. p. 417-448. In: J. Mascaró) Pasarius (ed.), Historia de Mallorca, vol. I. Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
25. Certal A.C., R.B. Almeida, R. Boškovic, M.M. Oliveira, and J.A. Feijo. 2002 Structural and molecular analysis of self-incompatibility in almond (Prunus dulcis). Sex Plant Reprod 15:13-20.
26. Chappelow, W. 1893. The almond in California. California Cultivator Print., Los Angeles, p. 1-15.
27. Chepinoga, I.S. 1990. Prospects for utilization in breeding of the dwarf almond Amygdalus nana l. Nauchno-Tekhnicheskii. Bul. Vse. Ord. Lenina i Ordena Druzhb y Narodov Nauchno Issledovtel'skogo. 197: 48-50. (Plant Breed. Abstr., 1991, 061-0459.)
28. Chessa, I., and M. Pala. 1985. Survey on the patrimony of almond variety in Sardinia. GREMPA Coll. 1985, Thessalonique. Options Mediterraneennes 1985-I:97-103.
29. Cociu, V. 1981. Recherches sur l'etablissement des meilleures varietes d'Amandier en Roumanie. GREMPA Coll. 1980, Izmir. Options Mediterraneennes 1981-I:59-63.
30. Cociu, V. 1985 La resistance des varietes d'amandier aux gelees de l'hiver 1984-85 en Roumanie. 6th GREMPA Coll., Thessalonique. Options Mediterraneennes IAMZ 19851:121-123.
31. Conn, E.E. 1980 Cyanogenic compounds Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 31:433-451.
32. Crossa-Raynaud, P. 1975. Rapport et synthesis. In: 2nd colloque Groupe de Recherche et d'etude Mediterraneen pour l'Amandier. CIHEAM, Montpelier, France. pp. 1-7.
33. Crossa-Raynaud, P. 1977. L'acclimation des varieties fruitieres. 3rd Coll. GREMPA, CIHEAM. Bari, Italy. p. 62-69.
34. Crossa-Raynaud, P. 1981 Reflexions au suject des programmes de creation varietale d'amandiers. GREMPE Colloque 1980. Izmir. Optiens Mediterrennees IAMZ 19811:19-21.
35. Dargitz, J.F. 1910. The almond commercially considered. Calif. State Comm. Hort., Sacramento. p. 1-8.
36. Darlington, C.D., andE. K. Ammal. 1945. Chromosome atlas of cultivated plants. Allen and Unwin, London.
37. Darwin, C. R. 1868. The variation of animals and plants under domestication. Vol. 1. John Murray, London.
38. Davis, R.A. 1928 Fruit-growing in South Africa. Central News Agency, South Africa.
39. Denisov, V.P. 1977 Variability and inheritance of fruit characters of wild almond Prunus communis Biull. Vses. Inst. Rastenievod. Leningrad. Institut 75:53-56.
40. Denisov, V.P. 1982 Distribution and variability of wild almond species from Azerbaidzhan [Initial material for breeding, Amygdalis communis, Amygdalis fenzliana, Amygdalis nairica] Biull. Vses. Inst. Rastenievod. 126:39-42.
41. Denisov, V.P. 1988 Almond genetic resources in the USSR and their use in production and breeding Acta Hort. 224:299-306.
42. Denisov, V.P. 1989 Study of nut crops in the Peoples's Republic of Bulgaria Nauchno- Tekhnicicheskii-Biull. Vses. Ordena enina i Ordena Druzhb y Narodov Nauchno Issledovatel'skogo. No. 196:10-14.(Plant Breed. Abstr. 1991, 061-752).
43. Denisov, V.P., I.P. Gavriliuk, I.P. Kravtasova, and T.A. Kravtasova. 1983 Almond species of section of Chamaeamygdalus Spach as promising material for remote hybridization Tr. Prikl. Bot. Genet. Sel. Leningrad, Vses. Inst. Rasten. 78:96-90.
