Methanol steam reforming

Catalysis for Alternative Energy Generation

Volumn 9781461403449, Issue , 2012, Pages 175-235

  Behrens, Malte ^a   Armbrüster, Marc ^b  

^a FRITZ HABER INSTITUT DER MAX PLANCK GESELLSCHAFT   (Germany)

^b MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR CHEMICAL PHYSICS OF SOLIDS   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CATALYSIS; CATALYSTS; COAL HYDROGENATION; ELECTROLYTES; HYDROGEN STORAGE; INTERMETALLICS; METHANOL; MOLECULES; POLYELECTROLYTES; PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE FUEL CELLS (PEMFC); REFORMING REACTIONS;

CATALYTIC MATERIALS; CATALYTIC REACTIONS; COAL-DERIVED SYNGAS; CU-BASED CATALYST; METHANOL STEAM REFORMING; MOBILE APPLICATIONS; POLYMER ELECTROLYTE FUEL CELLS; TRANSPORTATION SECTOR;

STEAM REFORMING;

EID: 84949179888     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-0344-9_5     Document Type: Chapter

References (215)

1. Sato M (1998) R&D activities in Japan on methanol synthesis from CO2 and H2. Catal Surv Jpn 2:175-184
2. Olah GA, Goeppert A, Surya Prakash GK (2006) Beyond oil and gas: the methanol economy. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim
3. Schlögl R (2010) The role of chemistry in the energy challenge. ChemSusChem 3:209-222
4. Christiansen JA (1921) A reaction between methyl alcohol and water and some related reactions. J Am Chem Soc 43:1670-1672
5. PrigentM(1997) On board hydrogen generation for fuel cell powered electric cars-a review of various available techniques. Rev Inst Fr Pét 52:349-359
6. Navarro RM, Peña MA, Fierro JLG (2007) Hydrogen production reactions from carbon feedstocks: fossils fuels and biomass. Chem Rev 107:3952-3991
7. Sá S, Silva H, Brandão L, Sousa JM, Mendes A (2010) Catalysts for methanol steam reforming-a review. Appl Catal B 99:43-57
8. De Wild PJ, Verhaak MJFM (2000) Catalytic production of hydrogen from methanol. Catal Today 60:3-10
9. Joensen F, Rostrup-Nielsen JR (2002) Conversion of hydrocarbons and alcohols for fuel cells. J Power Sources 105:195-201
10. Cheekatamarla PK, Finnerty CM (2006) Reforming catalysts for hydrogen generation in fuel cell applications. J Power Sources 160:490-499
11. Palo DR, Dagle RA, Holladay JD (2007) Methanol steam reforming for hydrogen production. Chem Rev 107:3992-4021
12. Velu S, Suzuki K, Osaki T (1999) Oxidative steam reforming of methanol over CuZnAl(Zr)-oxide catalysts; a new and efficient method for the production of CO-free hydrogen for fuel cells. Chem Commun 2341-2342
13. Lattner JR, Harold MP (2007) Autothermal reforming of methanol: experiments and modeling. Catal Today 130:78-89
14. Park ED, Lee D, Lee HC (2009) Recent progress in selective CO removal in a H2-rich stream. Catal Today 139:280-290
15. Agrell J, Birgersson H, Boutonnet M, Melián-Cabrera I, Navarro RM, Fierro JLG (2003) Production of hydrogen from methanol over Cu/ZnO catalysts promoted by ZrO2 and Al2O3. J Catal 219:389-403
16. Turco M, Bagnasco G, Costantino U, Marmottini F, Montanari T, Ramis G, Busca G (2004) Production of hydrogen from oxidative steam reforming of methanol-II. catalytic activity and reaction mechanism on Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 hydrotalcite-derived catalysts. J Catal 228:56-65
17. Kurr P, Kasatkin I, Girgsdies F, Trunschke A, Schlögl R, Ressler T (2008) Microstructural characterization of Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalysts for methanol steam reforming-a comparative study. Appl Catal A 348:153-164
18. Velu S, Suzuki K (2003) Selective production of hydrogen for fuel cells via oxidative steam reforming of methanol over CuZnAl oxide catalysts: effect of substitution of zirconium and cerium on the catalytic performance. Top Catal 22:235-244
19. Purnama H, Girgsdies F, Ressler T, Schattka JH, Caruso RA, Schomäcker R, Schlögl R (2004) Activity and selectivity of a nanostructured CuO/ZrO2 catalyst in the steam reforming of methanol. Catal Lett 94:61-68
20. Ritzkopf I, Vukojevic S, Weidenthaler C, Grunwaldt JD, Schüth F (2006) Decreased CO production in methanol steam reforming over Cu/ZrO2 catalysts prepared by the microemulsion technique. Appl Catal A 302:215-223
21. Liu Y, Hayakawa T, Suzuki K, Hamakawa S, Tsunody T, Ishii T, Kumagai M (2002) Highly active copper/ceria catalysts for steam reforming of methanol. Appl Catal A 223:137-145
22. Tsai AP, Yoshimura M (2001) Highly active quasicrystalline Al-Cu-Fe catalyst for steam reforming of methanol. Appl Catal A 214:237-241
23. Ma L, Gong B, Tran T, Wainwright MS (2000) Cr2O3 promoted skeletal Cu catalysts for the reactions of methanol steam reforming and water gas shift. Catal Today 63:499-505
24. Jang JH, Xu Y, Chun DH, Demura M, Wee DM, Hirano T (2009) Effects of steam addition on the spontaneous activation in Ni3Al Foil catalysts during methanol decomposition. J Mol Catal A 307:21-28
25. Takahashi T, Inoue M, Kai T (2001) Effect of metal composition on hydrogen selectivity in steam reforming of methanol over catalysts prepared from amorphous alloys. Appl Catal A 218:189-195
