Anesthesia for laparoscopic and robotic surgeries

Clinical Anesthesia: Seventh Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages

  Joshi, Girish P ^a   Cunningham, Anthony ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SOUTHWESTERN MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b PERDANA UNIVERSITY   (Malaysia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84950237194     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (147)

1. Anesthesia for minimally invasive surgery: Laparoscopy, thoracoscopy and hysteroscopy. In: Joshi GP, ed. Anesthesiology Clinics of North America. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 2001.
2. Joshi GP. Anesthesia for laparoscopic surgery. Can J Anaesth. 2002;49(6):R1-R5.
3. Mack MJ. Minimally invasive and robotic surgery. JAMA. 2001;285:568-572.
4. Hanly EJ, Talamini MA. Robotic abdominal surgery. Am J Surg. 2004;188:1 9S-26S.
5. Finkelstein J, Eckersberger E, Sadri H, et al. Open versus laparoscopic versus robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy: The European and US experience. Rev Urol. 2010;12:35-43.
6. Weinberg L, Rao S, Escobar PE. Robotic surgery in gynecology: An updated systematic review. Obstet Gynecol Int. 2011;2011:852061.
7. Gurusamy KS, Junnarkar S, Farouk M, et al. Day-case versus overnight stay for laparoscopic cholecystectomy [review]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008(3):CD006798.
8. Gurusamy K, Junnarkar S, Farouk M, et al. Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on the safety and effectiveness of day-case laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Br J Surg. 2008;95:161-168.
9. Thomas H, Agrawal S. Systematic review of day-case laparoscopic fundoplication. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 2011;21:781-788.
10. Thomas H, Agrawal S. Systematic review of same-day laparoscopic adjustable gastric band surgery. Obes Surg. 2011;21:805-810.
11. Thomas H, Agrawal S. Systematic review of 23-hour (outpatient) stay laparoscopic gastric bypass surgery. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 2011;21:677-681.
12. Walter CJ, Collin J, Dumville JC, et al. Enhanced recovery in colorectal resections: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Colorectal Dis. 2009;11:344-353.
13. Gurusamy KS, Samraj K, Davidson BR. Abdominal lift for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(2):CD006574.
14. O'Malley C, Cunningham AJ. Physiologic changes during laparoscopy. Anesthesiol Clin North America. 2001;19:1-19.
15. Gutt CN, Oniu T, Mehrabi A, et al. Circulatory and respiratory complications of carbon dioxide insufflation. Dig Surg. 2004;21:95-105.
16. Sammour T, Mittal A, Loveday BP, et al. Systematic review of oxidative stress associated with pneumoperitoneum. Br J Surg. 2009;96:836-850.
17. O'Leary E, Hubbard K, Tormey W, et al. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy: Haemodynamic and neuroendocrine responses after pneumoperitoneum and changes in position. Br J Anaesth. 1996;76:640-644.
18. Gannedahl P, Odelberg S, Brodin LA, et al. Effects of posture and pneumoperitoneum during anesthesia on the indices of left ventricular filling. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1996;40:160-166.
19. Hein HAT, Joshi GP, Ramsay MAE, et al. Hemodynamic changes during laparoscopic cholecystectomy in patients with severe cardiopulmonary disease. J Clin Anesth. 1997;9:261-265.
20. Nguyen NT, Wolfe BM. The physiologic effects of pneumoperitoneum in the morbidly obese. Ann Surg. 2005;241:219-226.
21. Meininger D, Zwissler B, Byhahn C, et al. Impact of overweight and pneumoperitoneum on hemodynamics and oxygenation during prolonged laparoscopic surgery. World J Surg. 2006;30:520-526.
22. Harris SN, Ballantyne GH, Luther MA, et al. Alterations of cardiovascular performance during laparoscopic colectomy: A combined hemodynamic and echocardiographic analysis. Anesth Analg. 1996;83:482-487.