44. Dicenta, F., and J.E. García. 1993 Inheritance of kernel flavour in almond. Heredity 70:313-317.
45. Dicenta, F, J.E. Garcia, andE.A. Carbonell. 1993 Heritability of flowering, productivity and maturity in almond J. Hort. Sci. 68:113-120.
46. Dicenta, F., E. Ortega, and P. Martinez-Gomez. 2007 Use of recessive homozygous genotypes to assess the genetic control of kernel bitterness in almond. Euphytica 153:221-225.
47. DiGrandi-Hoffman, G., R. Thorp, G. Lopez, and D. Eisikowitch. 1994 Describing the progression of almond bloom using accumulated heat units J. Appl. Ecol. 82:1-17.
48. Dokuzoguz, M. 1975. A summary of almond selections studiesin western Turkey. 2nd coll. GREMPA, CIHEAM, Montpelier, France.
49. Dokuzoguz, M., and R. Gulcan. 1973. Almond breeding and selection. Proc. Eucarpia Fruit Section Symp. V. Canterbury, Sept. 11-14. p. 55-66.
50. Dokuzoguz, M., and R. Gulcan. 1977. Preliminary results of productivity of selected almond clones. 3rd Coll. GREMPA, CIHEAM, Bari, Italy. p. 184-187.
51. Duval, H. 1999. 'Mandaline', a new French almond vatiety. Nucis 8:36.
52. Eduljee, K. E. 2009. Zoroastrian heritage, Heritage Institute, www.heritageinstitute.com/ zoroastrianism/rawlinson/5persia/raw5a.htm.
53. Egea, L., and J.E. Garcia. 1975. Lignes de recherche actuelle sur l'amandier au CEBAS, Murcie. Objectifs etrecherches observations. 2nd Coll. GREMPA, CIHEAM, Montpelier, France.
54. Egea, J.,E. Ortega, P. Martínez-Gómez, andF. Dicenta. 2003 Chilling and heat requirements of almond cultivars for flowering Environ. Expt. Bot. 50:79-85.
55. El Gharbi, A. 1977. Quelques resultats preliminaires sur les besoins en froid d'amandiers hybrides. Relation entre la dormance des graines et la date de floraison. 3rd Coll. GREMPA, CIHEAM, Bari, Italy. pp. 99-116.
56. Eremin, G.V., and V.P. Denisov. 1984. New spontaneous intersectional almond hybrid- Amygdalus arabica Oliv. x A. communis L. Biull. Vses. Inst. Rastenievod, Leningrad. 143: 68-72.
57. Evreinoff, V.A. 1952 Quelques observations biologiques sur l'Amandier. Rev. Int. Bot. App. d'Agr. Trop. 32:442-459.
58. Evreinoff, V.A. 1958 Contribution a l'etude de l'amandier Fruits et primeurs Afrique 28:99-104.
59. Fanelli, L. 1939. Varieta pugliesa di mandorle. Commissione per lo Studio del Miglioramento della Coltura del Mandorlo. Ed. Pavia. Bari, Roma.
60. Farrand, W.R. 1999. Depositional history of Franchthi Cave, Fascicle 12: Sediments, stratigraphy, and chronology. Indiana Univ. Press, Bloomington.
61. Federazione Italiana dei Consorzi Agrari, Ufficio Tecnico Agrario. 1973. La coltura del mandorlo. Maggio, Nota Tecnica (N.S.) 55.
62. Felipe, A.J., and R. Socias i Company. 1977. Lignes de travail l'Amandier a' Saragosse. 3rd Coll. GREMPA, CIHEAM, Bari, Italy. p. 21-22.
63. Felipe, A.J., and R. Socias i Company. 1985. L'amelioration genetique de l'amandier a Saragosse. GREMPA Coll., Thessalonique. Options Mediterraneennes 1985-I:31-38.
64. Felipe, A.J., and R. Socias i Company. 1992. Almond germplasm. HortScience 27:718, 863.
65. Garcia, J., L. Egea, J. Egea, and T. Berenguer. 1985. Programme d'amelioration de l'amandier au C.E.B.A.S. de Murcie. GREMPA Coll., Thessalonique. Options Mediterraneennes 1985-I:7-8.