26. Iwasa N, Nomura W, Mayanagi T, Fujita SI, Arai M, Takezawa N (2004) Hydrogen production by steam reforming of methanol. J Chem Eng Jpn 37:286-293
27. Iwasa N, Masuda S, Takezawa N (1995) Steam reforming of methanol over Ni, Co, Pd and Pt supported on ZnO. React Kinet Catal Lett 55:349-353
28. Iwasa N, Mayanagi T, Ogawa N, Sakata K, Takezawa N (1998) New catalytic functions of Pd-Zn, Pd-Ga, Pd-In, Pt-Zn, Pt-Ga and Pt-In alloys in the conversion of methanol. Catal Lett 54:119-123
29. Xia G, Holladay JD, Dagle RA, Jones EO, Wang Y (2005) Development of highly active Pd-ZnO/Al2O3 catalysts for microscale fuel processor applications. Chem Eng Technol 28:515-519
30. Tsai AP, Kameoka S, Ishii Y (2004) PdZn=Cu: can an intermetallic compound replace an element? J Phys Soc Jpn 73:3270-3273
31. Jiang CJ, Trimm DL, Wainwright MS, Cant NW (1993) Kinetic mechanism for the reaction between methanol and water over A Cu-ZnO-Al2O3 catalyst. Appl Catal A 97:145-158
32. Takezawa N, Iwasa N (1997) Steam reforming and dehydrogenation of methanol: difference in the catalytic functions of copper and group VIII metals. Catal Today 36:45-56
33. Peppley BA, Amphlett JC, Kearns LM, Mann RF (1999) Methanol-steam reforming on Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalysts. Part 2. A comprehensive kinetic model. Appl Catal A 179:31-49
34. Rozovskii AY, Lin GI (2003) Fundamentals of methanol synthesis and decomposition. Top Catal 22:137-150
35. Lee JK, Ko JB, Kim DH (2004) Methanol steam reforming over Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst: kinetics and effectiveness factor. Appl Catal A 278:25-35
36. Peppley BA, Amphlett JC, Kearns LM, Mann RF (2005) Methanol steam reforming on Cu/ZnO/Al2O3. Part 1: the reaction network. Appl Catal A 179:21-29
37. Frank B, Jentoft FC, Soerijanto H, Kröhnert J, Schlögl R, Schomäcker R (2007) Steam reforming of methanol over copper-containing catalysts: influence of support material on microkinetics. J Catal 246:177-192
38. Kasatkin I, Kurr P, Kniep B, Trunschke A, Schlögl R (2007) Role of lattice strain and defects in copper particles on the activity of Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalysts for methanol synthesis. Angew Chem 119:7465-7468
39. Chinchen GC, Hay CM, Vanderwell HD, Waugh KC (1987) The measurement of copper surface areas by reactive frontal chromatography. J Catal 103:79-86
40. Hinrichsen O, Genger T, Muhler M (2000) Chemisorption of N2O and H2 for the surface determination of copper catalysts. Chem Eng Technol 11:956-959
41. Naumann d'Alnoncourt R, Graf B, Xia X, Muhler M (2008) The back-titration of chemisorbed atomic oxygen on copper by carbon monoxide investigated by microcalorimetry and transient kinetics. J Therm Anal Calor 91:173-179
42. Behrens M, Furche A, Kasatkin I, Trunschke A, Busser W, Muhler M, Kniep B, Fischer R, Schlögl R (2010) The potential of microstructural optimization in metal/oxide catalysts: higher intrinsic activity of copper by partial embedding of copper nanoparticles. ChemCatChem 2:816-818
43. Spencer MS (1999) The role of zinc oxide in Cu ZnO catalysts for methanol synthesis and the water-gas shift reaction. Top Catal 8:259-266
44. Hansen JB, Højlund Nielsen PE (2008) Methanol synthesis. In: Ertl G, Knözinger H, Schüth F, Weitkamp J (eds) Handbook of heterogenous catalysis, 2nd edn. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, pp 2920-2949
45. Naumann d'Alnoncourt R, Xia X, Strunk J, Löffler E, Hinrichsen O, Muhler M (2006) The influence of strongly reducing conditions on strong metal-support interactions in Cu/ZnO catalysts used for methanol synthesis. Phys Chem Chem Phys 13:1525-1538
46. Grunwaldt JD, Molenbroek AM, Topsoe NY, Topsoe H, Clausen BS (2000) In situ investigations of structural changes in Cu/ZnO catalysts. J Catal 194:452-460
47. Hansen PL, Wagner JB, Helveg S, Rostrup-Nielsen JR, Clausen BS, Topsoe H (2002) Atomresolved imaging of dynamic shape changes in supported copper nanocrystals. Science 295:2053-2055
48. Spencer MS (1995) On the activation energies of the forward and reverse water-gas shift reaction. Catal Lett 32:9-13
49. Twigg MV, Spencer MS (2003) Deactivation of copper metal catalysts for methanol decomposition, methanol steam reforming and methanol synthesis. Top Catal 22:191-203
50. Hughes R (1994) Deactivation of catalysts. Academic, New York
51. Kasatkin I et al., unpublished
52. Löffler DG, McDermott SD, Renn CN (2003) Activity and durability of water-gas shift catalysts used for the steam reforming of methanol. J Power Sources 114:15-20
53. Thurgood CP, Amphlett JC, Mann RF, Peppley BA (2003) Deactivation of Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst: evolution of site concentrations with time. Top Catal 22:253-259
54. Agarwal V, Patel S, Pant KK (2005) H2 production by steam reforming of methanol over Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalysts: transient deactivation kinetics modeling. Appl Catal A 279:155-164