23. Talamini MA, Mendoza-Sagaon M, Gitzelmann CA, et al. Increased mediastinal pressure and decreased cardiac output during laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication. Surgery. 1997;122:345-352.
24. Farlo J, Thawgathurai D, Mikhail M, et al. Cardiac tamponade during laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 1998;15:246.
25. Meininger D, Westphal K, Bremerich DH, et al. Effects of posture and prolonged pneumoperitoneum on hemodynamic parameters during laparoscopy. World J Surg. 2008;32:1400-1405.
26. Falabella A, Moore-Jeffries E, Sullivan M, et al. Cardiac function during steep Trendelenburg position and CO2 pneumoperitoneum for robotic-assisted prostatectomy: A transesophageal Doppler probe study. Int J Med Robotics Comput Assist Surg. 2007;3:312-315.
27. Kalmar AF, Foubert L, Hendrickx JFA, et al. Influence of steep Trendelenburg position and CO2 pneumoperitoneum on cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and respiratory homeostasis during robotic prostatectomy. Br J Anaesth. 2010;104:433-439.
28. Lestar M, Gunnarsson L, Lagerstrand L, et al. Hemodynamic perturbations during robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy in 45° Trendelenburg position. Anesth Analg. 2011;113:1069-1075.
29. McDougall EM, Monk TG, Wolf JS Jr, et al. The effect of prolonged pneumoperitoneum on renal function in an animal model. J Am Coll Surg. 1996;182:317-328.
30. Nguyen NT, Perez RV, Fleming N, et al. Effect of prolonged pneumoperitoneum on intraoperative urine output during laparoscopic gastric bypass. J Am Coll Surg. 2002;195:476-483.
31. Halverson A, Buchanan R, Jacobs L, et al. Evaluation of mechanism of increased intracranial pressure with insufflation. Surg Endosc. 1998;12:266-269.
32. Park EY, Koo BN, Min KT, et al. The effect of pneumoperitoneum in the steep Trendelenburg position on cerebral oxygenation. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2009;53:895-899.
33. Awad H, Santilli S, Ohr M, et al. The effects of steep Trendelenburg positioning on intraocular pressure during robotic radical prostatectomy. Anesth Analg. 2009;109:473-478.
34. Mullet CE, Viale JP, Sagnard PE, et al. Pulmonary CO2 elimination during surgical procedures using intra- or extraperitoneal CO2 insufflation. Anesth Analg. 1993;76:622-626.
35. Kadam PG, Marda M, Shah VR. Carbon dioxide absorption during laparoscopic donor nephrectomy: A comparison between retroperitoneal and transperitoneal approaches. Transplant Proc. 2008;40:1119-1121.
36. Kwak HJ, Jo YY, Lee KC, et al. Acid-base alterations during laparoscopic abdominal surgery: A comparison with laparotomy. Br J Anaesth. 2010;105:442-447.
37. Strang CM, Freden F, Maripuu E, et al. Ventilation-perfusion distributions and gas exchange during carbon dioxide-pneumoperitoneum in a porcine model. Br J Anaesth. 2010;105:691-697.
38. Schrijvers D, Mottrie A, Traen K, et al. Pulmonary gas exchange is well preserved during robot assisted surgery in steep Trendelenburg position. Acta Anaesthesiol Belg. 2009;60:229-233.
39. Joshi GP. Fast tracking in outpatient surgery. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2001; 14:635-639.
40. Smith I. Anesthesia for laparoscopy with emphasis on outpatient laparoscopy. Anesthesiol Clin North America. 2001;19:21-41.
41. Collins LM, Vaghadia H. Regional anesthesia for laparoscopy. Anesthesiol Clin North America. 2001;19:43-56.
42. Smith I, Joshi GP. The laryngeal mask airway for outpatient anesthesia. J Clin Anesth. 1993;5:22S-28S.
43. Joshi GP. The use of laryngeal mask airway devices in ambulatory anesthesia. Semin Anesth Perioperative Med Pain. 2001;20:257-263.
