Treating morbid obesity in cirrhosis: A quest of holy grail

World Journal of Hepatology

Volumn 7, Issue 28, 2015, Pages 2819-2828

  Kumar, Naveen ^a   Choudhary, Narendra Singh ^a  

^a Medanta Institute of Liver Surgery and Transplantation   (India)

Author keywords

Antiobesity drugs; Bariatric surgery; Cirrhosis; Intragastric balloon; Obesity

Indexed keywords

EID: 84949595629     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19485182     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v7.i28.2819     Document Type: Review

References (91)

1. Hainer V, Aldhoon-Hainerová I. Tolerability and safety of the new anti-obesity medications. Drug Saf 2014; 37: 693-702 [PMID: 25096956 DOI: 10.1007/s40264-014-0206-3]
2. Middleton KM, Patidar SM, Perri MG. The impact of extended care on the long-term maintenance of weight loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2012; 13: 509-517 [PMID: 22212682 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00972.x]
3. World Health Organization. Obesity and overweight. [Accessed 2015 Jun 6]. Available from: URL: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/
4. Casazza K, Fontaine KR, Astrup A, Birch LL, Brown AW, Bohan Brown MM, Durant N, Dutton G, Foster EM, Heymsfield SB, McIver K, Mehta T, Menachemi N, Newby PK, Pate R, Rolls BJ, Sen B, Smith DL, Thomas DM, Allison DB. Myths, presumptions, and facts about obesity. N Engl J Med 2013; 368: 446-454 [PMID: 23363498 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMsa1208051]
5. Berzigotti A, Garcia-Tsao G, Bosch J, Grace ND, Burroughs AK, Morillas R, Escorsell A, Garcia-Pagan JC, Patch D, Matloff DS, Groszmann RJ. Obesity is an independent risk factor for clinical decompensation in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology 2011; 54: 555-561 [PMID: 21567436 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24418]
6. Gentile CL, Pagliassotti MJ. The role of fatty acids in the development and progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Nutr Biochem 2008; 19: 567-576 [PMID: 18430557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2007.10.001]
7. Day CP. From fat to inflammation. Gastroenterology 2006; 130: 207-210 [PMID: 16401483 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2005.11.017]
8. Jou J, Choi SS, Diehl AM. Mechanisms of disease progression in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Semin Liver Dis 2008; 28: 370-379 [PMID: 18956293 DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1091981]
9. Dowman JK, Tomlinson JW, Newsome PN. Pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. QJM 2010; 103: 71-83 [PMID: 19914930 DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcp158]
10. Svegliati-Baroni G, De Minicis S, Marzioni M. Hepatic fibrogenesis in response to chronic liver injury: novel insights on the role of cellto-cell interaction and transition. Liver Int 2008; 28: 1052-1064 [PMID: 18783548 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2008.01825.x]
11. Xia JL, Dai C, Michalopoulos GK, Liu Y. Hepatocyte growth factor attenuates liver fibrosis induced by bile duct ligation. Am J Pathol 2006; 168: 1500-1512 [PMID: 16651617 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.050747]
12. Charlton MR, Pockros PJ, Harrison SA. Impact of obesity on treatment of chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 2006; 43: 1177-1186 [PMID: 16729327 DOI: 10.1002/hep.21239]
13. Lee CM, Cirangle PT, Jossart GH. Vertical gastrectomy for morbid obesity in 216 patients: report of two-year results. Surg Endosc 2007; 21: 1810-1816 [PMID: 17356932 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-007-9276-y]
14. Mosko JD, Nguyen GC. Increased perioperative mortality following bariatric surgery among patients with cirrhosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 9: 897-901 [PMID: 21782772 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2011.07.007]
15. Angulo P. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2006; 12: 523-534 [PMID: 16555318 DOI: 10.1002/lt.20738]
16. Afzali A, Berry K, Ioannou GN. Excellent posttransplant survival for patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in the United States. Liver Transpl 2012; 18: 29-37 [PMID: 21932374 DOI: 10.1002/lt.22435]
17. Armstrong MJ, Adams LA, Canbay A, Syn WK. Extrahepatic complications of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 2014; 59: 1174-1197 [PMID: 24002776 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26717]