55. Agrell J, Birgersson H, Boutonnet M (2002) Steam reforming of methanol over a Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst: a kinetic analysis and strategies for suppression of CO formation. J Power Sources 106:249-257
56. Schimpf S, Muhler M (2009) Methanol catalysts. In: de Jong K (ed) Synthesis of solid catalysts. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, pp 329-351
57. Bems B, Schur M, Dassenoy A, Junkes H, Herein D, Schlögl R (2003) Relations between synthesis and microstructural properties of copper/zinc hydroxycarbonates. Chemistry 9:2039-2052
58. Baltes C, Vukojevic S, Schüth F (2008) Correlations between synthesis, precursor, and catalyst structure and activity of a large set of CuO/ZnO/Al2O3 catalysts for methanol synthesis. J Catal 258:334-344
59. Shen GC, Fujita SI, Takezawa N (1992) Preparation of precursors for the Cu/ZnO methanol synthesis catalysis by coprecipitation methods-effects of The preparation conditions upon the structures of the precursors. J Catal 138:754-758
60. Günter MM, Ressler T, Bems B, Büscher C, Genger T, Hinrichsen O, Muhler M, Schlögl R (2001) Implication of the microstructure of binary Cu/ZnO catalysts for their catalytic activity in methanol synthesis. Catal Lett 71:37-44
61. Waller D, Stirling D, Stone FS, Spencer MS (1989) Copper-Zinc oxide catalysts. Activity in relation to precursor structure and morphology. Faraday Dissuss Chem Soc 87:107-120
62. Li JL, Inui T (1996) Characterization of precursors of methanol synthesis catalysts, copper/zinc/aluminum oxides, precipitated at different pHs and temperatures. Appl Catal A Gen 137:105-117
63. Whittle DM, Mirzaei AA, Hargreaves JSJ, Joyner RW, Kiely CJ, Taylor SH, Hutchings GJ (2002) Co-precipitated copper zinc oxide catalysts for ambient temperature carbon monoxide oxidation: effect of precipitate ageing on catalyst activity. Phys Chem Chem Phys 4:5915-5920
64. Kniep BL, Ressler T, Rabis A, Girgsdies F, Baenitz M, Steglich F, Schlögl R (2003) Ratioal design of nanostructured copper-zinc oxide catalysts for the steam reforming of methanol. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 43:112-115
65. Behrens M, Brennecke D, Girgsdies F, Kißner S, Trunschke A, Nasrudin N, Zakaria S, Fadilah Idris N, Bee Abd Hamid S, Kniep B, Fischer R, Busser W, Muhler M, Schlögl R (2011) Understanding the complexity of a catalyst synthesis: co-precipitation of mixed Cu, Zn, Al hydroxycarbonate precursors for Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalysts investigated by titration experiments. Appl Catal A 392:93-102
66. Behrens M (2009) Meso-and nano-structuring of industrial Cu/ZnO/(Al2O3) catalysts. J Catal 267:24-29
67. Schüth F, Hesse M, Unger KK (2008) Precipitation and coprecipitation. In: Ertl G, Knözinger H, Schüth F, Weitkamp J (eds) Handbook of heterogeneous catalysis, 2nd edn. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, pp 100-119
68. Lok M (2009) Coprecipitation. In: de Jong K (ed) Synthesis of solid catalysts. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, pp 135-151
69. Kniep BL, Girgsdies F, Ressler T (2005) Effect of precipitate aging on the microstructural characteristics of Cu/ZnO catalysts for methanol steam reforming. J Catal 236:34-44
70. Millar GJ, Holm IH, Uwins PJR, Drennan J (1998) Characterization of precursors to methanol synthesis catalysts Cu/ZnO system. J Chem Soc Faraday Trans 94:593-600
71. Behrens M, Girgsdies F, Trunschke A, Schlögl R (2009) Minerals as model compounds for Cu/ZnO catalyst precursors: structural and thermal properties and IR spectra of mineral and synthetic (Zincian) malachite, rosasite and aurichalcite and a catalyst precursor mixture. Eur J Inorg Chem 10:1347-1357
72. Fujita S, Satriyo AM, Shen GC, Takezawa N (1995) Mechanism of the formation of precursors for the Cu/ZnO methanol synthesis catalysts by a coprecipitation method. Catal Lett 34:85-92
73. Behrens M, Girgsdies F (2010) Structural effects of Cu/Zn substitution in the malachiterosasite system. Z Anorg Allg Chem 636:919-927
74. Shen GC, Fujita S, Matsumoto S, Takezawa N (1997) Steam reforming of methanol on binary Cu/ZnO catalysts: effects of preparation condition upon precursors, surface structure and catalytic activity. J Mol Catal A 124:123-136
75. Shishido T, Yamamoto Y, Morioka H, Takaki K, Takehira K (2004) Active Cu/ZnO and Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalysts prepared by homogeneous precipitation method in steam reforming of methanol. Appl Catal A 263:249-253
76. Shishido T, Yamamoto Y, Morioka H, Takehira K (2007) Production of hydrogen from methanol over Cu/ZnO and Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalysts prepared by homogeneous precipitation: steam reforming and oxidative steam reforming. J Mol Catal A 268:185-194
77. Zhang XR, Wang LC, Yao CZ, Cao Y, Dai WL, He HY, Fan KN (2005) A highly efficient Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst via gel-coprecipitation of oxalate precursors for low-temperature steam reforming of methanol. Catal Lett 102:183-190
