메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 98, Issue 1, 2016, Pages 88-99

Testing the Factor Structure and Measurement Invariance Across Gender of the Big Five Inventory Through Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; FACTOR ANALYSIS; FEMALE; HUMAN; ITALY; MALE; PERSONALITY TEST; PROCEDURES; PSYCHOMETRY; SELF REPORT; SEX DIFFERENCE; STATISTICAL MODEL;

EID: 84954027573     PISSN: 00223891     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2015.1035381     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (51)

References (60)
  • 1
    • 84927721751 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from
    • American Psychological Association. (2010). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/principles.pdf
    • (2010) Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct
  • 4
    • 0032159447 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Los Cinco Grandes across cultures and ethnic groups: Multitrait multimethod analyses of the Big Five in Spanish and English
    • Benet-Martínez, V., & John, O. P. (1998). Los Cinco Grandes across cultures and ethnic groups: Multitrait multimethod analyses of the Big Five in Spanish and English. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 729-750.
    • (1998) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.75 , pp. 729-750
    • Benet-Martínez, V.1    John, O.P.2
  • 5
    • 0001677717 scopus 로고
    • Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing
    • Benjamini, Y., & Hochberg, Y. (1995). Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B, 57, 289-300.
    • (1995) Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B , vol.57 , pp. 289-300
    • Benjamini, Y.1    Hochberg, Y.2
  • 6
    • 77951702555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The five-factor framing of personality and beyond: Some ruminations
    • Block, J. (2010). The five-factor framing of personality and beyond: Some ruminations. Psychological Inquiry, 21, 2-25.
    • (2010) Psychological Inquiry , vol.21 , pp. 2-25
    • Block, J.1
  • 7
    • 0347973105 scopus 로고
    • Conventional wisdom on measurement: A structural equation perspective
    • Bollen, K. A., & Lennox, R. (1991). Conventional wisdom on measurement: A structural equation perspective. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 305-314.
    • (1991) Psychological Bulletin , vol.110 , pp. 305-314
    • Bollen, K.A.1    Lennox, R.2
  • 11
    • 34548107817 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sensitivity of goodness of fit indices to lack of measurement invariance
    • Chen, F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indices to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 14, 464-504.
    • (2007) Structural Equation Modeling , vol.14 , pp. 464-504
    • Chen, F.F.1
  • 12
    • 79851496916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluating goodness-of-fit indices for testing measurement invariance
    • Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indices for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 9, 233-255.
    • (2002) Structural Equation Modeling , vol.9 , pp. 233-255
    • Cheung, G.W.1    Rensvold, R.B.2
  • 13
    • 85033718861 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can personality traits be reliably assessed with short measures? An Italian study on the shortened version of the Big Five Inventory-44
    • (June). Barcelona, Spain. Retrieved from
    • Chiorri, C., Ubbiali, A., & Donati, D. (2008, June). Can personality traits be reliably assessed with short measures? An Italian study on the shortened version of the Big Five Inventory-44. Paper presented at the 39th International Meeting of the Society for Research in Psychotherapy, Barcelona, Spain. Retrieved from http://www.slideshare.net/carloskij/bfibarcelona08
    • (2008) Paper Presented at the 39th International Meeting of the Society for Research in Psychotherapy
    • Chiorri, C.1    Ubbiali, A.2    Donati, D.3
  • 14
    • 0028016575 scopus 로고
    • Exploratory and confirmatory tests of the Big Five and Tellegen's three- and four-dimensional models
    • Church, A. T., & Burke, P. J. (1994). Exploratory and confirmatory tests of the Big Five and Tellegen's three- and four-dimensional models. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 93-114.
    • (1994) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.66 , pp. 93-114
    • Church, A.T.1    Burke, P.J.2
  • 16
    • 76449108949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A confirmatory factor analysis of the Mini-IPIP five-factor model personality scale
    • Cooper, A., Smillie, L. D., & Corr, P. J. (2010). A confirmatory factor analysis of the Mini-IPIP Five-Factor Model personality scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 48, 688-691.
    • (2010) Personality and Individual Differences , vol.48 , pp. 688-691
    • Cooper, A.1    Smillie, L.D.2    Corr, P.J.3
  • 21
    • 70449568738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testing measurement invariance in the target rotated multigroup exploratory factor model
    • Dolan, C. V., Oort, F. J., Stoel, R. D., & Wichterts, J. M. (2009). Testing measurement invariance in the target rotated multigroup exploratory factor model. Structural Equation Modeling, 16, 295-314.
