Burden of vaccine preventable diseases at large events

Vaccine

Volumn 33, Issue 48, 2015, Pages 6552-6563

  Alqahtani, Amani S ^a,b   Alfelali, Mohammad ^a,c   Arbon, Paul ^d   Booy, Robert ^a,e   Rashid, Harunor ^a,e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

^c KING ABDULAZIZ UNIVERSITY   (Saudi Arabia)

^d FLINDERS UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^e University of Sydney   (Australia)

Author keywords

Cholera; Influenza; Mass gathering; Measles; Respiratory infections; Vaccine preventable diseases

Indexed keywords

VACCINE;

CHOLERA; DISEASES; EPIDEMIC; HEPATITIS A; HUMAN; INFECTION RISK; INFLUENZA; MASS GATHERING; MEASLES; MENINGOCOCCOSIS; PERTUSSIS; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RELIGION; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION; REVIEW; SEASONAL INFLUENZA; SOCIETY; SPORTING EVENT; TUBERCULOSIS; VACCINATION; VACCINE PREVENTABLE DISEASE; COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL; COMMUNICABLE DISEASES; COST OF ILLNESS; DISEASE OUTBREAKS; ECONOMICS; INFLUENZA, HUMAN; ISLAM; LEISURE; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; TRANSMISSION; TRAVEL; WHOOPING COUGH;

CHOLERA; COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL; COMMUNICABLE DISEASES; COST OF ILLNESS; DISEASE OUTBREAKS; HOLIDAYS; HUMANS; INFLUENZA, HUMAN; ISLAM; MEASLES; TRAVEL; VACCINATION; WHOOPING COUGH;

EID: 84951566720     PISSN: 0264410X     EISSN: 18732518     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.09.076     Document Type: Review

References (102)

