Ideological support for the indian caste system: Social dominance orientation, right-wing authoritarianism and Karma

Journal of Social and Political Psychology

Volumn 2, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 98-116

  Cotterill, Sarah ^a   Sidanius, James ^a   Bhardwaj, Arjun ^b   Kumar, Vivek ^c  

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^c JAWAHARLAL NEHRU UNIVERSITY   (India)

Author keywords

Dual process model; Karma; Legitimizing ideologies; Right wing authoritarianism; Social dominance orientation; Social dominance theory

Indexed keywords

EID: 84949724905     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21953325     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5964/jspp.v2i1.171     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. Altemeyer, B. (1988). Enemies of freedom. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
2. Altemeyer, B. (1996). The authoritarian specter. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
3. Altemeyer, B. (1998). The other “authoritarian personality.” In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 30, pp. 47-92). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
4. Ambedkar, B. R. (1989a). Essays on untouchables and untouchability – I. In Education Department, Government of Maharashtra (Ed.): Writings and speeches (Vol. 5, n.p.). Bombay, India: Editor. (Original work published 1925)
5. Ambedkar, B. R. (1989b). Essays on untouchables and untouchability – II. In Education Department, Government of Maharashtra (Ed.): Writings and speeches (Vol. 5, n.p.). Bombay, India: Editor. (Original work published 1925)
6. Chao, M. M., Chen, J., Roisman, G. I., & Hong, Y.-y. (2007). Essentializing race: Implications for bicultural individuals’ cognition and physiological reactivity. Psychological Science, 18(4), 341-348. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01901.x
7. Coffman, D. L., & MacCallum, R. C. (2005). Using parcels to convert path analysis models into latent variable models. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 40, 235-259. doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr4002_4
8. Dreze, J., & Khera, R. (2009, January). The battle for employment guarantee. Frontline, 26(1). Retrieved from http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2601/stories/20090116260100400.htm
9. Duckitt, J. (2001). A dual process cognitive-motivational theory of ideology and prejudice. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 33, pp. 41-113). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
10. Duckitt, J. (2004). The cultural bases of ethnocentrism and prejudice. In Y.-T. Lee, C. McCauley, F. Moghaddam, & S. Worchel (Eds.), The psychology of ethnic and cultural conflict: Looking through American and global chaos or harmony (pp. 155-174). Westport, NY: Praeger.
11. Duckitt, J. (2006). Differential effects of Right Wing Authoritarianism and Social Dominance Orientation on outgroup attitudes and their mediation by threat from and competitiveness to outgroups. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 684-696. doi:10.1177/0146167205284282
12. Duckitt, J., & Fisher, K. (2003). The impact of social threat on worldview and ideological attitudes. Political Psychology, 24, 199-222. doi:10.1111/0162-895X.00322
13. Duckitt, J., & Sibley, C. G. (2009a). A dual process model of ideological attitudes and system justification. In J. Jost, A. Kay, & H. Thorisdottir (Eds.), Social and psychological bases of ideology and system justification (pp. 292-313). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
14. Duckitt, J., & Sibley, C. G. (2009b). A dual-process motivational model of ideology, politics, and prejudice. Psychological Inquiry, 20, 98-109. doi:10.1080/10478400903028540
15. Duckitt, J., & Sibley, C. G. (2010). Personality, ideology, prejudice, and politics: A dual-process motivational model. Journal of Personality, 78, 1861-1894. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00672.x
16. Duckitt, J., Wagner, C., du Plessis, I., & Birum, I. (2002). The psychological basis of ideology and prejudice: Testing a dual process model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 75-93. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.1.75
17. Dumont, L. (1980). Homo Hierarchicus: The caste system and its implications (G. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, Ltd., Trans.). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. (Original work published 1966)
18. Enders, C. K., & Bandalos, D. L. (2001). The relative performance of full information maximum likelihood estimation for missing data in structural equation models. Structural Equation Modeling, 8, 430-457. doi:10.1207/S15328007SEM0803_5
19. Fang, C. Y., Sidanius, J., & Pratto, F. (1998). Romance across the social status continuum: Interracial marriage and the ideological asymmetry effect. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 29, 290-305. doi:10.1177/0022022198292002
20. Federico, C. M., & Sidanius, J. (2002). Racism, ideology, and affirmative action, revisited: The antecedents and consequences of ‘principled objections’ to affirmative action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 488-502. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.4.488
