Fathers' and Mothers' Emotion Talk With Their Girls and Boys From Toddlerhood to Preschool Age

Emotion

Volumn 15, Issue 6, 2015, Pages 854-864

  van der Pol, Lotte D ^a   Groeneveld, Marleen G ^a   van Berkel, Sheila R ^a   Endendijk, Joyce J ^a   Hallers Haalboom, Elizabeth T ^a   Bakermans Kranenburg, Marian J ^a   Mesman, Judi ^a  

^a LEIDEN UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Fathers; Gender socialization; Mothers; Parental emotion talk

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ANGER; ARTICLE; CHILD; CHILD DEVELOPMENT; CHILD PARENT RELATION; CHILDHOOD; EMOTION; FATHER; FEAR; FEMALE; HAPPINESS; HUMAN; INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MALE; MOTHER; PRESCHOOL CHILD; SADNESS; SEX DIFFERENCE; SOCIALIZATION; TODDLER; CHILD REARING; GENDER IDENTITY; INFANT; PSYCHOLOGY; SPEECH; STEREOTYPING;

ANGER; CHILD REARING; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; EMOTIONS; FATHERS; FEAR; FEMALE; GENDER IDENTITY; HAPPINESS; HUMANS; INFANT; MALE; MOTHERS; PARENT-CHILD RELATIONS; SEX FACTORS; SOCIALIZATION; SPEECH; STEREOTYPING;