1. World Health Organization Communicable disease alert and response for mass gatherings - key considerations 2008, 32-33. WHO, Geneva.
2. Memish Z.A., Assiri A., Turkestani A., Yezli S., Al Masri M., Charrel R., et al. Mass gathering and globalization of respiratory pathogens during the 2013 Hajj. Clin Microbiol Infect 2015, 21:571.e1-571.e8.
3. Al-Tawfiq J.A., Memish Z.A. Mass gathering medicine: 2014 Hajj and Umra preparation as a leading example. Int J Infect Dis 2014, 27:26-31.
4. Memish Z.A. The Hajj: communicable and non-communicable health hazards and current guidance for pilgrims. Euro Surveill 2010, 15:19671.
5. Charrel R.N. Hajj, Umrah, and other mass gatherings: which pathogens do you expect? Beware of the tree that hides the forest!. Travel Med Infect Dis 2014, 12:418-419.
6. Haworth E., Barasheed O., Memish Z.A., Rashid H., Booy R. Prevention of influenza at Hajj: applications for mass gatherings. J R Soc Med 2013, 106:215-223.
7. Blyth C.C., Foo H., van Hal S.J., Hurt A.C., Barr I.G., McPhie K., et al. Influenza outbreaks during World Youth Day 2008 mass gathering. Emerg Infect Dis 2010, 16:809-815.
8. Lim H.C., Cutter J., Lim W.K., Ee A., Wong Y.C., Tay B.K. The influenza A (H1N1-2009) experience at the inaugural Asian Youth Games Singapore 2009: mass gathering during a developing pandemic. Br J Sports Med 2010, 44:528-532.
9. Gundlapalli A.V., Rubin M.A., Samore M.H., Lopansri B., Lahey T., McGuire H.L., et al. Influenza, Winter Olympiad, 2002. Emerg Infect Dis 2006, 12:144-146.
10. Sridhar S., Gautret P., Brouqui P. A comprehensive review of the Kumbh Mela: identifying risks for spread of infectious diseases. Clin Microbiol Infect 2015, 21:128-133.
11. Abubakar I., Gautret P., Brunette G.W., Blumberg L., Johnson D., Poumerol G., et al. Global perspectives for prevention of infectious diseases associated with mass gatherings. Lancet Infect Dis 2012, 12:66-74.
12. Ahmed Q.A., Arabi Y.M., Memish Z.A. Health risks at the Hajj. Lancet 2006, 367:1008-1015.
13. Memish Z.A., Stephens G.M., Steffen R., Ahmed Q.A. Emergence of medicine for mass gatherings: lessons from the Hajj. Lancet Infect Dis 2012, 12:56-65.
14. Gatrad A.R., Shafi S., Memish Z.A., Sheikh A. Hajj and the risk of influenza. BMJ 2006, 333:1182-1183.
15. Shafi S., Booy R., Haworth E., Rashid H., Memish Z.A. Hajj: health lessons for mass gatherings. J Infect Public Health 2008, 1:27-32.
16. Perret C., Weitzel T. Recommendations for Chilean travelers to the FIFA World Cup 2014 in Brazil. Rev Chilena Infectol 2014, 31:207-208.
17. Memish Z., Al Rabeeah A. Health conditions for travellers to Saudi Arabia for the Umra and pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj) - 2014. J Epidemiol Glob Health 2014, 4:73-75.
18. Alqahtani A.S., Rashid H., Heywood A.E. Vaccinations against respiratory tract infections at Hajj. Clin Microbiol Infect 2015, 21:115-127.
19. Watson G. Quarantine and the Mecca pilgrimage - the growth of an idea. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1938, 32:107-112.
20. Gautret P., Benkouiten S., Sridhar S., Al-Tawfiq J.A., Memish Z.A. Diarrhea at the Hajj and Umrah. Travel Med Infect Dis 2015, 13:159-166.
21. Costa-Casaretto C. The first and unique epidemics of cholera in Chile (1886-1888). Rev Med Chil 1991, 119:481-484.
22. Omar W. The Mecca pilgrimage; its epidemiological significance and control. Postgrad Med J 1952, 28:269-274.
23. Mackie J. Cholera at Mecca and quarantine in Egypt. Br Med J 1893, 2:222-223.
24. Anon. Cholera and the Meccan Pilgrimage. Br Med J 1895, 1:1218-1219.
25. Wilder-Smith A., Memish Z. Meningococcal disease and travel. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2003, 21:102-106.