78. Wang LC, Liu YM, Chen M, Cao Y, He HY, Wu GS, Dai WL, Fan KN (2007) Production of hydrogen by steam reforming of methanol over Cu/ZnO catalysts prepared via a practical soft reactive grinding route based on dry oxalate-precursor synthesis. J Catal 246:193-204
79. Becker M, Naumann d'Alnoncourt R, Kähler K, Sekulic J, Fischer RA, MuhlerM(2010) The synthesis of highly loaded Cu/Al2O3 and Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalysts by the two-step CVD of Cu (II)diethylamino-2-propoxide in a fluidized-bed reactor. Chem Vap Deposition 16:85
80. Kurtz M, Bauer N, Büscher C, Wilmer H, Hinrichsen O, Becker R, Rabe S, Merz K, Driess M, Fischer RA, Muhler M (2004) New synthetic routes to more active Cu/ZnO catalysts used for methanol synthesis. Catal Lett 92:49-52
81. Omata K, Hashimoto M, Wanatabe Y, Umegaki T, Wagatsuma S, Ishiguro G, Yamada M (2004) Optimization of Cu oxide catalyst for methanol synthesis under high CO2 partial pressure using combinatorial tools. Appl Catal A 262:207-214
82. Breen JP, Ross JRH (1999) Methanol reforming for fuel-cell applications: development of zirconia-containing Cu-Zn-Al catalysts. Catal Today 51:521-533
83. Matsumura Y, Ishibe H (2009) Suppression of CO by-production in steam reforming of methanol by addition of zinc oxide to silica-supported copper catalyst. J Catal 268:282-289
84. Yang HM, Liao PH (2007) Preparation and activity of Cu/ZnO-CNTs nano-catalyst on steam reforming of methanol. Appl Catal A 317:226-233
85. Kudo S, Maki T, Miura K, Mae K (2010) High porous carbon with Cu/ZnO nanoparticles made by the pyrolysis of carbon material as a catalyst for steam reforming of methanol and dimethyl ether. Carbon 48:1186-1195
86. Cavani F, Trifirò F, Vaccari A (1991) Hydrotalcite-type anionic clays: preparation, properties and applications. Catal Today 11:173-301
87. Takehira K, Shishido T (2007) Preparation of supported metal catalysts starting from hydrotalcites as the precursors and their improvements by adopting "memory effect". Catal Surv Asia 11:1-30
88. Tang Y, Liu Y, Zhu P, Xue Q, Chen L, Lu Y (2009) High-performance HTLcs-derived CuZnAl catalysts for hydrogen production via methanol steam reforming. Am Inst Chem Eng J 55:1217-1228
89. Busca G, Constatino U, Marmottini F, Montanari T, Patrono P, Pinari F, Ramis G (2006) Methanol steam reforming over ex-hydrotalcite Cu-Zn-Al catalysts. Appl Catal A 310:70-78
90. Behrens M, Kasatkin I, Kühl S, Weinberg G (2010) Phase-pure Cu, Zn, Al hydrotalcite-like materials as precursors for copper rich Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalysts. Chem Mater 22:386-397
91. Kühl S, Friedrich M, Armbrüster M, Behrens M, unpublished
92. Turco M, Bagnasco G, Costantino U, Marmottini F, Montanari T, Ramis G, Busca G (2004) Production of hydrogen from oxidative steam reforming of methanol-I. preparation and characterization of Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalysts from a hydrotalcite-like LDH precursor. J Catal 228:43-55
93. Turco M, Bagnasco G, Cammarano C, Senese P, Costantino U, Sisani M (2007) Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalysts for oxidative steam reforming of methanol: the role of Cu and the dispersing oxide matrix. Appl Catal B 77:46-57
94. Velu S, Suzuki K, Okazaki M, Kapoor MP, Osaki T, Ohashi F (2000) Oxidative steam reforming of methanol over CuZnAl(Zr)-oxide catalysts for the selective production of hydrogen for fuel cells: catalyst characterization and performance evaluation. J Catal 194:373-384
95. Velu S, Suzuki K, Kapoor MP, Ohashi F, Osaki T (2001) Selective production of hydrogen for fuel cells via oxidative steam reforming of methanol over CuZnAl(Zr)-oxide catalysts. Appl Catal A 213:47-63
96. Velu S, Suzuki K, Gopinath CS, Yoshida H, Hattori T (2002) XPS, XANES and EXAFS investigations of CuO/ZnO/Al2O3/ZrO2 mixed oxide catalysts. Phys Chem Chem Phys 4:1990-1999
97. Matsumura Y, Ishibe H (2009) High temperature steam reforming of methanol over Cu/ZnO/ZrO2 catalysts. Appl Catal B 91:524-532
98. Jones SD, Hagelin-Weaver HE (2009) Steam reforming of methanol over CeO2-and ZrO2-promoted Cu-ZnO catalysts supported on nanoparticle Al2O3. Appl Catal B 90:195-204
99. Idem RO, Bakhshi NN (1996) Characterization studies of calcined, promoted and nonpromoted methanol-steam reforming catalysts. Can J Chem Eng 74:288-300
100. Lindström B, Pettersson LJ (2001) Hydrogen generation by steam reforming of methanol over copper-based catalysts for fuel cell applications. Int J Hydrogen Energy 26:923-933
101. Lindström B, Pettersson LJ, Menon PG (2002) Activity and characterization of Cu/Zn, Cu/Cr and Cu/Zr on gamma-alumina for methanol reforming for fuel cell vehicles. Appl Catal 234:111-125
102. Matsumura Y, Ishibe H (2009) Selective steam reforming of methanol over silica-supported copper catalyst prepared by sol-gel method. Appl Catal B 86:114-120
103. Kobayashi H, Takezawa N, Shimokawabe M, Takahashi K (1983) Preparation Of copper supported on metal oxides and methanol steam reforming reaction. Stud Surf Sci Catal 16:697-707