44. Joshi GP. Inhalational techniques in ambulatory anesthesia. Anesthesiol Clin North America. 2003;21:263-272.
45. Tonner PH, Scholz J. Total intravenous or balanced anaesthesia in ambulatory surgery? Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2000;13:631-636.
46. Smith I. Nitrous oxide in ambulatory anaesthesia: Does it have a place in day surgical anaesthesia or is it just a threat for personnel and the global environment? Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2006;19:592-596.
47. Sanders RD, Weimann J, Maze M. Biologic effects of nitrous oxide: A mechanistic and toxicologic review. Anesthesiology. 2008;109:707-722.
48. Peyton PJ, Chao I, Weinberg L, et al. Nitrous oxide diffusion and the second gas effect on emergence from anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 2011;114:596-602.
49. Leslie K, Myles PS, Chan MTV, et al. Nitrous oxide and long-term morbidity and mortality in the ENIGMA trial. Anesth Analg. 2010;112:387-393.
50. Taylor E, Feinstein R, White PF, et al. Anesthesia for laparoscopic cholecystectomy: Is nitrous oxide contraindicated? Anesthesiology. 1992;76:541-543.
51. Fernandez-Guisasola J, Gomez-Arnau JI, Cabrera Y, et al. Association between nitrous oxide and the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Anaesthesia. 2010;65:379-387.
52. Tramer M, Moore A, McQuay H. Omitting nitrous oxide in general anesthesia: Meta-analysis of intraoperative awareness and postoperative emesis in randomized controlled trials. Br J Anaesth. 1996;76:186-193.
53. Neuman GG, Sidebotham G, Negoianu E, et al. Laparoscopy explosion hazards with nitrous oxide. Anesthesiology. 1993;78:875-879.
54. Diemunsch PA, Van Dorsselaer T, Torp KD, et al. Calibrated pneumoperitoneal venting to prevent N2O accumulation in the CO2 pneumoperitoneum during laparoscopy with inhaled anesthesia: An experimental study in pigs. Anesth Analg. 2002;94:1014-1018.
55. Joshi GP. Multimodal analgesia techniques and postoperative rehabilitation. Anesthesiol Clin North America. 2005;23:185-202.
56. Jones RM, Detmer M, Hill AB, et al. Incidence of choledochoduodenal sphincter spasm during fentanyl-supplemented anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 1981;60:638-640.
57. Chassard D, Berrada K, Tournadre J, et al. The effects of neuromuscular block on peak airway pressure and abdominal elastance during pneumoperitoneum. Anesth Analg. 1996;82:525-527.
58. King M, Sujirattanawimol N, Danielson DR, et al. Requirements for muscle relaxants during radical retropubic prostatectomy. Anesthesiology. 2000;93: 1392-1397.
59. Gainsburg DM, Wax D, Reich DL, et al. Intraoperative management of robotic-assisted versus radical prostatectomy. JSLS. 2010;14:1-5.
60. Murphy GS, Brull SJ. Residual neuromuscular block: Lessons unlearned. Part I: Definitions, incidence, and adverse physiologic effects of residual neuromuscular block. Anesth Analg. 2010;111:120-128.
61. Brull SJ, Murphy GS. Residual neuromuscular block: Lessons unlearned. Part II: Methods to reduce the risks of residual weakness. Anesth Analg. 2010;111:129-140.
62. Plaud B, Debaene B, Donati F, et al. Residual paralysis after emergence from anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 2010;112:1013-1022.
63. Murphy GS, Szokol JW, Avram MJ, et al. Intraoperative acceleromyography monitoring reduces symptoms of muscle weakness and improves quality of recovery in the early postoperative period. Anesthesiology. 2011;115:946-954.