26. Moore P.S., Reeves M.W., Schwartz B., Gellin B.G., Broome C.V. Intercontinental spread of an epidemic group A Neisseria meningitidis strain. Lancet 1989, 2:260-263.
27. Jones D.M., Sutcliffe E.M. Group A meningococcal disease in England associated with the Haj. J Infect 1990, 21:21-25.
28. Novelli V.M., Lewis R.G., Dawood S.T. Epidemic group A meningococcal disease in Haj pilgrims. Lancet 1987, 2:863.
29. Aguilera J.F., Perrocheau A., Meffre C., Hahne S. Outbreak of serogroup W135 meningococcal disease after the Hajj pilgrimage, Europe, 2000. Emerg Infect Dis 2002, 8:761-767.
30. Lingappa J.R., Al-Rabeah A.M., Hajjeh R., Mustafa T., Fatani A., Al-Bassam T., et al. Serogroup W-135 meningococcal disease during the Hajj, 2000. Emerg Infect Dis 2003, 9:665-671.
31. Klaber R., Booy R., El Bashir H., Mifsud A., Taylor S. Sustained outbreak of W135 meningococcal disease in east London, UK. Lancet 2002, 360:644.
32. Jeddi M., Salah N.B., Ennaifar M., Redjeb S.B., Boujnah A. A serological study of respiratory infections in pilgrims to Mecca. Tunis Med 1978, 56:345-352.
33. Al-Enezy F.M., Al-Mazroa M., Choudhry A.J., Al-Hamdan N., Azhar E. Distribution of influenza virus during Hajj season 1426 Hijri (2005 G). Saudi Epidemiology Bulletin 2006, 13:10-13.
34. Alborzi A., Aelami M.H., Ziyaeyan M., Jamalidoust M., Moeini M., Pourabbas B., et al. Viral etiology of acute respiratory infections among Iranian Hajj pilgrims, 2006. J Travel Med 2009, 16:239-242.
35. Annan A., Owusu M., Marfo K.S., Larbi R., Sarpong F.N., Adu-Sarkodie Y., et al. High prevalence of common respiratory viruses and no evidence of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus in Hajj pilgrims returning to Ghana, 2013. Trop Med Int Health 2015, 20:807-812.
36. Ashshi A., Azhar E., Johargy A., Asghar A., Momenah A., Turkestani A., et al. Demographic distribution and transmission potential of influenza A and 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 in pilgrims. J Infect Dev Ctries 2014, 8:1169-1175.
37. Balkhy H.H., Memish Z.A., Bafaqeer S., Almuneef M.A. Influenza a common viral infection among Hajj pilgrims: time for routine surveillance and vaccination. J Travel Med 2004, 11:82-86.
38. Barasheed O., Rashid H., Alfelali M., Tashani M., Azeem M., Bokhary H., et al. Viral respiratory infections among Hajj pilgrims in 2013. Virol Sin 2014, 29:364-371.
39. Benkouiten S., Charrel R., Belhouchat K., Drali T., Nougairede A., Salez N., et al. Respiratory viruses and bacteria among pilgrims during the 2013 Hajj. Emerg Infect Dis 2014, 20:1821-1827.
40. El Bashir H., Haworth E., Zambon M., Shafi S., Zuckerman J., Booy R. Influenza among U.K. pilgrims to hajj, 2003. Emerg Infect Dis 2004, 10:1882-1883.
41. El-Sheikh S.M., El-Assouli S.M., Mohammed K.A., Albar M. Bacteria and viruses that cause respiratory tract infections during the pilgrimage (Haj) season in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Trop Med Int Health 1998, 3:205-209.
42. Memish Z.A., Almasri M., Turkestani A., Al-Shangiti A.M., Yezli S. Etiology of severe community-acquired pneumonia during the 2013 Hajj-part of the MERS-CoV surveillance program. Int J Infect Dis 2014, 25:186-190.
43. Memish Z.A., Assiri A.M., Hussain R., Alomar I., Stephens G. Detection of respiratory viruses among pilgrims in Saudi Arabia during the time of a declared influenza A(H1N1) pandemic. J Travel Med 2012, 19:15-21.
44. Moattari A., Emami A., Moghadami M., Honarvar B. Influenza viral infections among the Iranian Hajj pilgrims returning to Shiraz, Fars province, Iran. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2012, 6:e77-e79.