66. Garcia, J., L. Egea, J. Egea, and T. Berenguer. 1988. Etude et selection de varieties d'amandier dans le sud-est de l'Espagne. p. 33-46. In: C. Grasselly (ed.), Commission des Communates europeennes, Agriculture: Programme de recherche Agrimed. 7 Coll. GREMPA groupe de recherche et d'etude Mediterraneen pour le pistachiere l'amandier, Luxembourg.
67. Gardner, W.H., and F.D. Lee. 1979. The almond industry of Spain. FAS M-287. USDA Foreign Agr. Serv. 1-18.
68. Godini, A. 1977. Contributo alla conoscenza delle cultivar di mandorlo (P. amygdalus Batsch) della puglia: 2). Un quadriennio di ricerche sull'autocompatibilita. 3rd Coll. GREMPA, CIHEAM.
69. Godini, A. 2000. About the possible relationship between Amygdalus webbii Spach. and Amygdalus communis L. pp. 150-159. Nucis 9: 17-19. Bari, Italy.
70. Godini, A., L. de Palma, and M. Palasciano. 1992 Role of self-pollination and reciprocal stigma/anthers position on fruit set of eight self-compatible almond HortScience 27:887-889.
71. Goor, A., and M. Nurock. 1968. The fruits of the Holy Land. Israel Univ. Press, Jerusalem.
72. Goren-Inbar, N.,G. Sharon, Y. Melamed, andM. Kislev. 2002 Nuts, nut cracking, and pitted stones at Gesher Benot Ya'aqov, Israel Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA), 99:2455-2460.
73. Gradziel, T.M., P. Martínez-Gómez, F. Dicenta, and D.E. Kester. 2001 The utilization of related almond species for almond variety improvement J. Am. Pomol. Soc. 55:100-109.
74. Grant, M. (trans.). 2000 Galen: On food and diet. Routledge, London.
75. Grasselly, C. 1972. L'Amandier; caracteres morphologiques et physiologiques des varietes, modalite de leurs transmissions chez les hybrides de premiere generation. Univ. Bordeaux, France.
76. Grasselly, C. 1975. La variety d'amandier 'Ferragnes'. Pomologie Francais 17(3):1-17.
77. Grasselly, C. 1976a. Les especes sauvages d'amandiers. Options Mediterraneennes 32, 28-43.
78. Grasselly, C. 1976b. Origine et evolution de l'amandier cultive. Options Mediterraneennes 32:45-49.
79. Grasselly, C. 1977. Reflexions sur les characteristigue des especes sauvages d'amygdalus et sur leur utilization eventuelle dans des programmes d'amelioration genetic. 3rd Coll. GREMPA, CIHEAM, Bari, Italy. p. 70-77.
80. Grasselly, C. 1978 Observations sur l'utilization d'un mutant l'Amandier a' floraison tardize dans un programme d'hybridizaiton Ann. Amelior. Plantes 28:685-695.
81. Grasselly, C. (ed.). 1987. Commission des Communates europeennes, Agriculture: programme de recherche Agrimed. 7 Coll. GREMPA groupe de recherche et d'etude mediterraneen pour le pistachier l'amandier, June 17-19, Luxembourg.
82. Graves, R. 1955. The Greek myths. George Brazillier, New York.
83. Grasselly, C., and P. Crossa-Raynaud. 1980. L'amandier. G.P. Maisonneuve etLarose, Paris. Graves, R. 1955. The Greek myths. George Brazillier, New York.
84. Grigorian, V. 1976 Description de la situation de l'amandier en Iran. Options Mediterraneennes 60:77-79.
85. Guerriero, R., F. Loreti, and C. Xiloyannis. 1974 Osservazioni comparaive su alcune cultivar di mandorlo di origine russa e americana Riv. Orto. Frut. It. 5:367-396.
86. Gulcan, R. 1977. Variability in nut and kernel characteristics of selected almond clones. 3rd Coll. GREMPA, CIHEAM, Bari, Italy. p. 132-139.