18. Gunay Y, Guler N, Dayangac M, Taskesen F, Yaprak O, Emek E, Akyildiz M, Altaca G, Yuzer Y, Tokat Y. Living donor liver transplantation for obese patients: challenges and outcomes. Liver Transpl 2014; 20: 311-322 [PMID: 24243642 DOI: 10.1002/lt.23794]
19. Leonard J, Heimbach JK, Malinchoc M, Watt K, Charlton M. The impact of obesity on long-term outcomes in liver transplant recipients-results of the NIDDK liver transplant database. Am J Transplant 2008; 8: 667-672 [PMID: 18294163 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2007.02100.x]
20. Agopian VG, Kaldas FM, Hong JC, Whittaker M, Holt C, Rana A, Zarrinpar A, Petrowsky H, Farmer D, Yersiz H, Xia V, Hiatt JR, Busuttil RW. Liver transplantation for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: the new epidemic. Ann Surg 2012; 256: 624-633 [PMID: 22964732 DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e31826b4b7e]
21. Jan A, Narwaria M, Mahawar KK. A Systematic Review of Bariatric Surgery in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis. Obes Surg 2015; 25: 1518-1526 [PMID: 25982807 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-015-1727-2]
22. Chen Y, Wang X, Wang J, Yan Z, Luo J. Excess body weight and the risk of primary liver cancer: an updated meta-analysis of prospective studies. Eur J Cancer 2012; 48: 2137-2145 [PMID: 22446023 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2012.02.063]
23. Muto Y, Sato S, Watanabe A, Moriwaki H, Suzuki K, Kato A, Kato M, Nakamura T, Higuchi K, Nishiguchi S, Kumada H, Ohashi Y. Overweight and obesity increase the risk for liver cancer in patients with liver cirrhosis and long-term oral supplementation with branched-chain amino acid granules inhibits liver carcinogenesis in heavier patients with liver cirrhosis. Hepatol Res 2006; 35: 204-214 [PMID: 16737844 DOI: 10.1016/j.hepres.2006.04.007]
24. Campillo B, Bories PN, Leluan M, Pornin B, Devanlay M, Fouet P. Short-term changes in energy metabolism after 1 month of a regular oral diet in severely malnourished cirrhotic patients. Metabolism 1995; 44: 765-770 [PMID: 7783661 DOI: 10.1016/0026-0495(95)90190-6]
25. Yasutake K, Bekki M, Ichinose M, Ikemoto M, Fujino T, Ryu T, Wada Y, Takami Y, Saitsu H, Kohjima M, Fukuizumi K, Nakashima M, Nakamuta M, Enjoji M. Assessing current nutritional status of patients with HCV-related liver cirrhosis in the compensated stage. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2012; 21: 400-405 [PMID: 22705430]
26. Yatsuhashi H, Ohnishi Y, Nakayama S, Iwase H, Nakamura T, Imawari M. Anti-hypoalbuminemic effect of branched-chain amino acid granules in patients with liver cirrhosis is independent of dietary energy and protein intake. Hepatol Res 2011; 41: 1027-1035 [PMID: 21951974 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034X.2011.00864.x]
27. Ohno T, Tanaka Y, Sugauchi F, Orito E, Hasegawa I, Nukaya H, Kato A, Matunaga S, Endo M, Tanaka Y, Sakakibara K, Mizokami M. Suppressive effect of oral administration of branched-chain amino acid granules on oxidative stress and inflammation in HCV-positive patients with liver cirrhosis. Hepatol Res 2008; 38: 683-688 [PMID: 18328070 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034X.2008.00319.x]
28. Zamboni M, Mazzali G, Fantin F, Rossi A, Di Francesco V. Sarcopenic obesity: a new category of obesity in the elderly. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2008; 18: 388-395 [PMID: 18395429 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2007.10.002]
29. Lim S, Kim JH, Yoon JW, Kang SM, Choi SH, Park YJ, Kim KW, Lim JY, Park KS, Jang HC. Sarcopenic obesity: prevalence and association with metabolic syndrome in the Korean Longitudinal Study on Health and Aging (KLoSHA). Diabetes Care 2010; 33: 1652-1654 [PMID: 20460442 DOI: 10.2337/dc10-0107]
30. Hayashi F, Momoki C, Yuikawa M, Simotani Y, Kawamura E, Hagihara A, Fujii H, Kobayashi S, Iwai S, Morikawa H, Enomoto M, Tamori A, Kawada N, Ohfuji S, Fukusima W, Habu D. Nutritional status in relation to lifestyle in patients with compensated viral cirrhosis. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18: 5759-5770 [PMID: 23155318 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i40.5759]