45. Rashid H., Shafi S., Booy R., El Bashir H., Ali K., Zambon M., et al. Influenza and respiratory syncytial virus infections in British Hajj pilgrims. Emerg Health Threats J 2008, 1:e2.
46. Rashid H., Shafi S., Haworth E., El Bashir H., Memish Z.A., Sudhanva M., et al. Viral respiratory infections at the Hajj: comparison between UK and Saudi pilgrims. Clin Microbiol Infect 2008, 14:569-574.
47. Ziyaeyan M., Alborzi A., Jamalidoust M., Moeini M., Pouladfar G.R., Pourabbas B., et al. Pandemic 2009 influenza A (H1N1) infection among 2009 Hajj Pilgrims from Southern Iran: a real-time RT-PCR-based study. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2012, 6:e80-e84.
48. Benkouiten S., Charrel R., Belhouchat K., Drali T., Salez N., Nougairede A., et al. Circulation of respiratory viruses among pilgrims during the 2012 Hajj pilgrimage. Clin Infect Dis 2013, 57(7):992-1000.
49. Aberle J.H., Popow-Kraupp T., Kreidl P., Laferl H., Heinz F.X., Aberle S.W. Influenza A and B Viruses but Not MERS-CoV in Hajj Pilgrims, Austria, 2014. Emerg Infect Dis 2015, 21:726-727.
50. Aleflali M., Khandaker G., Booy R., Rashid H. Mismatching between circulating strains and vaccine strains of influenza: Effect on Hajj pilgrims from both hemispheres. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015, (in press).
51. Ridda I., King C., Rashid H. Pneumococcal infections at Hajj: current knowledge gaps. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2014, 14:177-184.
52. Alzeer A., Mashlah A., Fakim N., Al-Sugair N., Al-Hedaithy M., Al-Majed S., et al. Tuberculosis is the commonest cause of pneumonia requiring hospitalization during Hajj (pilgrimage to Makkah). J Infect 1998, 36:303-306.
53. Baharoon S., Al-Jahdali H., Al Hashmi J., Memish Z.A., Ahmed Q.A. Severe sepsis and septic shock at the Hajj: etiologies and outcomes. Travel Med Infect Dis 2009, 7:247-252.
54. Asghar A.H., Ashshi A.M., Azhar E.I., Bukhari S.Z., Zafar T.A., Momenah A.M. Profile of bacterial pneumonia during Hajj. Indian J Med Res 2011, 133:510-513.
55. Wilder-Smith A., Foo W., Earnest A., Paton N.I. High risk of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection during the Hajj pilgrimage. Trop Med Int Health 2005, 10:336-339.
56. Wilder-Smith A., Earnest A., Ravindran S., Paton N.I. High incidence of pertussis among Hajj pilgrims. Clin Infect Dis 2003, 37:1270-1272.
57. Rafiq S.M., Rashid H., Haworth E., Booy R. Hazards of hepatitis at the Hajj. Travel Med Infect Dis 2009, 7:239-246.
58. van Hal S.J., Foo H., Blyth C.C., McPhie K., Armstrong P., Sintchenko V., et al. Influenza outbreak during Sydney World Youth Day 2008: the utility of laboratory testing and case definitions on mass gathering outbreak containment. PLoS ONE 2009, 4:e6620.
59. Rogers L. The control of cholera epidemics in India by compulsory anticholera inoculation of pilgrims before travelling through infected districts to attend fairs. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1954, 48:42-49.
60. Bryceson A.D. Cholera, the flickering flame. Proc R Soc Med 1977, 70:363-365.
61. Schmid D., Holzmann H., Alfery C., Wallenko H., Popow-Kraupp T.H., Allerberger F. Mumps outbreak in young adults following a festival in Austria, 2006. Euro Surveill 2008, 13. pii: 8042.
62. Pfaff G., Lohr D., Santibanez S., Mankertz A., van Treeck U., Schonberger K., et al. Spotlight on measles 2010: measles outbreak among travellers returning from a mass gathering, Germany, September to October 2010. Euro Surveill 2010, 15. pii: 19750.
63. Ehresmann K.R., Hedberg C.W., Grimm M.B., Norton C.A., MacDonald K.L., Osterholm M.T. An outbreak of measles at an international sporting event with airborne transmission in a domed stadium. J Infect Dis 1995, 171:679-683.
64. Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC) Multistate measles outbreak associated with an international youth sporting event - Pennsylvania, Michigan, and Texas, August-September 2007. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2008, 57:169-173.
65. Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC). Public health dispatch: multistate outbreak of hepatitis A among young adult concert attendees - United States, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2003, 52:844-845.
66. Gutierrez I., Litzroth A., Hammadi S., Van Oyen H., Gerard C., Robesyn E., et al. Community transmission of influenza A (H1N1)v virus at a rock festival in Belgium, 2-5 July 2009. Euro Surveill 2009, 14. pii: 19294.
67. Grgic-Vitek M., Frelih T., Ucakar V., Fafangel M., Jordan Markocic O., Prosenc K., et al. An outbreak of measles associated with an international dog show in Slovenia, November 2014. Euro Surveill 2015, 20. pii: 21012.
68. McCarthy M. Measles outbreak linked to Disney theme parks reaches five states and Mexico. BMJ 2015, 350:h436.
69. Rainey J.J., Cheriyadat A., Radke R.J., Suzuki Crumly J., Koch D.B. Estimating contact rates at a mass gathering by using video analysis: a proof-of-concept project. BMC Public Health 2014, 14:1101.
70. Alfelali M., Rashid H. Prevalence of influenza at Hajj: is it correlated with vaccine uptake. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2014, 14:213-218.
71. Alfelali M., Barasheed O., Tashani M., Azeem M.I., Bashir H.E., Memish Z.A., et al. Changes in the prevalence of influenza-like illness and influenza vaccine uptake among Hajj pilgrims: a 10-year retrospective analysis of data. Vaccine 2015, 33:2562-2569.
72. Goncalves G., Castro L., Correia A.M., Queiros L. Infectious diseases surveillance activities in the north of Portugal, during the EURO 2004 football tournament. Euro Surveill 2005, 10:86-89.
73. Memish Z., Al Hakeem R., Al Neel O., Danis K., Jasir A., Eibach D. Laboratory-confirmed invasive meningococcal disease: effect of the Hajj vaccination policy, Saudi Arabia, 1995 to 2011. Euro Surveill 2013, 18. pii:20581.
74. Memish Z.A., Assiri A., Almasri M., Alhakeem R.F., Turkestani A., Al Rabeeah A.A., et al. Prevalence of MERS-CoV nasal carriage and compliance with the Saudi health recommendations among pilgrims attending the 2013 Hajj. J Infect Dis 2014, 210(7):1067-1072.
75. Rashid H., Booy R., Shafi S., Haworth E. Conjugate versus polysaccharide meningococcal vaccine. Lancet Infect Dis 2008, 8:215.
76. Rashid H., Khatami A., Haworth E., Booy R. Meningococcal vaccination and Hajj pilgrimage. Lancet 2015, 385:1072-1073.
77. Khalil M.K., Borrow R. Serogroup B meningococcal disease during Hajj: preparing for the worst scenario. Travel Med Infect Dis 2009, 7:231-234.
78. Jost M., Luzi D., Metzler S., Miran B., Mutsch M. Measles associated with international travel in the region of the Americas, Australia and Europe, 2001-2013: a systematic review. Travel Med Infect Dis 2015, 13:10-18.
79. Al-Shareef N.H., Turkistani A.M., Al-Hamdan N.A. Rubella outbreak amon police cadet training forces uring Hajj 1415 H. Saudi Epidemiol Bull 1995, 2:6-7.
80. Vortmann M., Balsari S., Holman S.R., Greenough P.G. Water, sanitation, and hygiene at the World's Largest Mass Gathering. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2015, 17:461.
81. Schenkel K., Williams C., Eckmanns T., Poggensee G., Benzler J., Josephsen J., et al. Enhanced surveillance of infectious diseases: the 2006 FIFA World Cup experience, Germany. Euro Surveill 2006, 11:234-238.