EID: 84949728601     PISSN: 15283542     EISSN: 19311516     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/emo0000085     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Adams, S., Kuebli, J., Boyle, P. A., & Fivush, R. (1995). Gender differences in parent-child conversations about past emotions: A longitudinal investigation. Sex Roles, 33, 309 -323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/ BF01954572
2. Aznar, A., & Tenenbaum, H. R. (2013). Spanish parents' emotion talk and their children's understanding of emotion. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00670
3. Baker, J. K., Fenning, R. M., & Crnic, K. A. (2011). Emotion socialization by mothers and fathers: Coherence among behaviors and associations with parent attitudes and children's social competence. Social Development, 20, 412-430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2010.00585.x
4. Bittman, M., & Wajcman, J. (2000). The rush hour: The character of leisure time and gender equity. Social Forces, 79, 165-189. http://dx .doi.org/10.1093/sf/79.1.165
5. Bretherton, I., Fritz, J., Zahn-Waxler, C., & Ridgeway, D. (1986). Learning to talk about emotions: A functionalist perspective. Child Development, 57, 529-548. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1130334
6. Brody, L. R. (2000). The socialization of gender differences in emotional expression: Display rules, infant temperament, and differentiation. In A. H. Fischer (Ed.), Gender and emotion: Social psychological perspective (pp. 24-47). Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511628191.003
7. Brody, L. R., & Hall, J. A. (2008). Gender and emotion in context. In M. Lewis, J. M. Haviland-Jones, & L. Feldman-Barrett (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 395-407). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
8. Camras, L. A., & Allison, K. (1985). Children's understanding of emotional facial expressions and verbal labels. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 9, 84-94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987140
9. Carson, J. L., & Parke, R. D. (1996). Reciprocal negative affect in parentchild interactions and children's peer competency. Child Development, 67, 2217-2226. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1131619
10. Chaplin, T. M., Casey, J., Sinha, R., & Mayes, L. C. (2010). Gender differences in caregiver emotion socialization of low-income toddlers. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 2010, 11-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cd.266
11. Chaplin, T. M., Cole, P. M., & Zahn-Waxler, C. (2005). Parental socialization of emotion expression: Gender differences and relations to child adjustment. Emotion, 5, 80-88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.5 .1.80
12. Cole, P. M., Armstrong, L. M., & Pemberton, C. K. (2010). The role of language in the development of emotion regulation. In S. D. Calkins & M. A. Bell (Eds.), Child development at the intersection of emotion and cognition (pp. 59-77). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/12059-004
13. Costa, P. T., Jr., Terracciano, A., & McCrae, R. R. (2001). Gender differences in personality traits across cultures: Robust and surprising findings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 322-331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.81.2.322
14. DeLoache, J. S., Cassidy, D. J., & Carpenter, C. J. (1987). The three bears are all boys: Mothers' gender labelling of neutral picture book characters. Sex Roles, 17, 163-178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00287623
15. Denham, S. A., Bassett, H. H., & Wyatt, T. M. (2010). Gender differences in the socialization of preschoolers' emotional competence. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 2010, 29-49. http://dx.doi .org/10.1002/cd.267
16. Eagly, A. H., Wood, W., & Diekman, A. B. (2000). Social role theory of sex differences and similarities: A current appraisal. In T. Eckes & H. M. Trautner (Eds.), The developmental social psychology of gender (pp. 123-174). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
17. Eisenberg, N., Cumberland, A., & Spinrad, T. L. (1998). Parental socialization of emotion. Psychological Inquiry, 9, 241-273. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1207/s15327965pli0904_1
18. Endendijk, J. J., Groeneveld, M. G., van Berkel, S. R., Hallers-Haalboom, E. T., Mesman, J., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (2013). Gender stereotypes in the family context: Mothers, fathers, and siblings. Sex Roles, 68, 577-590. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11199-013-0265-4
19. Endendijk, J. J., Groeneveld, M. G., van der Pol, L. D., van Berkel, S. R., Hallers-Haalboom, E. T., Mesman, J., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (2014). Boys don't play with dolls: Mothers' and fathers' gender talk during picture book reading. Parenting: Science and Practice, 14, 141- 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15295192.2014.972753
20. Epstein, M., & Ward, L. M. (2011). Exploring parent-adolescent communication about gender: Results from adolescent and emerging adult samples. Sex Roles, 65, 108-118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11199-011- 9975-7
21. Fivush, R. (1998). Methodological challenges in the study of emotion socialization. Psychological Inquiry, 9, 281-283. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1207/s15327965pli0904_5
22. Fivush, R., Brotman, M. A., Buckner, J. P., & Goodman, S. H. (2000). Gender differences in parent-child emotion narratives. Sex Roles, 42, 233-253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007091207068
23. Fivush, R., & Buckner, J. P. (2000). Gender, sadness, and depression: The development of emotional focus through gendered discourse. In A. H. Fischer (Ed.), Gender and emotion: Social psychological perspective (pp. 232-253). Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511628191.012
24. Garner, P. W., Dunsmore, G. C., & Southam-Gerrow, M. (2008). Motherchild conversations about emotions: Linkages to child aggression and prosocial behavior. Social Development, 17, 259-277. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00424.x
