Post feed-in scheme photovoltaic system feasibility evaluation in Italy: Sicilian case studies

Energies

Volumn 7, Issue 11, 2014, Pages 7147-7165

  Squatrito, Riccardo ^a   Sgroi, Filippo ^a   Tudisca, Salvatore ^a   di Trapani, Anna Maria ^a   Testa, Riccardo ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PALERMO   (Italy)

Author keywords

Greenhouse; Levelized cost of electricity (LCOE); Net metering; Photovoltaic (PV) system; Profitability analysis; Sensitivity analysis

Indexed keywords

COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS; EARNINGS; ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION; GREENHOUSES; INVESTMENTS; PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS; PROFITABILITY; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS;

ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION; ENERGY-INTENSIVE SECTORS; INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN; LEVELIZED COST OF ELECTRICITIES; NET METERING; PHOTOVOLTAIC ELECTRICITIES; PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS; PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS;

SOLAR POWER GENERATION;

EID: 84949115695     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19961073     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/en7117147     Document Type: Article

References (106)

1. Sanz-Casado, E.; Lascurain-Sánchez, M.L.; Serrano-Lopez, A.L.; Larsen, B.; Ingwersen, P. Production, consumption and research on solar energy: The Spanish and German case. Renew. Energy 2014, 68, 733-744.
2. Peng, J.; Lu, L.; Yang, H. Review on life cycle assessment of energy payback and greenhouse gas emission of solar photovoltaic systems. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2013, 19, 255-274.
3. Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st century (REN21). Renewables Global Futures Report, 2013. Available online: http://www.ren21.net/Portals/0/documents/activities/gfr/REN21_ GFR_2013.pdf (accessed on 6 June 2014).
4. Observatoire des Energies Renouvelables (ObservER). Photovoltaic barometer. Available online: http://www.energies-renouvelables.org/observ-er/stat_baro/observ/baro-jdp11_en.pdf (accessed on 6 June 2014).
5. López Polo, A.; Haas, R. An international overview of promotion policies for grid-connected photovoltaic systems. Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl. 2014, 22, 248-273.
6. Cherrington, R.; Goodship, V.; Longfield, A.; Kirwan, K. The feed-in tariff in the UK: A case study focus on domestic photovoltaic systems. Renew. Energy 2013, 50, 421-426.
7. Sarasa-Maestro, C.J.; Dulfo-López, R.; Bernal-Agustín, J.L. Photovoltaic remuneration policies in the European Union. Energy Policy 2013, 55, 317-328.
8. Badcock, J.; Lenzen, M. Subsidies for electricity-generating technologies: A review. Energy Policy 2010, 38, 5038-5047.
9. Haas, R.; Panzer, C.; Resch, G.; Ragwitz, M.; Reece, G.; Held, A. A historical review of promotion strategies for electricity from renewable energy sources in EU countries. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2011, 15, 1003-1034.
10. Orioli, A.; di Gangi, A. Load mismatch of grid-connected photovoltaic systems: Review of the effects and analysis in an urban context. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2013, 21, 13-28.
11. Tudisca, S.; di Trapani, A.M.; Sgroi, F.; Testa, R.; Squatrito, R. Economic analysis of PV systems on buildings in Sicilian farms. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2013, 28, 691-701.
12. Cellura, M.; di Gangi, A.; Longo, S.; Orioli, A. Photovoltaic electricity scenario analysis in urban contests: An Italian case study. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2012, 16, 2041-2052.
13. Campoccia, A.; Dusonchet, L.; Telaretti, E.; Zizzo, G. Comparative analysis of different supporting measures for the production of electrical energy by solar PV and Wind systems: Four representative European cases. Sol. Energy 2009, 83, 287-297.