104. Takezawa N, Shimokawabe M, Hiramatsu H, Sugiura H, Asakawa T, Kobayashi H (1987) Steam reforming of methanol over Cu/ZrO2-role of ZrO2 support. React Kinet Catal Lett 33:191-196
105. Szizybalski A, Girgsdies F, Rabis A, Wang Y, Niederberger M, Ressler T (2005) In situ investigations of structure-activity relationships of a Cu/ZrO2 catalyst for the steam reforming of methanol. J Catal 233:297-307
106. Oguchi H, Kanai H, Utani K, Matsumura Y, Imamura S (2005) Cu2O as active species in the steam reforming of methanol by CuO/ZrO2 catalysts. Appl Catal A 293:64-70
107. Yao C, Wang L, Liu Y, Wu G, Cao Y, Dai W, He H, Fan K (2006) Effect of preparation method on the hydrogen production from methanol steam reforming over binary Cu/ZrO2 catalysts. Appl Catal A 297:151-158
108. Wang LC, Liu Q, Chen M, Liu YM, Cao Y, He HY, Fan KN (2007) Structural evolution and catalytic properties of nanostructured Cu/ZrO2 catalysts prepared by oxalate gelcoprecipitation technique. J Phys Chem C 111:16549-16557
109. Wu GS, Mao DS, Lu GZ, Cao Y, Fan KN (2009) The role of the promoters in Cu based catalysts for methanol steam reforming. Catal Lett 130:177-184
110. Liu Y, Hayakawa T, Suzuki K, Hamakawa S (2001) Production of hydrogen by steam reforming of methanol over Cu/CeO2 catalysts derived from Ce1-xCuxO2-x precursors. Catal Comm 2:195-200
111. Liu Y, Hayakawa T, Tsunoda T, Suzuki K, Hamakawa S, Murato K, Shiozaki R, Ishii T, Kumagai M (2003) Steam reforming of methanol over Cu/CeO2 catalysts studied in comparison with Cu/ZnO and Cu/Zn(Al)O catalysts. Top Catal 22:205-213
112. Mastalir A, Frank B, Szizybalski A, Soerijanto H, Deshpande A, Niederberger M, Schomäker R, Schlögl R, Ressler T (2005) Steam reforming of methanol over Cu/ZrO2/CeO2 catalysts: a kinetic study. J Catal 230:464-475
113. Oguchi H, Nishiguchi T, Matsumoto T, Kanai H, Utani K, Matsumura Y, Imamura S (2005) Steam reforming of methanol over Cu/CeO2/ZrO2 catalysts. Appl Catal A 281:69-73
114. Huang TJ, Chen HM (2010) Hydrogen production via steam reforming of methanol over Cu/(Ce, Gd)O2-x catalysts. Int J Hydrogen Energy 35:6218-6226
115. Bhagwat M, Ramaswamy AV, Tyagi AK, Ramaswamy V (2003) Rietveld refinement study of nanocrystalline copper doped zirconia. Mater Res Bull 38:1713-1724
116. Fierro G, Lo Jacono M, Inversi M, Porta P, Cioci F, Lavecchia R (1996) Study of the reducibility of copper in CuO-ZnO catalysts by temperature-programmed reduction. Appl Catal A 137:327-348
117. Noei H, Qiu H, Wang Y, Löffler E, Wöll C, Muhler M (2008) The identification of hydroxyl groups on ZnO nanoparticles by infrared spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 10:7092-7097
118. Günther MM, Ressler T, Jentoft RE, Bems B (2001) Redox behavior of copper oxide/zinc oxide catalysts in the steam reforming of methanol studied by in situ X-Ray diffraction and absorption spectroscopy. J Catal 203:133-149
119. Goddby BE, Pemberton JE (1988) XPS characterization of a commercial Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst: effects of oxidation, reduction, and the steam reformation of methanol. Appl Spectrosc 42:754-760
120. Raimondi F, Geissler K, Wambach J, Wokaun A (2002) Hydrogen production by methanol reforming: post-reaction characterisation of a Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst by XPS and TPD. Appl Surf Sci 189:59-71
121. Raimondi F, Schnyder B, Kötz R, Schelldorfer R, Jung T, Wambach J, Wokaun A (2003) Structural changes of model Cu/ZnO catalysts during exposure to methanol reforming conditions. Surf Sci 532-535:383-389
122. Reitz TL, Lee PL, Czaplewski KF, Lang JC, Popp KE, Kung HH (2001) Time-resolved XANES investigation of CuO/ZnO in the oxidative methanol reforming reaction. J Catal 199:193-201
123. Knop-Gericke A, Hävecker M, Schedel-Niedrig T, Schlögl R (2001) Characterisation of active phases of a copper catalyst for methanol oxidation under reaction conditions: an in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy study in the soft energy range. Top Catal 15:27-34
124. Klier K (1982) Methanol synthesis. Adv Catal 31:243-313
125. Costantino U, Marmottini F, Sisani M, Montanari T, Ramis G, Busca G, Turco M, Bagnsco G (2005) Cu-Zn-Al hydrotalcites as precursors of catalysts for the production of hydrogen from methanol. Solid State Ionics 176:2917-2922
126. Larrubia Vargas MA, Busca G, Costantino U, Marmottini F, Montatnari T, Patrono P, Pinzari F, Ramis G (2007) An IR study of methanol steam reforming over ex-hydrotalcite Cu-Zn-Al catalysts. J Mol Catal A 266:188-197
127. Busca G, Montanari T, Resini C, Ramis G, Costantino U (2009) Hydrogen from alcohols: IR and flow reactor studies. Catal Today 143:2-8
128. Sakong S, Groß A (2003) Dissociative adsorption of hydrogen on strained Cu surfaces. Surf Sci 525:107-118
129. Girgsdies F, Ressler T, Wild U, Wübben T, Balk TJ, Dehm G, Zhou L, Günther S, Arzt E, Imbihl R, Schlögl R (2005) Strained thin copper films as model catalysts in the materials gap. Catal Lett 102:91-97
130. Hammer B, Nørskov JK (1995) Electronic factors determining the reactivity of metal surfaces. Surf Sci 343:211-220