87. Gulcan, R.E., A. Askin, and M. Gundogdu. 1992. A project on hybridization of almond species. p. 81-85. In: Amelioration genetiques de deux especes de fruits secs mediter- raneens: l'amandier et le pistachier. 8th Colloque, Nimes, France, 1990. Com de Com. Euro., Brussels.
88. Gustafson, W.A., T.M. Morrissey, and C. Bishop. 1989. Plant exploration and germplasm collection of cold hardy woody plants for Nebraska from the People's Republic of China. Inst. Agr. Natural Res., Univ. Nebraska-Lincoln.
89. Hansen, J., and J.M. Renfrew. 1978 Palaeolithic-Neolithic seed remains at Franchthi Cave, Greece. Nature 271:349-352.
90. Heppner, J. 1923 The factor for bitterness in the sweet almond Genetics 8:390-392.
91. Heppner, J. 1926. Further evidence on the factor for bitterness in the sweet almond. Genetics 11:605-606
92. Horaschak, S. 1971. The almond industries ofItaly and Spain. USDA FAS-M228:1-18. IPM Manual Group of U.C. Davis. 1985. Integrated pest management for almonds. Pub. 3308. Univ. California Div., Agr. Nat. Res. Berkeley.
93. Janick, J. 2007 Fruits of the bible HortScience 42:1072-1076.
94. Jaquani, A. 1976 La culture de l'amandier en Tunisie Options Mediterraneennes 32:66-71.
95. Jones, R.W. 1968 Hybridization of apricot x almond Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 92:29-33.
96. Jones, W.H.S. (trans). 1967. Hippocrates, Vol. 4. Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, MA.
97. Kenneth, K. 2007. A moveable feast: Ten millennia of food globalization. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.
98. Kester, D.E. 1965 Size, shape and weight relationships in almond kernels Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 87:204-213.
99. Kester, D.E., and T.M. Gradziel. 1996. Almonds. p. 1-97. In: J. Janick and J. N. Moore. (eds.), Fruit breeding. Wiley, New York.
100. Kester D.E., T.M. Gradziel, and C. Grasselly. 1991. ALMONDS (Prunus). p. 701-758. In: J.N. Moore and H.J. Ballington (eds.), Genetic resources of temperate fruit and nut crops. Vol. 1 Int. Soc. Hort. Sci., Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
101. Kester, D.E., and C. Grasselly. 1987. Almond rootstocks. p. 265-293. In: R.C. Rom and R.F. Carlson (eds.), Rootstocks for fruit crops. Wiley, New York.
102. Kochba, J., and P. Spiegel-Roy. 1975 Inheritance of resistance to the root-knot nematodes in bitter almond progenies. Euphytica 24:453-457.
103. Komarov, V.L., B.K. Shiskin, and S.V. Yuzepchuk(eds.). 1941. Flora of the U. S. S. R. Vol. 10: Rosaceae-Rosoideae, Prunoideae (translated from the Russian, 1971) Jerusalem, Israel Program for Scientific Translation.
104. Kovaleff, N.V., and K.F. Kostina. 1935. A contribution of the study of the genus Prunus Focke. Leningrad (as reported in Evreinoff 1958).
105. Kuden, A.B., A. Kuden, and N. Kaska. 1994 Adaptation of some selected almond types to Meditarreanean regions of Turkey I Int. Cong., Agrigento, Italy. Act. Hort. 373:83-90.
106. Kumar, K., and D.K. Uppal. 1990 Performance of almond (Prunus amygdalus Batsch) selections in the subtropics Acta. Hort. 279:199-207.
107. Kumar, K., D.K. Uppal, G.S. Dhaliwal, T.R. Chanana, and P.P.S. Minhas. 1989 Phenotypic variability in vegetative and floral characters of almond selections under sub-tropical conditions Indian J. Hort. 46:9-13.
108. Labavitch, J.M. 1978. Relationship of almond maturation and quality to manipulations performed during and after harvest. In: W. Micke and D. Kester (eds.), Almond orchard management, Univ. Calif., Div. Agr. Sci. Publ. 4092, Berkeley.