21. Furnham, A., & Procter, E. (1989). Belief in a just world: Review and critique of the individual difference literature. The British Journal of Social Psychology, 28(4), 365-384. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1989.tb00880.x
22. Furnham, A., & Rajamanickam, R. (1992). The Protestant work ethic and just world beliefs in Great Britain and India. International Journal of Psychology, 27, 401-416. doi:10.1080/00207599208246905
23. Glick, P., & Fiske, S. T. (2001). Ambivalent stereotypes as legitimizing ideologies: Differentiating paternalistic and envious prejudice. In J. T. Jost & B. Major (Eds.), The psychology of legitimacy: Emerging perspectives on ideology, justice, and intergroup relations (pp. 278–306). Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
24. Gupta, D. (2005). Caste and politics: Identity over system. Annual Review of Anthropology, 34, 409-427. doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.34.081804.120649
25. Henry, P. J., Sidanius, J., Levin, S., & Pratto, F. (2005). Social dominance orientation, authoritarianism, and support for intergroup violence between the Middle East and America. Political Psychology, 26, 569-583. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2005.00432.x
26. Ho, A. K., Sidanius, J., Pratto, F., Levin, S., Thomsen, L., Kteily, N., & Sheehy-Skeffington, J. (2012). Social dominance orientation: Revisiting the structure and function of a variable predicting social and political attitudes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38, 583-606. doi:10.1177/0146167211432765
27. Hunt, M. O. (2000). Status, religion, and the “belief in a just world”: Comparing African Americans, Latinos, and Whites. Social Science Quarterly, 81, 325-343.
28. Jackman, M. (1994). The velvet glove: Paternalism and conflict in gender, class, and race relations. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
29. James, E. H., Brief, A. P., Dietz, J., & Cohen, R. R. (2001). Prejudice matters: Job attitudes as function of the perceived implementation of policies to advance disadvantaged groups. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 1120-1128. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.86.6.1120
30. Jost, J. T., & Banaji, M. R. (1994). The role of stereotyping in system-justification and the production of false consciousness. British Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 1-27. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1994.tb01008.x
31. Jost, J. T., & Major, B. (2001). Emerging perspectives on the psychology of legitimacy. In J. T. Jost & B. Major (Eds.), The psychology of legitimacy: Emerging perspectives on ideology, justice, and intergroup relations (pp. 3-30). Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
32. Kalghatgi, T. G. (1965). The doctrine of Karma in Jaina philosophy. Philosophy East and West, 15, 229-242. doi:10.2307/1397062
33. Katti, M., & Saroja, K. (1989). Parents’ opinion towards intercaste marriage and their preference in mate selection for their children. Indian Journal of Behaviour, 13, 28-34.
34. Kinder, D. R., & Sanders, L. M. (1990). Mimicking political debate within survey questions: The case of White opinion on affirmative action for Blacks. Social Cognition, 8, 73-103. doi:10.1521/soco.1990.8.1.73
35. Krysan, M. (2000). Prejudice, politics, and public opinion: Understanding the sources of racial policy attitudes. Annual Review of Sociology, 26, 135-168. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.26.1.135
36. Kumar, V. (2001). Untouchability in Uttaranchal. Economic and Political Weekly, 36, 4536-4537.
37. Lerner, M. (1980). The belief in a just world: A fundamental delusion. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
38. Levin, S., Sidanius, J., Rabinowitz, J. L., & Federico, C. (1998). Ethnic identity, legitimizing ideologies, and social status: A matter of ideological asymmetry. Political Psychology, 19(2), 373-404. doi:10.1111/0162-895X.00109
39. Mahalingam, R. (2003). Essentialism, culture, and power: Representations of social class. Journal of Social Issues, 59, 733-749. doi:10.1046/j.0022-4537.2003.00087.x
40. Mahar, P. M. (1958). Changing caste ideology in a north Indian village. Journal of Social Issues, 14, 51-65. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1958.tb01426.x
41. Matsunaga, M. (2008). Item parceling in structural equation modeling: A primer. Communication Methods and Measures, 2, 260-293. doi:10.1080/19312450802458935
42. McFarland, S. (2010). Authoritarianism, social dominance, and other roots of generalized prejudice. Political Psychology, 31(3), 453-477. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2010.00765.x
43. McFarland, S., & Adelson, S. (1996). An omnibus study of personality, values, and prejudice. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Society of Political Psychology, Vancouver, Canada.
44. Pick, D., & Dayaram, K. (2006). Modernity and tradition in a global era: The re-invention of caste in India. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 26, 284-294. doi:10.1108/01443330610680380
45. Potter, K. H. (1980). The Karma theory and its interpretations in some Indian philosophical systems. In W. D. O’Flaherty (Ed.), Karma and rebirth in classical Indian traditions (pp. 241-267). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