    • (2009) Structural Equation Modeling , vol.16 , pp. 295-314
    • Dolan, C.V.1    Oort, F.J.2    Stoel, R.D.3    Wichterts, J.M.4
  • 22
    • 84872726760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The NEO personality inventory-revised: Factor structure and gender invariance from exploratory structural equation modeling analyses in a high-stakes setting
    • Furnham, A., Guenole, N., Levine, S. Z., & Chamorro-Premuzic, T. (2013). The NEO Personality Inventory-Revised: Factor structure and gender invariance from exploratory structural equation modeling analyses in a high-stakes setting. Assessment, 20(1), 14-23.
    • (2013) Assessment , vol.20 , Issue.1 , pp. 14-23
    • Furnham, A.1    Guenole, N.2    Levine, S.Z.3    Chamorro-Premuzic, T.4
  • 23
    • 57649185054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Partial confirmatory factor analysis: Described and illustrated on the NEO PI-R
    • Gignac, G. E. (2009). Partial confirmatory factor analysis: Described and illustrated on the NEO PI-R. Journal of Personality Assessment, 91, 40-47.
    • (2009) Journal of Personality Assessment , vol.91 , pp. 40-47
    • Gignac, G.E.1
  • 24
    • 84875107002 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How universal is the Big Five? Testing the five-factor model of personality variation among forager-farmers in the Bolivian Amazon
    • Gurven, M., von Rueden, C., Massenkoff, M., Kaplan, H., & Lero Vie, M. (2013). How universal is the Big Five? Testing the five-factor model of personality variation among forager-farmers in the Bolivian Amazon. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104, 354-370.
    • (2013) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.104 , pp. 354-370
    • Gurven, M.1    Von Rueden, C.2    Massenkoff, M.3    Kaplan, H.4    Lero Vie, M.5
  • 25
    • 33646200673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The multi-group common factor model with minimal uniqueness constraints and the power to detect uniform bias
    • Hessen, D. J., Dolan, C. V., & Wicherts, J. M. (2006). The multi-group common factor model with minimal uniqueness constraints and the power to detect uniform bias. Applied Psychological Measurement, 30, 233-246.
    • (2006) Applied Psychological Measurement , vol.30 , pp. 233-246
    • Hessen, D.J.1    Dolan, C.V.2    Wicherts, J.M.3
  • 26
    • 77954698624 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How should the internal structure of personality inventories be evaluated?
    • Hopwood, C. J., & Donnellan, M. B. (2010). How should the internal structure of personality inventories be evaluated? Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14, 332-346.
    • (2010) Personality and Social Psychology Review , vol.14 , pp. 332-346
    • Hopwood, C.J.1    Donnellan, M.B.2
  • 28
    • 0026132658 scopus 로고
    • The basic level of personality-trait hierarchies: Studies of trait use and accessibility in different contexts
    • John, O. P., Hampson, S. E., & Goldberg, L. R. (1991). The basic level of personality-trait hierarchies: Studies of trait use and accessibility in different contexts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 348-361.
    • (1991) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.60 , pp. 348-361
    • John, O.P.1    Hampson, S.E.2    Goldberg, L.R.3
  • 29
    • 56349168237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paradigm shift to the integrative Big Five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and conceptual issues
    • O. P. John, R. W. Robins, & L. A. Pervin (Eds.), (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press
    • John, O. P., Naumann, L. P., & Soto, C. J. (2008). Paradigm shift to the integrative Big Five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and conceptual issues. In O. P. John, R. W. Robins, & L. A. Pervin (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (3rd ed., pp. 114-158). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
    • (2008) Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research , pp. 114-158
    • John, O.P.1    Naumann, L.P.2    Soto, C.J.3
  • 30
    • 79956258617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short assessment of the Big Five: Robust across survey methods except telephone interviewing
    • Lang, F. R., John, D., Lüdtke, O., Schupp, J., & Wagner, G. G. (2011). Short assessment of the Big Five: Robust across survey methods except telephone interviewing. Behavior Research Methods, 43, 548-567.
    • (2011) Behavior Research Methods , vol.43 , pp. 548-567
    • Lang, F.R.1    John, D.2    Lüdtke, O.3    Schupp, J.4    Wagner, G.G.5
  • 31
    • 0035641175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testgüte und psychometrische €Aquivalenz der deutschen Version des Big Five Inventory (BFI) bei jungen, mittelalten und alten Erwachsenen [Adequacy and psychometric equivalence of the German version of the Big Five Inventory (BFI) in young, middle-aged, and old adults]
    • Lang, F., Lüdtke, O., & Asendorpf, J. (2001). Testgüte und psychometrische €Aquivalenz der deutschen Version des Big Five Inventory (BFI) bei jungen, mittelalten und alten Erwachsenen [Adequacy and psychometric equivalence of the German version of the Big Five Inventory (BFI) in young, middle-aged, and old adults]. Diagnostica, 47, 111-121.