31. Hayashi F, Matsumoto Y, Momoki C, Yuikawa M, Okada G, Hamakawa E, Kawamura E, Hagihara A, Toyama M, Fujii H, Kobayashi S, Iwai S, Morikawa H, Enomoto M, Tamori A, Kawada N, Habu D. Physical inactivity and insufficient dietary intake are associated with the frequency of sarcopenia in patients with compensated viral liver cirrhosis. Hepatol Res 2013; 43: 1264-1275 [PMID: 23489325 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12085]
32. García-Pagàn JC, Santos C, Barberá JA, Luca A, Roca J, Rodriguez-Roisin R, Bosch J, Rodés J. Physical exercise increases portal pressure in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Gastroenterology 1996; 111: 1300-1306 [PMID: 8898644 DOI: 10.1053/gast.1996.v111.pm8898644]
33. Román E, Torrades MT, Nadal MJ, Cárdenas G, Nieto JC, Vidal S, Bascuñana H, Juárez C, Guarner C, Córdoba J, Soriano G. Randomized pilot study: effects of an exercise programme and leucine supplementation in patients with cirrhosis. Dig Dis Sci 2014; 59: 1966-1975 [PMID: 24599772 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-014-3086-6]
34. Hickman IJ, Jonsson JR, Prins JB, Ash S, Purdie DM, Clouston AD, Powell EE. Modest weight loss and physical activity in overweight patients with chronic liver disease results in sustained improvements in alanine aminotransferase, fasting insulin, and quality of life. Gut 2004; 53: 413-419 [PMID: 14960526 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2003.027581]
35. Konishi I, Hiasa Y, Tokumoto Y, Abe M, Furukawa S, Toshimitsu K, Matsuura B, Onji M. Aerobic exercise improves insulin resistance and decreases body fat and serum levels of leptin in patients with hepatitis C virus. Hepatol Res 2011; 41: 928-935 [PMID: 21707884 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034X.2011.00833.x]
36. Leung WY, Thomas GN, Chan JC, Tomlinson B. Weight management and current options in pharmacotherapy: orlistat and sibutramine. Clin Ther 2003; 25: 58-80 [PMID: 12637112 DOI: 10.1016/S0149-2918(03)90009-9]
37. Torgerson JS, Hauptman J, Boldrin MN, Sjöström L. XENical in the prevention of diabetes in obese subjects (XENDOS) study: a randomized study of orlistat as an adjunct to lifestyle changes for the prevention of type 2 diabetes in obese patients. Diabetes Care 2004; 27: 155-161 [PMID: 14693982 DOI: 10.2337/diacare.27.1.155]
38. Hampp C, Kang EM, Borders-Hemphill V. Use of prescription antiobesity drugs in the United States. Pharmacotherapy 2013; 33: 1299-1307 [PMID: 24019195 DOI: 10.1002/phar.1342]
39. Padwal R, Kezouh A, Levine M, Etminan M. Long-term persistence with orlistat and sibutramine in a population-based cohort. Int J Obes (Lond) 2007; 31: 1567-1570 [PMID: 17420781 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803631]
40. United States Food and Drug Administration. FDA Drug Safety Communication: Completed safety review of Xenical/Alli (orlistat) and severe liver injury. [Accessed 2011 Oct 20]. Available from: URL: http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/ucm213038.htm
41. Smith SR, Prosser WA, Donahue DJ, Morgan ME, Anderson CM, Shanahan WR. Lorcaserin (APD356), a selective 5-HT(2C) agonist, reduces body weight in obese men and women. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009; 17: 494-503 [PMID: 19057523 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2008.537]
42. Smith SR, Weissman NJ, Anderson CM, Sanchez M, Chuang E, Stubbe S, Bays H, Shanahan WR; Behavioral Modification and Lorcaserin for Overweight and Obesity Management (BLOOM) Study Group. Multicenter, placebo-controlled trial of lorcaserin for weight management. N Engl J Med 2010; 363: 245-256 [PMID: 20647200 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa0909809]
43. Fidler MC, Sanchez M, Raether B, Weissman NJ, Smith SR, Shanahan WR, Anderson CM; BLOSSOM Clinical Trial Group. A one-year randomized trial of lorcaserin for weight loss in obese and overweight adults: the BLOSSOM trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96: 3067-3077 [PMID: 21795446 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2011-1256]
44. O'Neil PM, Smith SR, Weissman NJ, Fidler MC, Sanchez M, Zhang J, Raether B, Anderson CM, Shanahan WR. Randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial of lorcaserin for weight loss in type 2 diabetes mellitus: the BLOOM-DM study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2012; 20: 1426-1436 [PMID: 22421927 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2012.66]