131. Frost JC (1988) Junction effect interactions in methanol synthesis catalysts. Nature 334:577-580
132. Zhang XR, Wang LC, Cao Y, Dai WL, He HY, Fan KN (2005) A unique microwave effect on the microstructural modification of Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalysts for steam reforming of methanol. Chem Commun 4104-4106
133. Holladay JD, Wang Y, Jones E (2004) Review of developments in portable hydrogen production using microreactor technology. Chem Rev 104:4767-4790
134. Kovnir K, Armbrüster M, Teschner D, Venkov TV, Jentoft FC, Knop-Gericke A, Grin Yu, Schlögl R (2007) A new approach to well-defined, stable and site-isolated catalysts. Sci Tech Adv Mater 8:420-427
135. Kohlmann H (2002) Metal hydrides. In: Meyers RA (ed) Encyclopedia of physical science and technology, vol 9, 3rd edn. Academic, New York, pp 441-458
136. Friedrich M, Ormeci A, Grin Yu, Armbrüster M (2010) PdZn or ZnPd: charge transfer and Pd-Pd bonding as the driving force for the tetragonal distortion of the cubic crystal structure. Z Anorg Allg Chem 636:1735-1739
137. Armbrüster M, Schnelle W, Schwarz U, Grin Yu (2007) Chemical bonding in TiSb2 and VSb2: a quantum chemical and experimental study. Inorg Chem 46:6319-6328
138. Armbrüster M, Schnelle W, Cardoso-Gil R, Grin Yu (2010) Chemical bonding in the isostructural compounds MnSn2, FeSn2 and CoSn2. Chem Eur J 16:10357-10365
139. Grin Yu, Wagner FR, Armbrüster M, Kohout M, Leithe-Jasper A, Schwarz U, Wedig U, von Schnering HG (2006) CuAl2 revisisted: composition, crystal structure, chemical bonding compressibility and Raman spectroscopy. J Solid State Chem 179:1707-1719
140. Macchioni C, Rayne JA, Sen S, Bauer CL (1981) Low temperature resistivity of thin film and bulk samples of CuAl2 and Cu9Al4. Thin Solid Films 81:71-78
141. Iwasa N, Masuda S, Ogawa N, Takezawa N (1995) Steam reforming of methanol over Pd/ZnO: effects of the formation of PdZn alloys upon the reaction. Appl Catal A 125:145-157
142. Miyao K, Onodera H, Takezawa N (1994) Highly active copper catalysts for steam reforming of methanol Catalysts Derived from Cu/Zn/Al Alloys. React Kinet Catal Lett 53:379-383
143. Kameoka S, Tanabe T, Tsai AP (2004) Al-Cu-Fe quasicrystals for steam reforming of methanol: a new form of copper catalyst. Catal Today 93-95:23-26
144. Tanabe T, Kameoka S, Tsai AP (2006) A novel catalyst fabricated from Al-Cu-Fe quasicrystal for steam reforming of methanol. Catal Today 111:153-157
145. Yoshimura M, Tsai AP (2002) Quasicrystal application on catalyst. J Alloy Comp 342:451-454
146. Wallace WE, Elattar A, Imamura H, Craig RS, Moldovan AG (1980) Intermetallic compounds: surface chemistry, hydrogen absorption and heterogeneous catalysis. In: Wallace WE, Rao ECS (eds) Science and technology of rare earth materials. Academic, New York, pp 329-351
147. Nix RM, Rayment T, Lambert RM, Jennings JR, Owen G (1987) An in situ X-Ray diffraction study of the activation and performance of methanol synthesis catalysts derived from rareearth-copper alloys. J Catal 106:216-234
148. Takahashi T, Kawabata M, Kai T, Kimura H, Inoue A (2006) Preparation of highly active methanol steam reforming catalysts from glassy Cu-Zr Alloys with small amount of noble metals. Mater Trans 47:2081-2085
149. Bernal S, Calvino JJ, Cauqui MA, Gatica JM, Cartes CL, Omil JAP, Pintado JM (2003) Some contributions of electron microscopy to the characterisation of the strong metal-support interaction effect. Catal Today 77:385-406
150. Tauster SJ, Fung SC, Garten RL (1978) Strong metal-support interactions. Group 8 noble metals supported on TiO2. J Am Chem Soc 100:170-175
151. Knözinger H, Taglauer E (2008) Spreading and wetting. In: Ertl G, Knözinger H, Schüth F, Weitkamp J (eds) Handbook of heterogeneous catalysis, 2nd edn. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, pp 555-571
152. Simoens AJ, Baker RTK, Dwyer DJ, Lund CRF, Madon RJ (1984) A study of the nickeltitanium oxide interaction. J Catal 86:359-372
153. Centi G (2003) Metal-support interactions. In: Cornils B, Herrmann WA, Schlögl R, Wong CH (eds) Catalysis from A to Z, 2nd edn. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, pp 490-491
154. Tauster SJ (1987) Strong metal-support interactions. Acc Chem Res 20:389-394
155. Penner S, Wang D, Su DS, Rupprechter G, Podloucky R, Schlögl R, Hayek K (2003) Platinum nanocrystals supported by silica, ceria and alumina: metal-support interactions due to high-temperature reduction in hydrogen. Surf Sci 532-535:276
156. Penner S, Wang D, Podloucky R, Schlögl R, Hayek K (2004) Rh and Pt nanoparticles supported by CeO2: metal-support interaction upon high-temperature reduction observed by electron microscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 6:5244
157. Iwasa N, Kudo S, Takahashi H, Masuda S, Takezawa N (1993) Highly selective supported Pd catalysts for steam reforming of methanol. Catal Lett 19:211-216
158. Wang Y, Zhang J, Xu H (2006) Interaction between Pd and ZnO during reduction of Pd/ZnO catalyst for steam reforming of methanol to hydrogen. Chin J Catal 27:217-222