    • (2001) Diagnostica , vol.47 , pp. 111-121
    • Lang, F.1    Lüdtke, O.2    Asendorpf, J.3
  • 32
    • 84881609865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factor structure and measurement invariance of a short measure of the Big Five personality traits
    • Lavardiére, O., Morin, A. J. S., & St-Hilaire, F. (2014). Factor structure and measurement invariance of a short measure of the Big Five personality traits. Personality and Individual Differences, 55, 739-743.
    • (2014) Personality and Individual Differences , vol.55 , pp. 739-743
    • Lavardiére, O.1    Morin, A.J.S.2    St-Hilaire, F.3
  • 33
    • 84882987931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Age and gender differences in motivational manifestations of the Big Five from age 16 to 60
    • Lehmann, R., Denissen, J. J. A., Allemand, M., & Penke, L. (2013). Age and gender differences in motivational manifestations of the Big Five from age 16 to 60. Developmental Psychology, 49, 365-383.
    • (2013) Developmental Psychology , vol.49 , pp. 365-383
    • Lehmann, R.1    Denissen, J.J.A.2    Allemand, M.3    Penke, L.4
  • 34
    • 84887576786 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychometric properties of the Big Five Inventory in a Chinese sample of smokers receiving cessation treatment: A validation study
    • Leung, D. Y., Wong, E. M., Chan, S. S., & Lam, T. H. (2013). Psychometric properties of the Big Five Inventory in a Chinese sample of smokers receiving cessation treatment: A validation study. Journal of Nursing Education and Practice, 3(6). DOI:10.5430/jnep.v3n6p1
    • (2013) Journal of Nursing Education and Practice , vol.3 , Issue.6
    • Leung, D.Y.1    Wong, E.M.2    Chan, S.S.3    Lam, T.H.4
  • 35
    • 0036347045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aggregated personality, climate and demographic factors as predictors of departmental shrinkage
    • Levine, S. Z., & Jackson, C. J. (2002). Aggregated personality, climate and demographic factors as predictors of departmental shrinkage. Journal of Business and Psychology, 17, 287-297.
    • (2002) Journal of Business and Psychology , vol.17 , pp. 287-297
    • Levine, S.Z.1    Jackson, C.J.2
  • 37
    • 0001348083 scopus 로고
    • Model modifications in covariance structure analysis: The problem of capitalization on chance
    • MacCallum, R. C., Roznowski, M., & Necowitz, L. B. (1992). Model modifications in covariance structure analysis: The problem of capitalization on chance. Psychological Bulletin, 111, 490-504.
    • (1992) Psychological Bulletin , vol.111 , pp. 490-504
    • MacCallum, R.C.1    Roznowski, M.2    Necowitz, L.B.3
  • 38
    • 84886105748 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Application of confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling in sport/exercise psychology
    • G. Tenenbaum & R. C. Eklund (Eds.), (3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley
    • Marsh, H. W. (2007). Application of confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling in sport/exercise psychology. In G. Tenenbaum & R. C. Eklund (Eds.), Handbook of sport psychology (3rd ed., pp. 774-798). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
    • (2007) Handbook of Sport Psychology , pp. 774-798
    • Marsh, H.W.1
  • 39
    • 3042808205 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In search of golden rules: Comment on hypothesis testing approaches to setting cutoff values for fit indices and dangers in overgeneralising Hu & Bentler's (1999) findings
    • Marsh, H. W., Hau, K.-T., & Wen, Z. (2004). In search of golden rules: Comment on hypothesis testing approaches to setting cutoff values for fit indices and dangers in overgeneralising Hu & Bentler's (1999) findings. Structural Equation Modeling, 11, 320-341.
    • (2004) Structural Equation Modeling , vol.11 , pp. 320-341
    • Marsh, H.W.1    Hau, K.-T.2    Wen, Z.3
  • 41
    • 84883766816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why item parcels are (almost) never appropriate: Two wrongs do not make a right - Camouflaging misspecification with item parcels in CFA models
    • Marsh, H. W., Lüdtke, O., Nagengast, B., Morin, A. J. S., & Von Davier, M. (2013). Why item parcels are (almost) never appropriate: Two wrongs do not make a right - Camouflaging misspecification with item parcels in CFA models. Psychological Methods, 18, 257-284.