45. Eisai Inc. BELVIQ (lorcaserin hydrochloride) tablets, for oral use. Patient package insert January 4, 2013. [Accessed 2013 Jun 27]. Available from: URL: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2012/022529lbl.pdf
46. Allison DB, Gadde KM, Garvey WT, Peterson CA, Schwiers ML, Najarian T, Tam PY, Troupin B, Day WW. Controlled-release phentermine/topiramate in severely obese adults: a randomized controlled trial (EQUIP). Obesity (Silver Spring) 2012; 20: 330-342 [PMID: 22051941 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2011.330]
47. Gadde KM, Allison DB, Ryan DH, Peterson CA, Troupin B, Schwiers ML, Day WW. Effects of low-dose, controlled-release, phentermine plus topiramate combination on weight and associated comorbidities in overweight and obese adults (CONQUER): a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet 2011; 377: 1341-1352 [PMID: 21481449 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60205-5]
48. Highlights of prescribing information. QSYMIA (phentermine and topiramate extended-release). [Accessed 2015 Jun 6]. Available from: URL: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2012/022580s000lbl.pdf
49. United States Food and Drug Administration. FDA approves weight-management drug Contrave. Available from: URL: http://www.fda.gov/newsevents/newsroom/pressannouncements/ucm413896.htm
50. Greenway FL, Fujioka K, Plodkowski RA, Mudaliar S, Guttadauria M, Erickson J, Kim DD, Dunayevich E; COR-I Study Group. Effect of naltrexone plus bupropion on weight loss in overweight and obese adults (COR-I): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet 2010; 376: 595-605 [PMID: 20673995 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60888-4]
51. Apovian CM, Aronne L, Rubino D, Still C, Wyatt H, Burns C, Kim D, Dunayevich E; COR-II Study Group. A randomized, phase 3 trial of naltrexone SR/bupropion SR on weight and obesity-related risk factors (COR-II). Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21: 935-943 [PMID: 23408728 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20309]
52. Caixàs A, Albert L, Capel I, Rigla M. Naltrexone sustainedrelease/bupropion sustained-release for the management of obesity: review of the data to date. Drug Des Devel Ther 2014; 8: 1419-1427 [PMID: 25258511 DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S55587]
53. Greenway FL, Dunayevich E, Tollefson G, Erickson J, Guttadauria M, Fujioka K, Cowley MA; NB-201 Study Group. Comparison of combined bupropion and naltrexone therapy for obesity with monotherapy and placebo. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94: 4898-4906 [PMID: 19846734 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2009-1350]
54. Highlights of prescribing information. CONTRAVE (naltrexone HCl and bupropion HCl) Extended-Release Tablets. [Accessed 2015 Jun 6]. Available from: URL: http://general.takedapharm. com/content/file.aspx?filetypecode=CONTRAVEPI&CountryCode=US&LanguageCode=EN&cacheRandomizer=30e83f2b-9c2f-4df1-8fb8-7d2bf6cf7de1
55. Scott LJ. Liraglutide: a review of its use in the management of obesity. Drugs 2015; 75: 899-910 [PMID: 25985864 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-015-0408-8]
56. Astrup A, Rössner S, Van Gaal L, Rissanen A, Niskanen L, Al Hakim M, Madsen J, Rasmussen MF, Lean ME; NN8022-1807 Study Group. Effects of liraglutide in the treatment of obesity: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Lancet 2009; 374: 1606-1616 [PMID: 19853906 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61375-1]
57. Wadden TA, Hollander P, Klein S, Niswender K, Woo V, Hale PM, Aronne L; NN8022-1923 Investigators. Weight maintenance and additional weight loss with liraglutide after low-calorie-diet-induced weight loss: the SCALE Maintenance randomized study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2013; 37: 1443-1451 [PMID: 23812094 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2013.120]
58. United States Food and Drug Administration. FDA approves weight-management drug Saxenda. [Accessed 2015 Jun 6]. Available from: URL: http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm427913.htm
59. Mackie K. Cannabinoid receptors: where they are and what they do. J Neuroendocrinol 2008; 20 Suppl 1: 10-14 [PMID: 18426493 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2008.01671.x]