109. Laghezali, M. 1985. L'amandier au Maroc. GREMPA Coll. Thessalonique. Options Mediterraneennes 1985-I:91-96.
110. Lansari, A., A.F. Iezzoni, and D.E. Kester, 1994. Morphological variation within collections of Moroccan almond clones and Mediterranean and American cultivars. Euphytica 43:313-322.
111. Ledig, F.T. 1992 Human impacts on genetic diversity in Forest Ecosystems. Oikos 63:87-108.
112. Loussert, R., H. Moussaoui, and D.M. Walali Loudiyi. 1989. L'Amandier et sa culture au Maroc. Actes Editions, Inst. Agron. et Vet Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco.
113. Martínez-Gómez P., S. Arulsekar, D. Potter, and T.M. Gradziel. 2003 An extended interspecific gene pool available to peach and almond breeding as characterized using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Euphytica 131:313-322.
114. Martínez-Gómez, P., R. Sánchéz-Perez, F. Dicenta, D. Howard, and T.M. Gradziel. 2007. Almond. In: C. Kole (ed.), Genome, mapping and molecular breeding. Springer, New York.
115. Martinoli, D., and S. Jacomet. 2004 Identifying endocarp remains and exploring their use at Epipalaeolithic kuzini in southwest Anatolia, Turkey J. Veg. Hist., Archaeobot. 13:45-54.
116. Métailié, G. 2001. The Bencao gangmu of Li Shizen: An innovation in natural history? p. 248-249. In: E. Hsu (ed.), Innovation in Chinese medicine. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.
117. Micke, W. C. 1994. Almond orchard management. Univ. Calif., Div. Agr. Sci. Publ. 3364, Berkeley.
118. Milella, A. 1959 Le principali cultivar di mandorlo della Sardegna Studi Sassaresi 7:3-18.
119. Mizgireva, O.F. 1973. Almond breeding in Turkmenistan. Byull. Vses. Nauch.-lssled. Inst. Resteniev. N. I. Vavilova. (Trans. by R. Socias i Company, 1974).
120. Monastra, F., A. Crisafulli, F. Marchese, G. Ondradu, R. Pavia, and L. Rivalta. 1982. Monografia di cultivar di mandorlo. Istit. Sper., Rome.
121. Monastra, F., G. della Strada, C. Fideghelli, and R. Quarta. 1985. Progres du programme d'amelioration genetique de l'amandier a l'istituto Sperimentale per la Frutticoltura di Roma. 5th Colloque GREMPA 1985, Thessalonique. Options Mediterraneennes 1985- I:1-6.
122. Monastra, F., and C. Fideghelli. 1977. Il programma di miglioramento geneticeo del mandorlo presec l'instituto sperimentale per la fruticoltura. 3rd Coll. GREMPA, CIHEAM, Bari, Italy. p. 23-31.
123. Murua, J.R. 1994 Yield model for Spanish almonds Acta Hort. 373:325-332.
124. Murua, J.R., H. Carman, and J. Alston. 1993. California leads Spain in almond production, exports to world. Calif. Agr. 47(6):11-14.
125. Negri, P., D. Bassi, E. Magnanini, M. Rizzo, and F. Bartolozzi. 2008 Bitterness inheritance in apricot (P armeniaca L) seeds. Tree Genet Genomes 4:767-776.
126. Peregrine, P.N., and E. Melvin. 2003. Encyclopedia of prehistory. Vol. 8: South and southwest Asia. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ.
127. Pravosudova V.V., and S.R. de Kortb 2006. Is the Western Scrub-Jay (Aphelocoma californica) really an underdog among food-caching corvids when it comes to hippocampal volume and food caching propensity? Brain Behav. Evol. 67:1-9.
128. Quinn, N.R. 1928. Almond culture in south Australia. Dept. of Agr. South Australia Bul. 367.
129. Rawlinson, G. 1917. The history, geography and antiquities of Chaldaea, Assyria, Babylon, Media, Persia, Parthia, and Sassanian or New Persian Empire. Vol. 3. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford.
130. Richter, A. A. 1972. L'Amandier. Academie les Sciences Agricoles. Jard. Bot. de Nikitski, Yalta. (Quoted by Grasselly and Crossa-Raynaud, 1980.)