64. Tramer MR, Fuchs-Buder T. Omitting antagonism of neuromuscular block: Effect on postoperative nausea and vomiting and risk of residual paralysis. A systematic review. Br J Anaesth. 1999;82:379-386.
65. Cheng CR, Sessler DI, Apfel CC. Does neostigmine administration produce a clinically important increase in postoperative nausea and vomiting? Anesth Analg. 2005;101:1349-1355.
66. Fuchs-Buder T, Meistelman C, Alla F, et al. Antagonism of low degrees of atracurium-induced neuromuscular blockade. Dose-effect relationship for neostigmine. Anesthesiology. 2010;112:34-60.
67. Gertler R, Joshi GP. Modern understanding of intraoperative mechanical ventilation in normal and diseased lungs. Adv Anesth. 2010;28:15-33.
68. Meininger D, Byhahn C, Mierdl S, et al. Positive end-expiratory pressure improves arterial oxygenation during prolonged pneumoperitoneum. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2005;49:778-783.
69. Futier E, Constantin JM, Pelosi P, et al. Intraoperative recruitment maneuver reverses detrimental pneumoperitoneum-induced respiratory effects in healthy weight and obese patients undergoing laparoscopy. Anesthesiology. 2010;113:1310-1319.
70. Hager H, Reddy D, Mandadi G, et al. Hypercapnia improves tissue oxygenation in morbidly obese surgical patients. Anesth Analg. 2006;103:677-681.
71. Fleischmann E, Herbst F, Kugener A, et al. Mild hypercapnia increases subcutaneous and colonic oxygen tension in patients given 80% inspired oxygen during abdominal surgery. Anesthesiology. 2006;104:944-949.
72. Montenij LJ, de Waal E, Buhre WF. Arterial waveform analysis in anesthesia and critical care. Curr Opin Anesthesiol. 2011;24:651-656.
73. Thiele RH, Durieux ME. Arterial waveform analysis for the anesthesiologist: Past, present, and future concepts. Anesth Analg. 2011;113:766-776.
74. Grocott HP. Avoid hypotension and hypoxia: An old anesthetic adage with renewed relevance from cerebral oximetry monitoring. Can J Anaesth. 2011; 58:697-702.
75. Murkin JM, Arango M. Near-infrared spectroscopy as an index of brain and tissue oxygenation. Br J Anaesth. 2009;103(suppl 1):i3-i13.
76. Highton D, Elwell C, Smith M. Noninvasive cerebral oximetry: Is there light at the end of the tunnel? Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2010;23:576-581.
77. Joshi GP. Intraoperative fluid restriction improves outcome after major elective gastrointestinal surgery. Anesth Analg. 2005;101:601-605.
78. Jacob M, Chappell D, Rehm M. Perioperative fluid administration: Another form of "work-life balance." Anesthesiology. 2011;114:483-484.
79. Holte K, Klarskov B, Christensen DS, et al. Liberal versus restrictive fluid administration to improve recovery after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. A randomized, double-blind study. Ann Surg. 2004;240:892-899.
80. Vincent JL. Let's give some fluid and see what happens versus the mini-fluid challenge. Anesthesiology. 2011;115:455-456.
81. Gan TJ, Meyer TA, Apfel CC, et al. Society for ambulatory anesthesia guidelines for the management of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesth Analg. 2007;105:1615-1628.
82. Melton MS, Klein SM, Gan TJ. Management of postdischarge nausea and vomiting after ambulatory surgery. Curr Opin Anesthesiol. 2011;24:612-619.
83. Le TP, Gan TJ. Update on the management of postoperative nausea and vomiting and postdischarge nausea and vomiting in ambulatory surgery. Anesthesiol Clin. 2010;28:225-249.
84. Diemunsch P, Joshi GP, Brichant JF. Neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists in the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Br J Anaesth. 2009;103:7-13.
85. George E, Hornuss C, Apfel CC. Neurokinin-1 and novel serotonin antagonists for postoperative and postdischarge nausea and vomiting. Curr Opin Anesthesiol. 2010;23:714-721.