60. Tam J, Cinar R, Liu J, Godlewski G, Wesley D, Jourdan T, Szanda G, Mukhopadhyay B, Chedester L, Liow JS, Innis RB, Cheng K, Rice KC, Deschamps JR, Chorvat RJ, McElroy JF, Kunos G. Peripheral cannabinoid-1 receptor inverse agonism reduces obesity by reversing leptin resistance. Cell Metab 2012; 16: 167-179 [PMID: 22841573 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2012.07.002]
61. Tam J, Vemuri VK, Liu J, Bátkai S, Mukhopadhyay B, Godlewski G, Osei-Hyiaman D, Ohnuma S, Ambudkar SV, Pickel J, Makriyannis A, Kunos G. Peripheral CB1 cannabinoid receptor blockade improves cardiometabolic risk in mouse models of obesity. J Clin Invest 2010; 120: 2953-2966 [PMID: 20664173 DOI: 10.1172/JCI42551]
62. Gras J. Cetilistat for the treatment of obesity. Drugs Today (Barc) 2013; 49: 755-759 [PMID: 24524093 DOI: 10.1358/dot.2013.49.12.2099318]
63. Moon HS, Matarese G, Brennan AM, Chamberland JP, Liu X, Fiorenza CG, Mylvaganam GH, Abanni L, Carbone F, Williams CJ, De Paoli AM, Schneider BE, Mantzoros CS. Efficacy of metreleptin in obese patients with type 2 diabetes: cellular and molecular pathways underlying leptin tolerance. Diabetes 2011; 60: 1647-1656 [PMID: 21617185 DOI: 10.2337/db10-1791]
64. Nielsen AL, Larsen TM, Madsbad S, Breum L, Jensen TJ, Kroustrup JP, Astrup A. [The effect of tesofensine on body weight and body composition in obese subjects--secondary publication]. Ugeskr Laeger 2009; 171: 2974-2977 [PMID: 19824222]
65. Powell AG, Apovian CM, Aronne LJ. New drug targets for the treatment of obesity. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2011; 90: 40-51 [PMID: 21654742 DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2011.82]
66. George M, Rajaram M, Shanmugam E. New and emerging drug molecules against obesity. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2014; 19: 65-76 [PMID: 24064009 DOI: 10.1177/1074248413501017]
67. Joharapurkar AA, Dhanesha NA, Jain MR. Inhibition of the methionine aminopeptidase 2 enzyme for the treatment of obesity. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2014; 7: 73-84 [PMID: 24611021 DOI: 10.2147/DMSO.S56924]
68. Chang SH, Stoll CR, Song J, Varela JE, Eagon CJ, Colditz GA. The effectiveness and risks of bariatric surgery: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis, 2003-2012. JAMA Surg 2014; 149: 275-287 [PMID: 24352617 DOI: 10.1001/jamasurg.2013.3654]
69. Teh SH, Nagorney DM, Stevens SR, Offord KP, Therneau TM, Plevak DJ, Talwalkar JA, Kim WR, Kamath PS. Risk factors for mortality after surgery in patients with cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 2007; 132: 1261-1269 [PMID: 17408652 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.01.040]
70. Buchwald H, Estok R, Fahrbach K, Banel D, Sledge I. Trends in mortality in bariatric surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Surgery 2007; 142: 621-632; discussion 632-635 [PMID: 17950357 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2007.07.018]
71. Takata MC, Campos GM, Ciovica R, Rabl C, Rogers SJ, Cello JP, Ascher NL, Posselt AM. Laparoscopic bariatric surgery improves candidacy in morbidly obese patients awaiting transplantation. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2008; 4: 159-164; discussion 164-165 [PMID: 18294923 DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2007.12.009]
72. Lin MY, Tavakol MM, Sarin A, Amirkiai SM, Rogers SJ, Carter JT, Posselt AM. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy is safe and efficacious for pretransplant candidates. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2013; 9: 653-658 [PMID: 23701857 DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2013.02.013]
73. Shimizu H, Phuong V, Maia M, Kroh M, Chand B, Schauer PR, Brethauer SA. Bariatric surgery in patients with liver cirrhosis. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2013; 9: 1-6 [PMID: 23201210 DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2012.07.021]
74. Pestana L, Swain J, Dierkhising R, Kendrick ML, Kamath PS, Watt KD. Bariatric surgery in patients with cirrhosis with and without portal hypertension: a single-center experience. Mayo Clin Proc 2015; 90: 209-215 [PMID: 25659239 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.11.012]
75. Woodford RM, Burton PR, O'Brien PE, Laurie C, Brown WA. Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Banding In Patients with Unexpected Cirrhosis: Safety and Outcomes. Obes Surg 2015; 25: 1858-1862 [PMID: 25708241 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-015-1623-9]