82. Al-Lami F., Al-Fatlawi A., Bloland P., Nawwar A., Jetheer A., Hantoosh H., et al. Pattern of morbidity and mortality in Karbala hospitals during Ashura mass gathering at Karbala, Iraq, 2010. East Mediterr Health J 2013, 19(Suppl. 2):S13-S18.
83. Bereket-Yucel S. Risk of hepatitis B infections in Olympic wrestling. Br J Sports Med 2007, 41:306-310.
84. Al-Tawfiq J.A., Memish Z.A. Potential risk for drug resistance globalization at the Hajj. Clin Microbiol Infect 2015, 21:109-114.
85. Asghar A.H. Frequency and antibiotic susceptibility of gram-positive bacteria in Makkah hospitals. Ann Saudi Med 2011, 31:462-468.
86. Barnett E.D., Klein J.O., Teele D.W. Pneumococcal vaccine for Olympic athletes and visitors to Spain. N Engl J Med 1992, 326:1572.
87. Dagan R., Klugman K.P. Impact of conjugate pneumococcal vaccines on antibiotic resistance. Lancet Infect Dis 2008, 8:785-795.
88. Pane M., Imari S., Alwi Q., Nyoman Kandun I., Cook A.R., Samaan G. Causes of mortality for Indonesian Hajj Pilgrims: comparison between routine death certificate and verbal autopsy findings. PLoS ONE 2013, 8:e73243.
89. Mandourah Y., Al-Radi A., Ocheltree A.H., Ocheltree S.R., Fowler R.A. Clinical and temporal patterns of severe pneumonia causing critical illness during Hajj. BMC Infect Dis 2012, 12:117.
90. Siddique A.K., Cash R. Cholera outbreaks in the classical biotype era. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2014, 379:1-16.
91. al-Gahtani Y.M., el Bushra H.E., al-Qarawi S.M., al-Zubaidi A.A., Fontaine R.E. Epidemiological investigation of an outbreak of meningococcal meningitis in Makkah (Mecca), Saudi Arabia, 1992. Epidemiol Infect 1995, 115:399-409.
92. Kandeel A., Deming M., Elkreem E.A., El-Refay S., Afifi S., Abukela M., et al. Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 and Hajj Pilgrims who received Predeparture Vaccination, Egypt. Emerg Infect Dis 2011, 17:1266-1268.
93. Memish Z.A., Ebrahim S.H., Ahmed Q.A., Deming M., Assiri A. Pandemic H1N1 influenza at the 2009 Hajj: understanding the unexpectedly low H1N1 burden. J R Soc Med 2010, 103:386.
94. Shaw M.T., Leggat P.A., Borwein S. Travelling to china for the beijing 2008 olympic and paralympic games. Travel Med Infect Dis 2007, 5:365-373.
95. Dreyfus A., Marfurt J., Birrer A., Matter H.C., Raeber P.A. Preparations for the European football championship (EURO 2008) in Switzerland. Euro Surveill 2008, 13(22.). pii: 18892.
96. Leggat P.A., Shaw M.T., Toovey S. Travelling to South Africa for the 2010 FIFA world cup. Travel Med Infect Dis 2010, 8:74-78.
97. Zuckerman J.N., Broker M., Worth C. 2010 FIFA world cup South Africa: travel health issues and new options for protection against meningococcal disease. Travel Med Infect Dis 2010, 8:68-73.
98. Gallego V., Berberian G., Lloveras S., Verbanaz S., Chaves T.S., Orduna T., et al. The 2014 FIFA World Cup: communicable disease risks and advice for visitors to Brazil - a review from the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI). Travel Med Infect Dis 2014, 12:208-218.
99. Wilson M.E., Chen L.H. Health risks among travelers to Brazil: implications for the 2014 FIFA World Cup and 2016 Olympic Games. Travel Med Infect Dis 2014, 12:205-207.
100. Bateman C. Haj threat creates huge fraud potential. S Afr Med J 2002, 92:178-179.
101. Wilder-Smith A., Boudville I., Earnest A., Heng S.L., Bock H.L. Knowledge, attitude, and practices with regard to adult pertussis vaccine booster in travelers. J Travel Med 2007, 14:145-150.
102. Barasheed O., Rashid H., Heron L., Ridda I., Haworth E., Nguyen-Van-Tam J., et al. Influenza vaccination among Australian Hajj pilgrims: uptake, attitudes, and barriers. J Travel Med 2014, 21:384-390.