14. Spertino, F.; di Leo, P.; Cocina, V. Economic analysis of investment in the rooftop photovoltaic systems: A long-term research in the two main markets. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2013, 28, 531-540.
15. Autorità per l'Energia Elettrica e il Gas (AEEG). Decision 250/2013/R/EFR. Available online: http://www.gse.it/it/salastampa/GSE_Documenti/Delibera%20AEEG%20250-13.pdf (accessed on 4 June 2014). (In Italian)
16. Ameli, M.; Kammen, D.M. Innovations in financing that drive cost parity for long-term electricity sustainability: An assessment of Italy, Europe's fastest growing solar photovoltaic market. Energy Sustain. Dev. 2014, 19, 130-137.
17. PV Grid Parity Monitor Commercial Sector 1st Issue. Available online: http://www.leonardo-energy.org/sites/leonardo-energy/files/documents-and-links/pv_gpm_3_commercial_2014.pdf (accessed on 5 June 2014).
18. Hernández-Moro, J.; Martínez-Duart, J.M. Analytical model for solar PV and CSP electricity costs: Present LCOE values and their future evolution. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2013, 20, 119-132.
19. Knorr, R. Design criteria and levelized costs of electricity for photovoltaic power plants at different global locations. In Proceedings of the 2012 9th International Multi-Conference on Systems, Signals and Devices (SSD), Chemnitz, Germany, 20-23 March 2012.
20. Mazzanti, G.; Santini, E.; Romito, D.Z. Towards grid parity of solar energy in Italy: The payback time trend of photovoltaic plants during the last years. In Proceedings of the IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, San Diego, CA, USA, 22-26 July 2012; pp. 1-8.
21. Fokaides, P.A.; Kylili, A. Towards grid parity in insular energy systems: The case of photovoltaics (PV) in Cyprus. Energy Policy 2014, 65, 223-228.
22. Mekhilef, S.; Faramarzi, S.Z.; Saidur, R.; Salam, Z. The application of solar technologies for sustainable development of agricultural sector. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2013, 18, 583-594.
23. Asdrubali, F.; Cotana, F.; Messineo, A. On the evaluation of solar greenhouse efficiency in building simulation during the heating period. Energies 2012, 5, 1864-1880.
24. ENEA. Fotovoltaico in Agricoltura. Available online: http://www.adaflatina.it/Atti/2%29% 20IMPIANTI%20F.%20IN%20AGRICOLTURA%20CARLO%20ALBERTO%20CAMPIOTTI, %20CORINNA%20VIOLA.pdf (accessed on 6 June 2014). (In Italian)
25. Viola, C.; Campodonico, A.; Scoccianti, M.; Campiotti, A. Le coltivazioni in serra: Materiali di copertura e microclima. Available online: http://www.blogsicilia.it/wp-content/uploads/2014/ 05/PAPER1_Agriplast.pdf (accessed on 6 June 2014). (In Italian)
26. Talavera, D.L.; de la Casa, J.; Muñoz-Cerón, E.; Almonacid, G. Grid parity and self-consumption with photovoltaic systems under the present regulatory framework in Spain: The case of the University of Jaén Campus. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2014, 33, 752-771.
27. Di Trapani, A.M.; Sgroi, F.; Testa, R.; Tudisca, S. Economic comparison between offshore and inshore aquaculture production systems of European sea bass in Italy. Aquaculture 2014, 434, 334-339.
28. Sgroi, F.; Tudisca, S.; di Trapani, A.M.; Testa, R. Economic evaluation of aquaculture investments under conditions of risk and uncertainty in the Mediterranean Sea. Am. J. Appl. Sci. 2014, 11, 1727-1734.
29. Grillone, G.; Agnese, C.; D'Asaro, F. Estimation of solar radiation in Sicily by daily data maximum and minimum temperature. Ital. J. Agrometeorol. 2009, 14, 84-85.
30. Tudisca, S.; di Trapani, A.M.; Sgroi, F.; Testa, R.; Giamporcaro, G. Role of alternative food networks in Sicilian farms. Int. J. Entrep. Small Bus. 2014, 22, 50-63.
31. Agnese, C.; Grillone, G.; D'Asaro, F.; Drago, A. Comparison of temperature data collected in urban and agricultural areas surrounding. Ital. J. Agrometeorol. 2008, 13, 48-49.