    • (2013) Psychological Methods , vol.18 , pp. 257-284
    • Marsh, H.W.1    Lüdtke, O.2    Nagengast, B.3    Morin, A.J.S.4    Von Davier, M.5
  • 42
    • 70449592059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exploratory structural equation modeling, integrating CFA and EFA: Application to students' evaluations of university teaching
    • Marsh, H. W., Muthén, B., Asparouhov, T., Lüdtke, O., Robitzsch, A., Morin, A. J. S., & Trautwein, U. (2009). Exploratory structural equation modeling, integrating CFA and EFA: Application to students' evaluations of university teaching. Structural Equation Modeling, 16, 439-476.
    • (2009) Structural Equation Modeling , vol.16 , pp. 439-476
    • Marsh, H.W.1    Muthén, B.2    Asparouhov, T.3    Lüdtke, O.4    Robitzsch, A.5    Morin, A.J.S.6    Trautwein, U.7
  • 43
    • 84874387773 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measurement invariance of big-five factors over the life span: ESEM tests of gender, age, plasticity, maturity, and la dolce vita effects
    • Marsh, H. W., Nagengast, B., & Morin, A. J. (2012). Measurement invariance of big-five factors over the life span: ESEM tests of gender, age, plasticity, maturity, and la dolce vita effects. Developmental Psychology, 49, 1194-1218.
    • (2012) Developmental Psychology , vol.49 , pp. 1194-1218
    • Marsh, H.W.1    Nagengast, B.2    Morin, A.J.3
  • 44
    • 0031133486 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Personality trait structure as a human universal
    • McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T., Jr. (1997). Personality trait structure as a human universal. American Psychologist, 52, 509-516.
    • (1997) American Psychologist , vol.52 , pp. 509-516
    • McCrae, R.R.1    Costa, P.T.2
  • 45
    • 0030544053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluating the replicability of factors in the revised NEO Personality Inventory: Confirmatory factor analysis versus Procrustes rotation
    • McCrae, R. R., Zonderman, A. B., Costa, P. T., Jr., Bond, M. H., & Paunonen, S. (1996). Evaluating the replicability of factors in the revised NEO Personality Inventory: Confirmatory factor analysis versus Procrustes rotation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 552-566.
    • (1996) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.70 , pp. 552-566
    • McCrae, R.R.1    Zonderman, A.B.2    Costa, P.T.3    Bond, M.H.4    Paunonen, S.5
  • 46
    • 12844250648 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Semiconfirmatory factory analysis: The example of anxiety and depression
    • McDonald, R. P. (2005). Semiconfirmatory factory analysis: The example of anxiety and depression. Structural Equation Modeling, 12, 163-172.
    • (2005) Structural Equation Modeling , vol.12 , pp. 163-172
    • McDonald, R.P.1
  • 47
    • 34147110831 scopus 로고
    • Measurement invariance, factor analysis and factorial invariance
    • Meredith, W. (1993). Measurement invariance, factor analysis and factorial invariance, Psychometrika, 58, 525-543.
    • (1993) Psychometrika , vol.58 , pp. 525-543
    • Meredith, W.1
  • 48
    • 0345040656 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How to use a Monte Carlo study to decide on sample size and determine power
    • Muthén, B., & Muthén, L. (2002). How to use a Monte Carlo study to decide on sample size and determine power. Structural Equation Modeling, 4, 599-620.
    • (2002) Structural Equation Modeling , vol.4 , pp. 599-620
    • Muthén, B.1    Muthén, L.2
  • 50
    • 77549088868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Validation par analyse factorielle du Big Five Inventory français (BFI-Fr). Analyse convergente avec le NEO PI-R [Validation through factor analysis of the French Big Five Inventory (BFI-Fr). Convergent analysis with the NEO PI-R]
    • Plaisant, O., Courtois, R., Réveillère, C., Mendelsohn, G. A., & John, O. P. (2010). Validation par analyse factorielle du Big Five Inventory français (BFI-Fr). Analyse convergente avec le NEO PI-R [Validation through factor analysis of the French Big Five Inventory (BFI-Fr). Convergent analysis with the NEO PI-R]. Annales Médico-Psychologiques, 168, 97-106.