25. Gelman, S. A., Taylor, M. G., & Nguyen, S. P. (2004). Mother-child conversations about gender: Understanding the acquisition of essentialist beliefs. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 69, 1-127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0037-976X.2004.00274.x
26. Hoffmann, H., Kessler, H., Eppel, T., Rukavina, S., & Traue, H. C. (2010). Expression intensity, gender and facial emotion recognition: Women recognize only subtle facial emotions better than men. Acta Psychologica, 135, 278-283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2010.07.012
27. Holt, C. L., & Ellis, J. B. (1998). Assessing the current validity of the Bem Sex-Role Inventory. Sex Roles, 39, 929-941. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/ A:1018836923919
28. Howe, D. (2013). Empathy, what it is and why it matters. Hampshire, United Kingdom: Palgrave MacMillan.
29. Huerta, M. C., Adema, W., Baxter, J., Han, W., Lausten, M., Lee, R., & Waldfogel, J. (2013). Fathers' Leave, fathers' involvement, and child development: Are they related? Evidence from four OECD countries. OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. 140, OECD Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5k4dlw9w6czq-en
30. Jenkins, J. M., Turrell, S. L., Kogushi, Y., Lollis, S., & Ross, H. S. (2003). A longitudinal investigation of the dynamics of mental state talk in families. Child Development, 74, 905-920. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ 1467-8624.00575
31. Kuebli, J., & Fivush, R. (1992). Gender differences in parent-child conversations about past emotions. Sex Roles, 27, 683-698. http://dx.doi .org/10.1007/BF02651097
32. Laible, D. (2004). Mother-child discourse in two contexts: Links with child temperament, attachment security, and socioemotional competence. Developmental Psychology, 40, 979-992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012- 1649.40.6.979
33. Laible, D., & Song, J. (2006). Constructing emotional and relational understanding: The role of affect and mother-child discourse. Merrill- Palmer Quarterly, 52, 44-69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mpq.2006.0006
34. Lamb, M. E., & Lewis, C. (2010). The development of significance of father-child relationships in two-parent families. In M. E. Lamb (Ed.), The role of the father in child development (pp. 94-153). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
35. Leaper, C. (2002). Parenting girls and boys. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting: Vol. 1. Children and parenting (pp. 127-155). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
36. Luebbe, A. M., Kiel, E. J., & Buss, K. A. (2011). Toddlers' contextvarying emotions, maternal responses to emotions, and internalizing behaviors. Emotion, 11, 697-703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0022994
37. Martin, J. L., & Ross, H. S. (2005). Sibling aggression: Sex differences and parents' reactions. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 29, 129-138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01650250444000469
38. Martin, M. J., Conger, R. D., Schofield, T. J., Dogan, S. J., Widaman, K. F., Donnellan, M. B., & Neppl, T. K. (2010). Evaluation of the interactionist model of socioeconomic status and problem behavior: A developmental cascade across generations. Development and Psychopathology, 22, 695-713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0954579410000374
39. McIntyre, M. H., & Edwards, C. P. (2009). The early development of gender differences. Annual Review of Anthropology, 38, 83-97. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-091908-164338
40. Perez Rivera, M. B., & Dunsmore, D. C. (2011). Mothers' acculturation and beliefs about emotions, mother-child emotion discourse, and children's emotion understanding in Latino families. Early Education and Development, 22, 324-354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10409281003702000
41. Saarni, C. (1999). The development of emotional competence. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
42. Slatcher, R. B., & Trentacosta, C. J. (2012). Influences of parent and child negative emotionality on young children's everyday behaviors. Emotion, 12, 932-942. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0027148
43. Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2012). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). New York, NY: Harper Collins.
44. Tamis-LeMonda, C. S., Baumwell, L. B., & Cabrera, N. J. (2013). Fathers' role in children's language development. In N. J. Cabrera & C. S. Tamis-LeMonda (Eds.), Handbook of father involvement: Multidisciplinary perspectives (pp. 135-150). New York, NY: Taylor & Francis.
45. Taylor, Z. E., Eisenberg, N., Spinrad, T. L., Eggum, N. D., & Sulik, M. J. (2013). The relations of ego-resiliency and emotion socialization to the development of empathy and prosocial behavior across early childhood. Emotion, 13, 822-831. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0032894
46. Thompson, R. A. (2002). Feeling and understanding through the prism of relationships. In S. D. Calkins & M. A. Bell (Eds.), Child development at the intersection of emotion and cognition (pp. 79-95). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
47. Warren, H. K., & Stifter, C. A. (2008). Maternal emotion-related socialization and preschoolers' developing emotion self-awareness. Social Development, 17, 239-258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007 .00423.x
48. Wellman, H. M., Cross, D., & Watson, J. (2001). Meta-analysis of theoryof- mind development: The truth about false belief. Child Development, 72, 655-684. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00304
49. World Gender Gap Index. (2013). The Global Gender Gap Report. Retrieved from http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GenderGap_ Report_2013.pdf
50. Zahn-Waxler, C., Klimes-Dougan, B., & Slattery, M. J. (2000). Internalizing problems of childhood and adolescence: Prospects, pitfalls, and progress in understanding the development of anxiety and depression. Development and Psychopathology, 12, 443-466. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1017/S0954579400003102
51. Zaman, W., & Fivush, R. (2013). Gender differences in elaborative parentchild emotion and play narratives. Sex Roles, 68, 591-604. http://dx.doi .org/10.1007/s11199-013-0270-7