131. Ristevski, B. 1992. Damages on almond trees from late spring frosts in Macedonia. In: Amelioration genetiques de deux especes de fruits secs mediterraneens: l'amandier et le pistachier. 8th Colloque, Nimes, France 1990. Com. de Com. Euro. Brussels. p. 137-138.
132. Rosengarten, F. Jr. 1984. The book of edible nuts. Walker and Co., New York.
133. Ryabov, I.N. 1969. Experiments on the self-pollination of some interspecific hybrids of common peach and common almond with Persica mira (Koehne) Kost. et Kov. (In Russian, trans. by R. SociasiCompany, 1974). Byull. Gos. Nikit. Bot. Sad. 3(10):24-28.
134. Sánchez-Pérez, R., K. J0rgensen, C.E. Olsen, F. Dicenta, and B.L. MØller. 2008 Bitterness in almonds. Plant Physiol. 146:1040-1052.
135. Saparov, A. 1978 Best varieties-pollinators for almond in the Kopet dagh foothill subzone of Turkmenia. Izv. Akad. Nauk Turkm SSR-Ser Biol Nauk. Ashkhabad, Akademiia Nauk Turkmenskoi SSR. 2:52-54.
136. Serafimov, S. 1975. L'amandier in Bulgaria. 2nd Coll. GREMPA, CIHEAM, Montpelier, France.
137. Serafimov, S. 1976 L'amandier en Bulgarie. Options Mediterraneennes 32:61-65.
138. Simoons, F. 1991. Food in China: A cultural and historical inquiry. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
139. Singh, G., and D.J. Uppal. 1977. Variability in nut characters in almond (Prunus dulcis Mill.) p. 90-98. In:G.S. Nijjar (ed.), Fruit breeding in India. Oxford &IBHPubl. Co., Delhi.
140. Singh, G., D.J. Uppal, and A.S. Rowat. 1977. Varietal wealth of almond in Kalpa valley of Himachal Pradesh. pp. 90-98. In: G.S. Nijjar (ed.), Fruit breeding in India. Oxford & IBH Publ. Co., Delhi.
141. Socias i Company, R. 1998 Fruit tree genetics at a turning point: The almond example. Theor. Appl. Genet. 96:588-601.
142. Socias i Company, R. 1992 Breeding self-fertile almonds Plant Breed. Rev. 8:313-338.
143. Socias i Company, R. 2002 The relationship of Prunus webbii and almond revisited. Nucis- Newslett. 11:17-19.
144. Socias i Company, R., and A.J. Felipe. 1992. Almond: A diverse germplasm. HortScience 27:718, 863.
145. Socias i Company, R., O. Kodad, J.M. Alonso, and T.M. Gradziel. 2007 Almond quality: A breeding perspective. Hort. Rev. 33:1-33.
146. Sorkheh, K., B. Shiran, T.M. Gradziel, B.K. Epperson, P. Martinez-Gomez, and E. Asadi. 2007. Amplified fragment length polymorphism as a tool for molecular characterization of almond germplasm: Genetic diversity among cultivated genotypes and related wild species of almond, and its relationships with agronomic traits. Euphytica 156:327-344.
147. Spiegel-Roy, P. 1976. L'amandier en Israel. In: L'amandier. Options Mediterraneennes 32: 92-95.
148. Spiegel-Roy, P., and J. Kochba. 1974 Inheritance of bitter and double kernel characters in almond. Z. Pflanzenzucht. 71:319-329.
149. Spiegel-Roy, P., and J. Kochba. 1977. Inheritance of some kernel characters in the almond. 3rd Colloq. GREMPA, CIHEAM, Bari, Italy. p. 117-131.
150. Spina, P. 1958 Le cultivar di mandorlo della provincia di enna meritevoli di diffusione Tech. Agr. 10:271-294.
151. Stylianides, D.C. 1976 La culture de l'amandier en Grece Options Mediterraneennes 32:72-74.
152. Stylianides, D.C. 1977. New almond varieties created by breeding in Greece. 3rd Coll. GREMPA, CIHEAM, Bari, Italy. p. 140-149.