    • (2010) Annales Médico-Psychologiques , vol.168 , pp. 97-106
    • Plaisant, O.1    Courtois, R.2    Réveillère, C.3    Mendelsohn, G.A.4    John, O.P.5
  • 51
    • 84872703548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An investigation of the factor structure and convergent and discriminant validity of the five-factor model rating form
    • Samuel, D. B., Mullins-Sweatt, S. N., & Widiger, T. A. (2013). An investigation of the factor structure and convergent and discriminant validity of the Five-Factor Model Rating Form. Assessment, 20, 24-35.
    • (2013) Assessment , vol.20 , pp. 24-35
    • Samuel, D.B.1    Mullins-Sweatt, S.N.2    Widiger, T.A.3
  • 52
    • 33847072282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The geographic distribution of Big Five personality traits: Pattern and profiles of human self-description across 56 nations
    • Schmitt, D. P., Allik, J., McCrae, R. R., & Benet-Martínez, V. (2007). The geographic distribution of Big Five personality traits: Pattern and profiles of human self-description across 56 nations. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 38, 173-212.
    • (2007) Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology , vol.38 , pp. 173-212
    • Schmitt, D.P.1    Allik, J.2    McCrae, R.R.3    Benet-Martínez, V.4
  • 53
    • 38649086382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why can't a man be more like a woman? Sex differences in Big Five personality traits across 55 cultures
    • Schmitt, D. P., Realo, A., Voracek, M., & Allik, J. (2008). Why can't a man be more like a woman? Sex differences in Big Five personality traits across 55 cultures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94, 168-182.
    • (2008) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.94 , pp. 168-182
    • Schmitt, D.P.1    Realo, A.2    Voracek, M.3    Allik, J.4
  • 54
    • 61449136827 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reliability beyond theory and into practice
    • Sijtsma, K. (2009). Reliability beyond theory and into practice. Psychometrika, 74, 169-173.
    • (2009) Psychometrika , vol.74 , pp. 169-173
    • Sijtsma, K.1
  • 55
    • 58549119949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ten facet scales for the Big Five Inventory: Convergence with NEO PI-R facets, self-peer agreement, and discriminant validity
    • Soto, C. J., & John, O. P. (2009). Ten facet scales for the Big Five Inventory: Convergence with NEO PI-R facets, self-peer agreement, and discriminant validity. Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 84-90.
    • (2009) Journal of Research in Personality , vol.43 , pp. 84-90
    • Soto, C.J.1    John, O.P.2
  • 56
    • 84933054527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychometric properties of the Italian adaptation of the Big Five Inventory (BFI)
    • Ubbiali, A., Chiorri, C., Hampton, P., & Donati, D. (2013). Psychometric properties of the Italian adaptation of the Big Five Inventory (BFI). Bollettino di Psicologia Applicata, 266, 37-46.
    • (2013) Bollettino di Psicologia Applicata , vol.266 , pp. 37-46
    • Ubbiali, A.1    Chiorri, C.2    Hampton, P.3    Donati, D.4
  • 57
    • 57349093795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An analysis of the relation between personality and the attractiveness of total rewards components
    • Vandenberghe, C., St-Onge, S., & Robineau, É. (2008). An analysis of the relation between personality and the attractiveness of total rewards components. Relations Industrielles/Industrial Relations, 63, 425-453.
    • (2008) Relations Industrielles/Industrial Relations , vol.63 , pp. 425-453
    • Vandenberghe, C.1    St-Onge, S.2    Robineau, E.3
  • 58
    • 0031501799 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Validation of the NEO Personality Inventory and the five-factor model: Can findings from exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis be reconciled?
    • Vassend, O., & Skrondal, A. (1997). Validation of the NEO Personality Inventory and the five-factor model: Can findings from exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis be reconciled? European Journal of Personality, 11, 147-166.
    • (1997) European Journal of Personality , vol.11 , pp. 147-166
    • Vassend, O.1    Skrondal, A.2
  • 59
    • 45749136205 scopus 로고
    • Component analysis vs. Common factor analysis: Some further observations
    • Velicer, W. F., & Jackson, D. N. (1990). Component analysis vs. common factor analysis: Some further observations. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 25, 95-112.
    • (1990) Multivariate Behavioral Research , vol.25 , pp. 95-112
    • Velicer, W.F.1    Jackson, D.N.2
  • 60
    • 84874482579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stability and change in the big five personality domains: Evidence from a longitudinal study of Australians
    • Wortman, J., Lucas, R. E., & Donnellan, M. B. (2012). Stability and change in the big five personality domains: Evidence from a longitudinal study of Australians. Psychology and Aging, 27, 867-874.
    • (2012) Psychology and Aging , vol.27 , pp. 867-874
    • Wortman, J.1    Lucas, R.E.2    Donnellan, M.B.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.