32. Sgroi, F.; di Trapani, A.M.; Testa, R.; Tudisca, S. The rural tourism as development opportunity or farms. The case of direct sales in sicily. Am. J. Agric. Biol. Sci. 2014, 9, 407-419.
33. Di Trapani, A.M.; Squatrito, R.; Foderà, M.; Testa, R.; Tudisca, S.; Sgroi, F. Payment for environmental services for the sustainable development of the territory. Am. J. Environ. Sci. 2014, 10, 480-488.
34. Tudisca, S.; di Trapani, A.M.; Donia, E.; Sgroi, F.; Testa, R. Entrepreneurial strategies of Etna wine farms. Int. J. Entrep. Small Bus. 2014, 21, 155-164.
35. Grillone, G.; Baiamonte, G.; D'Asaro, F. Empirical determination of the average annual run off coefficient in the mediterranean area. Am. J. Appl. Sci. 2014, 11, 89-95.
36. Sgroi, F.; di Trapani, A.M.; Testa, R.; Tudisca, S. Economic sustainability of early potato production in the Mediterranean area. Am. J. Appl. Sci. 2014, 11, 1598-1603.
37. Tudisca, S.; di Trapani, A.M.; Sgroi, F.; Testa, R. Economic evaluation of PDO introduction in Sicilian orange farms. Qual. Access Success 2014, 15, 99-103.
38. Grillone, G.; Agnese, C.; D'Asaro, F. Estimation of daily solar radiation from measured air temperature extremes in the mid-mediterranean area. J. Irrig. Drain. Eng. 2012, 138, 939-947.
39. Tudisca, S.; di Trapani, A.M.; Sgroi, F.; Testa, R. Marketing strategies for mediterranean wineries competitiveness the case of pantelleria. Qual. Access Success 2013, 14, 101-106.
40. Ciapessoni, E.; Cirio, D.; Gatti, A.; Pitto, A. Renewable power integration in Sicily: Frequency stability issues and possible countermeasures. In Proceedings of the IREP Symposium Bulk Power System Dynamics and Control-IX Optimization, Security and Control of the Emerging Power Grid, Rethymno, Greece, 25-30 August 2013.
41. Messineo, A.; Freni, G.; Volpe, R. Collection of thermal energy available from a biogas plant for leachate treatment in an urban landfill: A Sicilian case study. Energies 2012, 5, 3753-3763.
42. Testa, R.; di Trapani, A.M.; Foderà, M.; Sgroi, S.; Tudisca, S. Economic evaluation of introduction of poplar as biomass crop in Italy. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2014, 38, 775-780.
43. Ciulla, G.; Franzitta, V.; Brano, V.L.; Viola, A.; Trapanese, M. Mini wind plant to power telecommunication systems: A case study in Sicily. Adv. Mater. Res. 2013, 622, 1078-1083.
44. Andaloro, A.P.F.; Salomone, R.; Andaloro, L.; Briguglio, N.; Sparacia, S. Alternative energy scenarios for small islands: A case study from Salina Island (Aeolian Islands, Southern Italy). Renew. Energy 2012, 47, 135-146.
45. Messineo, A.; Volpe, R.; Marvuglia, A. Ligno-cellulosic biomass exploitation for power generation: A case study in Sicily. Energy 2012, 45, 613-625.
46. Dispenza, A.; la Rocca, V.; Messineo, A.; Morale, M.; Panno, D. Absorption equipment for energy savings: A case study in Sicily. Sustain. Energy Technol. Assess. 2013, 3, 17-26.
47. Marvuglia, A.; Messineo, A. Monitoring of wind farms' power curves using machine learning techniques. Appl. Energy 2012, 98, 574-583.
48. Messineo, A.; Volpe, R.; Asdrubali, F. Evaluation of net energy obtainable from combustion of stabilised olive mill by-products. Energies 2012, 5, 1384-1397.
49. Van Sark, W.G.J.H.M.; Muizebelt, P.; Cace, J.; de Vries, A.; de Rijk, P. Grid parity reached for consumers in the Netherlands. In Proceedings of the 38th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialist Conference, Austin, TX, USA, 3-8 June 2012; pp. 2462-2466.
50. Van Sark, W.G.J.H.M.; Muizebelt, P.; Cace, J.; de Vries, A.; de Rijk, P. Price development of photovoltaic modules, inverters, and systems in the Netherlands in 2012. Renew. Energy 2014, 71, 18-22.
51. Ueckerdt, F.; Hirth, L.; Luderer, G.; Edenhofer, O. System LCOE: What are the costs of variable renewables? Energy 2013, 63, 61-75.