86. Veldkamp R, Gholghesaei M, Bonjer HJ, et al. Laparoscopic resection of colon cancer: Consensus of the European Association of Endoscopic Surgery (EAES). Surg Endosc. 2004;18:1163-1185.
87. Gurusamy KS, Samraj K, Davidson BR. Low pressure versus standard pressure pneumoperitoneum in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(2):CD006930.
88. Kehlet H, Gray AW, Bonnet F, on behalf of the PROSPECT Group. A procedure-specific systematic review and consensus recommendations for postoperative analgesia following laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Surg Endosc. 2005;19:1396-1415.
89. Gajraj NM, Joshi GP. Role of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors in postoperative pain management. Anesthesiol Clin North America. 2005;23:49-72.
90. McNicol ED, Tzortzopoulou A, Cepeda MS, et al. Single-dose intravenous paracetamol or propacetamol for prevention or treatment of postoperative pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth. 2011;106:764-775.
91. Ong CK, Seymour RA, Lirk P, et al. Combining paracetamol (acetaminophen) with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: A qualitative systematic review of analgesic efficacy for acute postoperative pain. Anesth Analg. 2010;110:1170-1179.
92. Maund E, McDaid C, Rice S, et al. Paracetamol and selective and non-selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the reduction in morphine-related side-effects after major surgery: A systematic review. Br J Anaesth. 2011;106: 292-297.
93. De Oliveira GS, Almeida MD, Benzon HT, et al. Perioperative single dose systemic dexamethasone for postoperative pain: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Anesthesiology. 2011;115:575-588.
94. Srinivasa S, Kahokehr AA, Yu T, et al. Preoperative glucocorticoid use in major abdominal surgery: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Ann Surg. 2011;254:183-191.
95. Laskowski K, Stirling A, McKay WP, et al. A systematic review of intravenous ketamine for postoperative analgesia. Can J Anaesth. 2011;58:911-923.
96. Moiniche S, Jorgensen H, Wetterslev J, et al. Local anesthetic infiltration for postoperative pain relief after laparoscopy: A qualitative and quantitative systematic review of intraperitoneal, port-site infiltration and mesosalpinx block. Anesth Analg. 2000;90:899-912.
97. Gupta A. Local anaesthesia for pain relief after laparoscopic cholecystectomy-a systematic review. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2005;19:275-292.
98. Thornton PC, Buggy DJ. Local anaesthetic wound infusion for acute postoperative pain: A viable option? Br J Anaesth. 2011;107:656-658.
99. Bonnet F, Berger J, Aveline C. Transversus abdominis block: What is its role in postoperative analgesia? Br J Anaesth. 2009;103:468-470.
100. Petersen PL, Mathiesen O, Torup H, et al. The transversus abdominis plane block: A valuable option for postoperative analgesia? A topical review. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2010;54:529-535.
101. Kahokehr A, Sammour T, Soop M, et al. Intraperitoneal use of local anaesthetic in laparoscopic cholecystectomy: Systematic review and metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci. 2010;17:637-656.
102. Kahokehr A, Sammour T, Srinivasa S, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of intraperitoneal local anaesthetic for pain reduction after laparoscopic gastric procedures. Br J Surg. 2011;98:29-36.
103. Bucciero M, Ingelmo PM, Fumagalli R, et al. Intraperitoneal ropivacaine nebulization for pain management after laparoscopic cholecystetcomy: Comparison with intraperitoneal instillation. Anesth Analg. 2011;113:1266-1271.
104. Marret E, Rolin M, Beaussier M, et al. Meta-analysis of intravenous lidocaine and postoperative recovery after abdominal surgery. Br J Surg. 2008;95:1331-1338.
105. McCarthy GC, Megalla SA, Habib AS. Impact of intravenous lidocaine infusion on postoperative analgesia and recovery from surgery. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Drugs. 2010;70:1149-1163.