46. Pratto, F., Liu, J. H., Levin, S., Sidanius, J., Shih, M., Bachrach, H., & Hegarty, P. (2000). Social dominance orientation and the legitimization of inequality across cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 31, 369-409. doi:10.1177/0022022100031003005
47. Pratto, F., Sidanius, J., & Levin, S. (2006). Social dominance theory and the dynamics of intergroup relations: Taking stock and looking forward. European Review of Social Psychology, 17, 271-320. doi:10.1080/10463280601055772
48. Pratto, F., Sidanius, J., Stallworth, L. M., & Malle, B. F. (1994). Social dominance orientation: A personality variable predicting social and political attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 741-763. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.67.4.741
49. Reichenbach, B. R. (1988). The law of Karma and the principle of causation. Philosophy East and West, 38, 399-410. doi:10.2307/1399118
50. Reichenbach, B. R. (1989). Karma, causation, and divine intervention. Philosophy East and West, 39, 135-149. doi:10.2307/1399374
51. Roccato, M., & Ricolfi, L. (2005). On the correlation between right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 27, 187-200. doi:10.1207/s15324834basp2703_1
52. Sala-i-Martin, X. (2002). The disturbing "rise" of global income inequality (Working Paper No. 8904). Retrieved from National Bureau of Economic Research website: http://www.nber.org/papers/w8904.pdf
53. Sears, D. O., & Henry, P. J. (2003). The origins of symbolic racism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 259-275. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.259
54. Shah, G., Mander, H., Thorat, S., Deshpande, S., & Baviskar, A. (2006). Untouchability in rural India. New Delhi, India.
55. Sheth, D. L. (1987). Reservations policy revisited. Economic and Political Weekly, 22(46), 1957-1962.
56. Sibley, C. G., Liu, J. H., Duckitt, J., & Khan, S. S. (2008). Social representations of history and the legitimation of social inequality: The form and function of historical negation. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38, 542-565. doi:10.1002/ejsp.449
57. Sibley, C. G., Wilson, M. S., & Duckitt, J. (2007). Effects of dangerous and competitive worldviews on right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation over a five-month period. Political Psychology, 28(3), 357-371. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2007.00572.x
58. Sidanius, J. (1993). The psychology of group conflict and the dynamics of oppression: A social dominance perspective. In S. Iyengar & W. J. McGuire (Eds.), Explorations in political psychology (pp. 183-219). Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
59. Sidanius, J., Pratto, F., & Bobo, L. (1996). Racism, conservatism, affirmative action, and intellectual sophistication: A matter of principled conservatism or group dominance? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 476-490. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.70.3.476
60. Sidanius, J., Levin, S., Federico, C., & Pratto, F. (2001). Legitimizing ideologies: The social dominance approach. In J. T. Jost & B. Major (Eds.), The psychology of legitimacy: Emerging perspectives on ideology, justice, and intergroup relations (pp. 307-331). Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
61. Sidanius, J., Mitchell, M., Haley, H., & Navarrete, C. D. (2006). Support for harsh criminal sanctions and criminal justice beliefs: A social dominance perspective. Social Justice Research, 19, 433-449. doi:10.1007/s11211-006-0026-4
62. Sidanius, J., & Pratto, F. (1993). The inevitability of oppression and the dynamics of social dominance. In P. Sniderman, P. Tetlock, & E. Carmines (Eds.), Prejudice, politics, and the American dilemma (pp. 173-221). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
63. Sidanius, J., & Pratto, F. (1999). Social dominance: An intergroup theory of social hierarchy and oppression. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
64. Srinivas, M. N. (1966). Social change in modern India. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
65. Srinivas, M. N. (2009). The Oxford India Srinivas. New Delhi, India: Oxford University Press.
66. Tadmor, C. T., Chao, M. M., Hong, Y.-y., & Polzer, J. T. (2013). Not just for stereotyping anymore: Racial essentialism reduces domain-general creativity. Psychological Science, 24, 99-105. doi:10.1177/0956797612452570
67. Thomsen, L., Green, E. G. T., & Sidanius, J. (2008). We will hunt them down: How social dominance orientation and right-wing authoritarianism fuel ethnic persecution of immigrants in fundamentally different ways. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 1455-1464. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2008.06.011
68. Varshney, A. (2000). Is India becoming more democratic? The Journal of Asian Studies, 59(1), 3-25. doi:10.2307/2658582
69. Whitley, B. E., Jr. (2001). Gender-role variables and attitudes toward homosexuality. Sex Roles, 45, 691-721. doi:10.1023/A:1015640318045
70. Whitley, B. E., Jr., & Aegisdottir, S. (2000). The gender belief system, authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, and heterosexuals’ attitudes toward lesbians and gay men. Sex Roles, 42, 947-967. doi:10.1023/A:1007026016001
71. Zelditch, M. (2001). Theories of legitimacy. In J. T. Jost & B. Major (Eds.), The psychology of legitimacy: Emerging perspectives on ideology, justice, and intergroup relations (pp. 3-30). Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.