159. Wang Y, Zhang J, Xu H, Bai X (2007) Reduction of Pd/ZnO catalyst and its catalytic activity for steam reforming of methanol. Chin J Catal 28:234-238
160. Penner S, Jenewein B, Gabasch H, Klötzer B, Wang D, Knop-Gericke A, Schlögl R, Hayek K (2006) Growth and structural stability of well-ordered PdZn alloy nanoparticles. J Catal 241:14-19
161. Clark JB, Hastie JW, Kihlborg LHE, Metselaar R, Thackeray MM (1994) Definitions of terms relating to phase transitions of the solid state. Pure Appl Chem 66:577-594
162. Dagle RA, Chin YH, Wang Y (2007) The effects of PdZn crystallite size on methanol steam reforming. Top Catal 46:358-362
163. Karim A, Conant T, Datye A (2006) The Role of PdZn alloy formation and particle size on the selectivity for steam reforming of methanol. J Catal 243:420-427
164. Lebarbier V, Dagle R, Datye A, Wang Y (2010) The effect of PdZn particle size on reversewater-gas-shift reaction. Appl Catal A 379:3-6
165. Bollmann L, Ratts JL, Joshi AM, Williams WD, Pazmino J, Joshi YV, Miller JT, Kropf AJ, Delgass WN, Ribeiro FH (2008) Effect of Zn addition on the water-gas shift reaction over supported palladium catalysts. J Catal 257:43-54
166. Suwa Y, Ito SI, Kameoka S, Tomishige K, Kunimori K (2004) Comparative study between Zn-Pd/C and Pd/ZnO Catalysts for steam reforming of methanol. Appl Catal A 267:9-16
167. Liu S, Takahashi K, Eguchi H, Uematsu K (2007) Hydrogen production by oxidative methanol reforming on Pd/ZnO: catalyst preparation and supporting materials. Catal Today 129:287-292
168. Liu S, Takahashi K, Uematsu K, Ayabe M (2005) Hydrogen production by oxidative methanol reforming on Pd/ZnO. Appl Catal A 283:125-135
169. Liu S, Takahashi K, Ayabe M (2003) Hydrogen production by oxidative methanol reforming on Pd/ZnO catalyst: effect of Pd loading. Catal Today 87:247-253
170. Liu S, Takajashi K, Fuchigami K, Uematsu K (2006) Hydrogen production by oxidative methanol reforming on Pd/ZnO: catalyst deactivation. Appl Catal A 299:58-65
171. Liu S, Takahashi K, Uematsu K, Ayabe M (2004) Hydrogen production by oxidative methanol reforming on Pd/ZnO catalyst: effects of the addition of a third metal component. Appl Catal A 277:265-270
172. Lenarda M, Storaro L, Frattini R, Casagrande M, Marchiori M, Capannelli G, Uliana C, Ferrari F, Ganzerla R (2007) Oxidative methanol steam reforming (OSRM) on a PdZnAl hydrotalcite derived catalyst. Catal Comm 8:467-470
173. Cubeiro ML, Fierro JLG (1998) Partial oxidation of methanol over supported palladium catalysts. Appl Catal A 168:307-322
174. Cubeiro ML, Fierro JLG (1998) Selective production of hydrogen by partial oxidation of methanol over ZnO-Supported palladium catalysts. J Catal 179:150-162
175. Agrell J, Germani G, Järås SG, Boutonnet M (2003) Production of hydrogen by partial oxidation of methanol over ZnO-supported palladium catalysts prepared by microemulsion technique. Appl Catal A 242:233-245
176. Eastman JA, Thompson LJ, Kestel BJ (1993) Narrowing the palladium-hydrogen miscibility gap in nanocrystalline palladium. Phys Rev B 48:84-92
177. Yamauchi M, Ikeda R, Kitagawa H, Takata M (2008) Nanosize effects on hydrogen storage in palladium. J Phys Chem C 112:3294-3299
178. Tew MW, Miller JT, van Bokhoven JA (2009) Particle size effect of hydride formation and surface hydrogen adsorption of nanosized palladium catalysts: L3 Edge vs K Edge X-Ray absorption spectroscopy. J Phys Chem C 113:15140-15147
179. Ito SI, Suwa Y, Kondo S, Kamoeka S, Timishige T, Kunimori K (2003) Steam reforming of methanol over Pt-Zn alloy catalyst supported on carbon black. Catal Comm 4:499-503
180. Iwasa N, Takezawa N (2003) New Supported Pd and Pt Alloy catalysts for steam reforming and dehydrogenation of methanol. Top Catal 22:215-224
181. Lim KH, Chen ZX, Neyman KM, Rösch N (2006) Comparative theoretical study of formaldehyde decomposition on PdZn, Cu, and Pd surfaces. J Phys Chem B 110:14890-14897
182. Lorenz H, Zhao Q, Turner S, Lebedev BL, Van Tendeloo G, Klötzer B, Rameshan C, Pfaller K, Konzett J, Penner S (2010) Origin of different deactivation of Pd/SnO2 and Pd/GeO2 catalysts in methanol dehydrogenation and reforming: a comparative study. Appl Catal A 381:242-252
183. Penner S, Lorenz H, Jochum W, Stöger-Pollach M, Wang D, Rameshan C, Klötzer B (2009) Pd/Ga2O3 methanol steam reforming catalysts: part I. Morphology, composition and structural aspects. Appl Catal A 358:193-202
184. Kovnir K, Schmidt M, Waurisch C, Armbrüster M, Prots Yu, Grin Yu (2008) Refinement of the crystal structure of dipalladium gallide, Pd2Ga. Z Kristallogr New Cryst Struct 223:7-8
185. Lorenz H, Turner S, Lebedev OI, Van Tendeloo G, Klötzer B, Rameshan C, Pfaller K, Penner S (2010) Pd-In2O3 interaction due to reduction in hydrogen: consequences for methanol steam reforming. Appl Catal A 374:180-188
186. Kamiuchi N, Muroyama H, Matsui T, Kikuchi R, Eguchi K (2010) Nano-structural changes of SnO2-supported palladium catalysts by redox treatments. Appl Catal A 379:148-154