106. Vigneault L, Turgeon AF, Cote D, et al. Perioperative intravenous lidocaine infusion for postoperative pain control: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Can J Anaesth. 2011;58:22-37.
107. Levy BF, Tilney HS, Dowson HMP, et al. A systematic review of postoperative analgesia following laparoscopic colorectal surgery. Colorectal Dis. 2010;12:5-15.
108. Meylan N, Elia N, Lysakowski C, et al. Benefit and risk of intrathecal morphine without local anaesthetic in patients undergoing major surgery: Meta-analysis of randomized trials. Br J Anaesth. 2009;102:156-167.
109. Christie IW, McCabe S. Major complications of epidural analgesia after surgery: Results of six-year survey. Anaesthesia. 2007;62:335-342.
110. Joshi GP. Complications of laparoscopic surgery. Anesthesiol Clin North America. 2001;19:89-105.
111. Coelho RF, Campos ACL, Costa MAR, et al. Complications of laparoscopic fundoplication in the elderly. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2003;13:6-10.
112. Pareek G, Hedican SP, Gee JR, et al. Meta-analysis of the complications of laparoscopic renal surgery: Comparison of procedures and techniques. J Urol. 2006;175:1208-1213.
113. Fischer B, Engel N, Fehr JL, et al. Complications of robotic assisted radical prostatectomy. World J Urol. 2008;26:595-602.
114. Coelho RF, Palmer KJ, Rocco B, et al. Early complication rates in a single-surgeon series of 2500 robotic-assisted radical prostatectomies: Report applying a standardized grading system. Eur Urol. 2010;57:945-957.
115. Lasser MS, Renzulli J II, Turini GA III, et al. An unbiased prospective report of perioperative complications of robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. J Urol. 2010;75:1083-1089.
116. Cheong MA, Kim YC, Park HK, et al. Paroxysmal tachycardia and hypertension with or without ventricular fibrillation during laparoscopic adrenalectomy: Two case reports in patients with noncatecholamine-secreting adrenocortical adenomas. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 1999;9:277.
117. Lobato EB, Paige GB, Brown MM, et al. Pneumoperitoneum as a risk factor for endobronchial intubation during laparoscopic gynecologic surgery. Anesth Analg. 1998;86:301.
118. Rajan GRC, Foroughi V. Mainstem bronchial obstruction during laparoscopic fundoplication. Anesth Analg. 1999;89:252.
119. Wolf JS, Monk TG, McDougall EM, et al. The extraperitoneal approach and subcutaneous emphysema are associated with greater absorption of carbon dioxide during laparoscopic renal surgery. J Urol. 1995;154:959.
120. Siu W, Seifman BD, Wolf JS Jr. Subcutaneous emphysema, pneumomediastinum and bilateral pneumothoraces after laparoscopic pyeloplasty. J Urol. 2003;170:1936-1937.
121. Stern JA, Nadler RB. Pneumothorax masked by subcutaneous emphysema after laparoscopic nephrectomy. J Endocrinol. 2004;18:457-458.
122. Hall D, Goldstein A, Tynan E, et al. Profound hypercarbia late in the course of laparoscopic cholecystectomy: Detection by continuous capnometry. Anesthesiology. 1993;79:173.
123. Phillips S, Falk GL. Surgical tension pneumothorax during laparoscopic repair of massive hiatus hernia: A different situation requiring different management. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2011;39:1120-1123.
124. Joris J, Chiche JD, Lamy M. Pneumothorax during laparoscopic fundoplication: Diagnosis and treatment with positive pressure. Anesth Analg. 1995;81:993-1000.
125. Yee R, Hyde PR, Currie JS. Pneumothorax during laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication. Anaesth Intensive Care. 1996;24:93-96.