76. Dallal RM, Mattar SG, Lord JL, Watson AR, Cottam DR, Eid GM, Hamad G, Rabinovitz M, Schauer PR. Results of laparoscopic gastric bypass in patients with cirrhosis. Obes Surg 2004; 14: 47-53 [PMID: 14980033 DOI: 10.1381/096089204772787284]
77. Kral JG, Thung SN, Biron S, Hould FS, Lebel S, Marceau S, Simard S, Marceau P. Effects of surgical treatment of the metabolic syndrome on liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Surgery 2004; 135: 48-58 [PMID: 14694300 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2003.10.003]
78. Rebibo L, Gerin O, Verhaeghe P, Dhahri A, Cosse C, Regimbeau JM. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy in patients with NASHrelated cirrhosis: a case-matched study. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2014; 10: 405-410; quiz 565 [PMID: 24355322 DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2013.09.015]
79. Coté GA, Edmundowicz SA. Emerging technology: endoluminal treatment of obesity. Gastrointest Endosc 2009; 70: 991-999 [PMID: 19879407 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2009.09.016]
80. Imaz I, Martínez-Cervell C, García-Alvarez EE, Sendra-Gutiérrez JM, González-Enríquez J. Safety and effectiveness of the intragastric balloon for obesity. A meta-analysis. Obes Surg 2008; 18: 841-846 [PMID: 18459025 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-007-9331-8]
81. Genco A, Bruni T, Doldi SB, Forestieri P, Marino M, Busetto L, Giardiello C, Angrisani L, Pecchioli L, Stornelli P, Puglisi F, Alkilani M, Nigri A, Di Lorenzo N, Furbetta F, Cascardo A, Cipriano M, Lorenzo M, Basso N. BioEnterics Intragastric Balloon: The Italian Experience with 2,515 Patients. Obes Surg 2005; 15: 1161-1164 [PMID: 16197790 DOI: 10.1381/0960892055002202]
82. Sallet JA, Marchesini JB, Paiva DS, Komoto K, Pizani CE, Ribeiro ML, Miguel P, Ferraz AM, Sallet PC. Brazilian multicenter study of the intragastric balloon. Obes Surg 2004; 14: 991-998 [PMID: 15329191 DOI: 10.1381/0960892041719671]
83. Choudhary NS, Saigal S, Saraf N, Puri R, Soin A. Innovative approach using an intragastric balloon for weight loss in a morbidly obese patient undergoing liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2013; 19: 235 [PMID: 23161847 DOI: 10.1002/lt.23567]
84. Gui D, Mingrone G, Valenza V, Spada PL, Mutignani M, Runfola M, Scarfone A, Di Mugno M, Panunzi S. Effect of botulinum toxin antral injection on gastric emptying and weight reduction in obese patients: a pilot study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006; 23: 675-680 [PMID: 16480407 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02773.x]
85. Mittermair R, Keller C, Geibel J. Intragastric injection of botulinum toxin A for the treatment of obesity. Obes Surg 2007; 17: 732-736 [PMID: 17879570]
86. Foschi D, Corsi F, Lazzaroni M, Sangaletti O, Riva P, La Tartara G, Bevilacqua M, Osio M, Alciati A, Bianchi Porro G, Trabucchi E. Treatment of morbid obesity by intraparietogastric administration of botulinum toxin: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2007; 31: 707-712 [PMID: 17006442 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803451]
87. Bang CS, Baik GH, Shin IS, Kim JB, Suk KT, Yoon JH, Kim YS, Kim DJ. Effect of intragastric injection of botulinum toxin A for the treatment of obesity: a meta-analysis and meta-regression. Gastrointest Endosc 2015; 81: 1141-1149.e1-7 [PMID: 25765772 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2014.12.025]
88. Chen J. Mechanisms of action of the implantable gastric stimulator for obesity. Obes Surg 2004; 14 Suppl 1: S28-S32 [PMID: 15479587 DOI: 10.1381/0960892041978962]
89. United States Food and Drug Administration. FDA approves first-of-kind device to treat obesity. Available from: URL: http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm430223.htm
90. Sallam HS, Chen JD, Pasricha PJ. Feasibility of gastric electrical stimulation by percutaneous endoscopic transgastric electrodes. Gastrointest Endosc 2008; 68: 754-759 [PMID: 18718585 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2008.04.060]
91. Xu X, Pasricha PJ, Chen JD. Feasibility of gastric electrical stimulation by use of endoscopically placed electrodes. Gastrointest Endosc 2007; 66: 981-986 [PMID: 17963885 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2007.05.020]