Indirect leakage leads to a failure of avoided loss biodiversity offsetting

Journal of Applied Ecology

Volumn 53, Issue 1, 2016, Pages 106-111

  Moilanen, Atte ^a   Laitila, Jussi ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI   (Finland)

Author keywords

Activity shifting; Averted risk; Biodiversity offsetting; Displacement; Habitat bank; Limited loss offsetting; No net loss; Offset ratio; Secondary leakage; Sustainability

Indexed keywords

BIODIVERSITY; COMMODITY MARKET; COMPENSATION SYSTEM; CONSUMPTION BEHAVIOR; ECOSYSTEM SERVICE; POPULATION SIZE; SUSTAINABILITY;

EID: 84953749766     PISSN: 00218901     EISSN: 13652664     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12565     Document Type: Article

References (26)

1. Aukland, L., Costa, P.M. & Brown, S. (2003) A conceptual framework and its application for addressing leakage on avoided deforestation projects. Climate Policy, 3, 123-136.
2. BBOP (2013) To No Net Loss and Beyond: An Overview of the Business and Biodiversity Offsets Programme (BBOP), BBOP, Washington, D.C.
3. BBOP (Business and Biodiversity Offsets Programme) (2012) Guidance Notes to the Standard on Biodiversity Offsets, Washington, D.C.
4. Bull, J.W., Suttle, K.B., Gordon, A., Singh, N.J. & Milner-Gulland, E.J. (2013) Biodiversity offsets in theory and practice. Oryx, 3, 269-380.
5. Bull, J.W., Gordon, A., Law, E.A., Suttle, K.B. & Milner-Gulland, E.J. (2014) Importance of baseline specification in conservation intervention and achieving no net loss of biodiversity. Conservation Biology, 28, 799-809.
6. Ewers, R.M. & Rodrigues, A.S.L. (1998) Estimates of reserve effectiveness are confounded by leakage. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 23, 113-116.
7. Gardner, T.A., von Hase, A., Brownlie, S., Ekstrom, J.M.M., Pilgrim, J.D., Savy, C.E. et al. (2013) Biodiversity offsets and the challenge of achieving no net loss. Conservation Biology, 27, 1254-1264.
8. Gibbons, D. & Lindenmayer, D.B. (2007) Offsets for land clearing: no net loss or the tail wagging the dog? Ecological Management and Restoration, 8, 26-31.
9. Gordon, A., Bull, J.W., Wilcox, C. & Maron, M. (2015) Perverse incentives risk undermining biodiversity offset policies. Journal of Applied Ecology, 52, 532-537.
10. Harrison, M.E. & Paoli, G.D. (2012) Managing the risk of biodiversity leakage from prioritising REDD+ in the most carbon-rich forests: the case study of peat-swamp forests in Kalimantan, Indonesia. Tropical Conservation Science, 5, 426-433.
11. Hayes, J. D. (2014) Addressing the environmental impacts of large infrastructure projects: making "mitigation" matter. Environmental Law Reporter, 44, 10016-10021.
12. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) (2014) Biodiversity Offsets Technical Study Paper. Gland, Switzerland.
13. IUCN/UNEP (2010) http://www.cbd.int/. Accessed 23/03/2015.
14. Kiesecker, J.M., Copeland, H., Pocewicz, A., Nibbelink, N., McKenney, B., Dahlke, J., Holloran, M. & Stroud, D. (2009) A framework for implementing biodiversity offsets: selecting sites and determining scale. BioScience, 59, 77-84.
15. Laitila, J., Moilanen, A. & Pouzols, F.M. (2014) A method for calculating minimum biodiversity offset multipliers accounting for time discounting, additionally and permanence. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 5, 1247-1254.
16. Lee, R. (2011) The outlook for population growth. Science, 333, 569-573.
17. Maron, M., Dunn, P.K., McAlpine, C.A. & Apan, A. (2010) Can offsets really compensate for habitat removal? The case of the endangered red-tailed black-cockatoo. Journal of Applied Ecology, 47, 348-355.
18. Maron, M., Hobbs, R.J., Moilanen, A., Matthews, J.W., Christie, K., Gardner, T.A., Keith, D., Lindenmayer, D.B. & McAlpine, C.A. (2012) Faustian bargains? Restoration realities in the context of biodiversity offset policies. Biological Conservation, 155, 141-148.
19. Moilanen, A. (2013) Planning impact avoidance and biodiversity offsetting using software for spatial conservation prioritization. Wildlife Research, 40, 153-162.
20. Moilanen, A., van Teeffelen, A.J.A., Ben-Haim, Y. & Ferrier, S. (2009) How much compensation is enough? A framework for incorporating uncertainty and time discounting when calculating offset ratios for impacted habitat. Restoration Ecology, 17, 470-478.
21. Olander, J. & Ebeling, J. (2011) Building forest carbon projects: step-by-step overview and guide. Building Forest Carbon Projects (eds J. Ebeling & J. Olander ), Forest Trends, Washington, DC.
22. van Oosterzee, P., Blignaut, J. & Bradshaw, C.J.A. (2012) iREDD hedges against avoided deforestation's unholy trinity of leakage, permanence and additionality. Conservation Letters, 5, 266-273.
23. Quétier, F., Regnery, B. & Levrel, H. (2014) No net loss of biodiversity or paper offsets? A critical review of the French no net loss policy. Environmental Science & Policy, 38, 120-131.
24. Tittensor, D., Walpole, M., Hill, S.L.L., Boyce, D.G., Britten, G.L., Burgess, N.D. et al. (2014) A mid-term analysis of progress toward international biodiversity targets. Science, 346, 241-244.
25. Verified Carbon Standard (VCS) (2013) http://www.v-c-s.org/. Accessed 23/03/2015.
26. Virah-Sawmy, M., Ebeling, J. & Taplin, R. (2014) Mining and biodiversity offsets: a transparent and science-based approach to measure "no-net-loss". Journal of Environmental Management, 143, 61-70.