126. Hawasli A, Boutt AW. Spontaneous resolution of massive laparoscopy-associated pneumothorax: The case of the bulging diaphragm and review of the literature. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 2002;12:77-82.
127. Ueda K, Ahmed W, Ross A. Intraoperative pneumothorax identified with transthoracic ultrasound. Anesthesiology. 2011;115:653-655.
128. Venkatesh R, Kibel AS, Lee D, et al. Rapid resolution of carbon dioxide pneumothorax (capno-thorax) resulting from diaphragmatic injury during laparoscopic nephrectomy. J Urol. 2002;167:1387-1388.
129. Derouin M, Couture P, Boudreault D, et al. Detection of gas embolism by transesophageal echocardiography during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Anesth Analg. 1996;82:119-124.
130. Schmandra TC, Mierdl S, Bauer H, et al. Transesophageal echocardiography shows high risk of gas embolism during laparoscopic hepatic resection under carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum. Br J Surg. 2002;89:870-876.
131. Hong JY, Kim JY, Choi KH, et al. Incidence of venous gas embolism during robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy is lower than that during radical retropubic prostatectomy. Br J Anaesth. 2010;105:777-781.
132. Fors D, Eiriksson K, Arvidsson D, et al. Gas embolism during laparoscopic liver resection in a pig model: Frequency and severity. Br J Anaesth. 2010;105:282-288.
133. Kim CS, Kim JY, Kwon JY, et al. Venous air embolism during total laparoscopic hysterectomy: Comparison to total abdominal hysterectomy. Anesthesiology. 2009;111:50-54.
134. Makinen M-T. Comparison of body temperature changes during laparoscopic and open cholecystectomy. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1997;41:736-740.
135. Stewart BT, Stitz RW, Tuch MM, et al. Hypothermia in open and laparoscopic colorectal surgery. Dis Colon Rectum. 1999;42:1292-1295.
136. Gray RI, Ott DE, Henderson AC, et al. Severe local hypothermia from laparoscopic gas evaporative jet cooling: A mechanism to explain clinical observations. JSLS. 1999;3:171-177.
137. Davis SS, Mikami DJ, Newlin M, et al. Heating and humidifying of carbon dioxide during pneumoperitoneum is not indicated: A prospective randomized trial. Surg Endosc. 2006;20:153-158.
138. Sammour T, Kahokehr A, Hayes J, et al. Warming and humidification of insufflation carbon dioxide in laparoscopic colonic surgery. A double-blinded randomized controlled trial. Ann Surg. 2010;251:1024-1033.
139. Birch DW, Manouchehri N, Shi X, et al. Heated CO(2) with or without humidification for minimally invasive abdominal surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(1):CD007821.
140. American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Perioperative Visual Loss. Practice advisory for perioperative visual loss associated with spine surgery: An updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on perioperative visual loss. Anesthesiology. 2012;116:274-285.
141. Newman NJ. Perioperative visual loss after nonocular surgeries. Am J Ophthalmol. 2008;145:604-610.
142. Weber ED, Colyer MH, Lesser RL, et al. Posterior ischemic optic neuropathy after minimally invasive prostatectomy. J Neuroophthalmol. 2007;27:285-287.
143. Phong SV, Koh LK. Anaesthesia for robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy: Considerations for laparoscopy in the Trendelenburg position. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2007;35:281-285.
144. Sharma RR, Axelsson H, Oberg A, et al. Diaphragmatic activity after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Anesthesiology. 1999;91:406.
145. Erice F, Fox GS, Salib YM, et al. Diaphragmatic function before and after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Anesthesiology. 1994;79:966.
146. Sadovnikoff N, Maxwell LG. Respiratory failure after laparoscopic cholecystectomy in a patient with chronic hemidiaphragm paralysis. Anesthesiology. 1997; 87:996.
147. Beebe D, McNevin M, Belani K, et al. Evidence of venous stasis after abdominal insufflation for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1993; 176:443-447.