153. Tanksley, S.D., and S.R. McCouch. 1997. Seed banks and molecular maps: Unlocking genetic potential from the wild. Science 277(5329):1063-1066.
154. Thompson, M.M. 1983. A survey of fruit genetic resources in Syria and recommendations for collection. FAO/IBPGR consultant for fruit genetic resources 15 Oct.-2 Nov. 1983 rep.
155. Thompson, M.M., D. Brenner, and R. Anwar. 1989. Biogeographic survey and collection of temperature fruit and nut genetic resources in northern Pakistan. Unpubl. rep.
156. Thorp, R., and G.M. Roper 1994. Bee management for almond pollination. In: W.C. Micke (ed.), Almond orchard management. Univ. Calif. Div. Agr. Sci. Publ., Berkeley.
157. Uppal, D.K. 1977. Almond (Prunus dulcis Mill.) improvement work in Punjab. p. 90-98. In: G.S. Nijjar (ed.), Fruit breeding in India. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co., Delhi.
158. Usha, L., and V. Vasant Lad. 2002. Ayurvedic cooking for self healing, 2nd ed. Ayurvedic Press, Albuquerque, NM.
159. Vargas, F.J. 1975. El almendro en la provincia de Tarragona, Excma. Diputacion Provincial de Tarragona, Fundacion Servicio, Agropecuario Provincial, Tarragona.
160. Vargas, F.J., and M. Romero. 1994 'Masbovera', 'Glorieta',and 'Francola', three new almond varieties from IRTA. Acta Hort. 373:75-82.
161. Vargas, F.J., and M.A. Romero. 1988. Comparacion entre descendencias de cruzamientos intervarietales de almendro en relacion con la epoca de floracion y la calidad del fruto. p. 59-72. In: C. Grasselly (ed.), Commission des Communautes. Agriculture: programme de recherche Agrimed. 7th Coll. GREMPA, groupe de recherche et d'etude mediterraneen pour le pistachier et l'amandier. 1987. Reus. Spain.
162. Vavilov, N.I. 1930. Wild progenitors of the fruit trees of Turkistan and Caucasus and the problem of the origin of fruit trees. p. 271-286. In: 9th Int. Hort. Congr. Report and Proc., A Murray, London.
163. Watkins, R. 1979. Cherry, plum, peach, apricot and almond. Prunus spp. pp. 242-247. In: N.W. Simmonds (ed.), Evolution of crop plants. Longman, London.
164. Weinbaum, S.A., V.S. Polito, and D.E. Kester. 1985 Natural self-pollination in peach, almond and peach x almond interspecific F1 hybrids. Euphytica 35:193-200.
165. Weiss E., W. Wetterstrom, D. Nadel, and O. Bar-Yosef. 2004 The broad spectrum revisited: Evidence from plant remains Proc. Nat. Acad Sci (USA) 101:9551-9555.
166. Werner, D.J., and M.A. Creller. 1997 Genetic studies in peach: Inheritance of sweet kernel and male sterility J. Am. Soc. HortSci 122:215-217.
167. Wickson, E.J. 1910. The California fruits and how to grow them. 5th ed. Pacific Rural Press, San Francisco.
168. Wood, M.N. 1925. Almond varieties in the United States. USDA Bul. 1282.
169. Wood, M.N. 1938 Two new varieties of almond: The Jordanolo and Harpareil USDA Cir. 542:1-12.
170. Yadrov, A. 1994 Main results of research on almond Acta Hort. 373:75-82.
171. Zeinalabedini M., V. Grigorian, M. Torchi, M. Khayam-Nekoui, K. Majourhat, F. Dicenta, and P. Martínez-Gómez. 2009 Studying the origin of the cultivated almond using nuclear and chloroplast DNAmarkers Acta Hort. 814:695-700.
172. Zohary, D., and M. Hopf. 1993. Domestication of plants in the old world. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
173. Zohary, M., and P. Spiegel-Roy. 1975 Beginnings of fruit growing in the old world Science 187:319-327.