52. Lenzen, M. Current state of development of electricity-generating technologies: A literature review. Energies 2010, 3, 462-591.
53. Branker, K.; Pathak, M.J.M.; Pearce, J.M. A review of solar photovoltaic levelized cost of electricity. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2011, 15, 4470-4482.
54. Sgroi, F.; di Trapani, A.M.; Testa, R.; Tudisca, S. Strategy to increase the farm competitiveness. Am. J. Agric. Biol. Sci. 2014, 9, 394-400.
55. Tudisca, S.; di Trapani, A.M.; Sgroi, F.; Testa, R. Organic farming and economic sustainability: The case of Sicilian durum wheat. Qual. Access Success 2014, 15, 93-96.
56. Colmenar-Santos, A.; Campíñez-Romero, S.; Pérez-Molina, C.; Castro-Gil, M. Profitability analysis of grid-connected photovoltaic facilities for household electricity self-sufficiency. Energy Policy 2012, 51, 749-764.
57. Sgroi, F.; Tudisca, S.; di Trapani, A.M.; Testa, R.; Squatrito, R. Efficacy and efficiency of Italian energy policy: The case of PV systems in greenhouse farms. Energies 2014, 7, 3985-4001.
58. Tudisca, S.; di Trapani, A.M.; Sgroi, F.; Testa, R. The cost advantage of Sicilian wine farms. Am. J. Appl. Sci. 2013, 10, 1529-1536.
59. Santeramo, F.G.; di Pasquale, J.; Contò, F.; Tudisca, S.; Sgroi, F. Analyzing risk management in Mediterranean countries: The Syrian perspective. New Medit. 2012, 11, 35-40.
60. Gruia, R. Study on energy resources integration and sustainability of the new modular agriculture pattern. Environ. Eng. Manag. J. 2011, 10, 1213-1219.
61. Funsho Akorede, M.; Hizam, H.; Poruesmaeil, E. Distribuited energy resources and benefits to the enviroment. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2010, 14, 724-734.
62. Anctil, A.; Fthenakis, V. Greenhouse gases emissions and energy payback of large photovoltaic power plants in the Northeast United States. In Proceedings of the 2012 38th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC), Austin, TX, USA, 3-8 June 2012.
63. Zhai, Q.; Cao, H.; Zhao, X.; Yuan, C. Cost benefit analysis of using clean energy supplies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions of global automotive manufacturing. Energies 2011, 4, 1478-1494.
64. Chel, A.; Kaushik, G. Renewable energy for sustainable agriculture. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 2011, 31, 91-118.
65. Coiante, D. Towards the photovoltaic farm. In Proceedings of the Conference Record of the Twenty First IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, Kissimmee, FL, USA, 21-25 May 1990; pp. 1095-1098.
66. Gestore dei servizi energetici. Solare fotovoltaico-Rapporto statistico, 2012. Available online: http://www.gse.it/it/Statistiche/RapportiStatistici/Pagine/default.aspx (accessed on 9 June 2014). (In Italian)
67. Gestore dei servizi energetici. Solare fotovoltaico-Rapporto statistico, 2011. Available online: http://www.gse.it/it/Statistiche/RapportiStatistici/Pagine/default.aspx (accessed on 9 June 2014). (In Italian)
68. Gestore dei servizi energetici. Solare fotovoltaico-Rapporto statistico, 2010. Available online: http://www.gse.it/it/Statistiche/RapportiStatistici/Pagine/default.aspx (accessed on 9 June 2014). (In Italian)
69. Gestore dei servizi energetici. Solare fotovoltaico-Rapporto statistico, 2009. Available online: http://www.gse.it/it/Statistiche/RapportiStatistici/Pagine/default.aspx (accessed on 9 June 2014). (In Italian)
70. Terna. Electricity Consumption by Sector. Available online: http://www.terna.it/default/Home/ SISTEMA_ELETTRICO/statistiche/consumi_settore_merceologico.aspx (accessed on 10 June 2014).
71. Commissione Nazionale per l'Energia solare. Rapporto preliminare sullo stato attuale del solare fotovoltaico nazionale. Available online: http://www.qualenergia.it/UserFiles/Files/rapporto_ preliminare_cnes_solare_fotovoltaico.pdf (accessed on 7 June 2014). (In Italian)