187. Teschner D, Borsodi J, Wootsch A, Révay Z, Hävecker M, Knop-Gericke A, Jackson SD, Schlögl R (2008) The roles of subsurface carbon and hydrogen in palladium-catalyzed alkyne hydrogenation. Science 320:86-89
188. Teschner D, Révay Z, Borsodi J, Hävecker M, Knop-Gericke A, Schlögl R, Milroy D, Jackson SD, Torres D, Sautet P (2008) Understanding palladium hydrogenation catalysts: when the nature of the reactive molecule conrols the nature of the catalyst active phase. Angew Chem Int Ed 47:9274-9278
189. Seriani N, Mittendorfer F, Kresse G (2010) Carbon in palladium catalysts: a metastable carbide. J Chem Phys 132:024711
190. Al Alam AF, Matar SF, Nakhl M, Quaini N (2009) Investigations of changes in crystal and electronic structures by hydrogen within LaNi5 from first-principles. Solid State Sci 11:1098-1106
191. Kohout M (2004) A measure of electron localizability. Int J Quant Chem 97:651-658
192. Kohout M, Wagner FR, Grin Yu (2006) Atomic shells from the electron localizability in momentum space. Int J Quant Chem 106:1499-1507
193. Kohout M (2007) Bonding indicators from electron pair density functionals. Faraday Discuss 135:43-54
194. Kovnir K, Armbrüster M, Teschner D, Venkov TV, Szentmiklósi L, Jentoft FC, Knop-Gericke A, Grin Yu, Schlögl R (2009) In situ surface characterization of the intermetallic compound pdga-a highly selective hydrogenation catalyst. Surf Sci 603:1784-1792
195. Osswald J, Giedigkeit R, Jentoft RE, Armbrüster M, Girgsdies F, Kovnir K, Grin Yu, Ressler T, Schlögl R (2008) Palladium gallium intermetallic compounds for the selective hydrogenation of acetylene. Part I: preparation and structural investigation under reaction conditions. J Catal 258:210-218
196. Osswald J, Kovnir K, Armbrüster M, Giedigkeit R, Jentoft RE, Wild U, Grin Yu, Schlögl R (2008) Palladium gallium intermetallic compounds for the selective hydrogenation of acetylene. Part II: surface characterization and catalytic performance. J Catal 258:219-227
197. Chen ZX, Neyman KM, Gordienko AB, Rösch N (2003) Surface structure and stability of PdZn and PtZn alloys: density functional slab model studies. Phys Rev B 68:075417
198. Bayer A, Flechtner K, Denecke R, Steinrück HP, Neyman KM, Rösch N (2006) Electronic properties of thin Zn layers on Pd(111) during growth and alloying. Surf Sci 600:78-94
199. Chen ZX, Neyman KM, Rösch N (2004) Theoretical study of segregation of Zn and Pd in Pd-Zn alloys. Surf Sci 548:291-300
200. Chen ZX, Neyman KM, Lim KH, Rösch N (2004) CH3O Decomposition on PdZn(111), Pd (111), and Cu(111). A theoretical study. Langmuir 20:8068-8077
201. Chen ZX, Lim KH, Neyman KM, Rösch N (2004) Density functional study of methoxide decomposition on PdZn(100). Phys Chem Chem Phys 6:4499-4504
202. Chen ZX, Lim KH, Neyman KM, Rösch N (2005) Effect of steps on the decomposition of CH3O at PdZn alloy surfaces. J Phys Chem B 109:4568-4574
203. Fasana A, Abbati I, Braicovich L (1982) Photoemission evidence of surface segregation at liquid-nitrogen temperature in Zn-Pd system. Phys Rev B 26:4749-4751
204. Rodriguez JA (1994) Interactions in bimetallic bonding: electronic and chemical properties of PdZn surfaces. J Phys Chem 98:5758-5764
205. Stadlmayr W, Penner S, Klötzer B, Memmel N (2009) Growth, thermal stability and structure of ultrathin Zn-layers on Pd(111). Surf Sci 603:251-255
206. Rameshan C, Stadlmayr W, Weilach C, Penner S, Lorenz H, Hävecker M, Blume R, Rocha T, Teschner D, Knop-Gericke A, Schlögl R, Memmel N, Zemlyanov D, Rupprechter G, Klötzer B (2010) Subsurface-controlled CO2 selectivity of PdZn near-surface alloys in H2 generation by methanol steam reforming. Angew Chem Int Ed 49:3224-3227
207. Stadlmayr W, Rameshan C, Weilach C, Lorenz H, Hävecker M, Blume R, Rocha T, Teschner D, Knop-Gericke A, Zemlyanov D, Penner S, Schlögl R, Rupprechter G, Klötzer B, Memmel N (2010) Temperature-induced modifications of PdZn layers on Pd(111). J Phys Chem C 114:10850-10856
208. Weirum G, Kratzer M, Koch HP, Tamtögl A, Killmann J, Bako I, Winkler A, Surnev S, Netzer FP, Schennach R (2009) Growth and desorption kinetics of ultrathin Zn layers on Pd (111). J Phys Chem C 113:9788-9796
209. Koch HP, Bako I, Weirum G, Kratzer M, Schennach R (2010) A Theoretical study of Zn adsorption and desorption on a Pd(111) substrate. Surf Sci 604:926-931
210. Gabasch H, Knop-Gericke A, Schlögl R, Penner S, Jenewein B, Hayek K, Klötzer B (2006) Zn adsorption on Pd(111): ZnO and PdZn alloy formation. J Phys Chem B 110:11391-11398
211. Jeroro E, Vohs JM (2008) Zn Modification of the reactivity of Pd(111) toward methanol and formaldehyde. J Am Chem Soc 130:10199-10207
212. Jeroro E, Lebarbier V, Datye A, Wang Y, Vohs JM (2007) Interaction of CO with surface PdZn alloys. Surf Sci 601:5546-5554
213. Massalski TB (1990) Pd-Zn (palladium-zinc). In: Masaalski TB (ed) Binary alloy phase diagrams, 2nd edn. ASM International, Materials Park, pp 3068-3070
214. Iwasa N, Mayanagi T, Masuda S, Takezawa N (2000) Steam reforming of methanol over Pd-Zn catalysts. React Kinet Catal Lett 69:355-360
215. Murray JL (1985) The aluminium-copper system. Int Met Rev 30:211-233