72. Bertino, R.M. Così il frutteto tecnologico cattura l'energia del sole. Agricoltura 2007, 35, 56-58. (In Italian)
73. Kapetanakis, I.A.; Kolokotsa, D.; Maria, E.A. Parametric analysis and assessment of the photovoltaics' landscape integration: Technical and legal aspects. Renew. Energy 2014, 67, 207-214.
74. Italian Government. Law 24 March 2012, n. 27. Available online: http://www. gazzettaufficiale.it/atto/serie_generale/caricaDettaglioAtto/originario?atto.dataPubblicazioneGazzetta=2012-03-24&atto.codiceRedazionale=012G0048&elenco30giorni=false (accessed on 7 June 2014). (In Italian)
75. Squatrito, R. Valutazione Economica Degli Investimenti Fotovoltaici Nelle Aziende Agricole. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy, February 2014. (In Italian)
76. Ministero delle Politiche Agricole, Alimentari e Forestali. Costruire il futuro: Difendere l'agricoltura dalla cementificazione. Available online: http://www.politicheagricole.it/flex/ cm/pages/ServeBLOB.php/L/IT/IDPagina/5195 (accessed on 11 June 2014). (In Italian)
77. Campiotti, C.A.; Latini, A.; Scoccianti, M.; Viola, C. Photovoltaic solar and solid biomass for greenhouse agriculture. Qual. Access Success 2014, 15, 75-80.
78. Poncet, C.; Muller, M.M.; Brun, R.; Fatnassi, H. Photovoltaic greenhouses, non-sense or a real opportunity for the greenhouse systems? Acta Hortic. 2012, 927, 75-80.
79. Marucci, A.; Monarca, D.; Cecchini, M.; Colantoni, A.; Manzo, A.; Cappuccini, A. The semitransparent photovoltaic films for Mediterranean greenhouse: A new sustainable technology. Math. Probl. Eng. 2012, 9, 1-14.
80. Darling, S.B.; You, F.; Veselka, T.; Velosa, A. Assumptions and the levelized cost of energy for photovoltaics. Energy Environ. Sci. 2011, 4, 3133-3139.
81. Prestamburgo, M.; Saccomandi, V. Economia Agraria; Etaslibri: Milano, Italy, 1995. (In Italian)
82. Iacoponi, L.; Romiti, R. Economia e Politica Agraria; Edagricole: Bologna, Italy, 1994. (In Italian)
83. Almansa, C.; Martínez-Paz, J.M. What weight should be assigned to future environmental impacts? A probabilistic cost benefit analysis using recent advances on discounting. Sci. Total Environ. 2011, 409, 1305-1314.
84. Guerrieri, G.; Pennacchi, F.; Sediari, T. Istituzioni di Economia e Politica Agraria; Edagricole: Bologna, Italy, 1995. (In Italian)
85. Molinos-Senante, M.; Hernández-Sancho, F.; Sala-Garrido, R. Economic feasibility study forwastewater treatment: A cost-benefit analysis. Sci. Total Environ. 2010, 408, 4396-4402.
86. Tudisca, S.; Sgroi, F.; Testa, R. Competitiveness and sustainability of extreme viticulture in Pantelleria Island. New Medit. 2011, 10, 57-64.
87. Zuniga-Jara, S.; Goycolea-Homann, M. A bioeconomic model for red tilapia culture on the coast of Ecuador. Aquac. Int. 2014, 22, 339-359.
88. Talavera, D.L.; Nofuentes, G.; Aguilera, J. The internal rate of return of photovoltaic grid-connected systems: A comprehensive sensitivity analysis. Renew. Energy 2010, 35, 101-111.
89. Chabot, B. From cost to prices: Economic analysis of photovoltaic energy and services. Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl. 1998, 6, 55-68.
90. Danchev, S.; Maniatis, G.; Tsakanikas, A. Returns on investment in electricity producing photovoltaic systems under de-escalating feed-in tariffs: The case of Greece. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2010, 14, 500-505.
91. Perez, R.; Burtis, L.; Hoff, T.; Swanson, S.; Herig, C. Quantifying residential PV economics in the US-payback vs. cash flow determination of fair energy value. Sol. Energy 2004, 77, 363-366.
92. Chandel, M.; Agrawal, G.D.; Mathur, A. Techno-economic analysis of solar parabolic trough type energy system for garment zone of Jaipur city. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2013, 17, 104-109.
93. Krishnamurthy, P.; Mishra, S.; Banerjee, R. An analysis of costs of parabolic trough technology in India. Energy Policy 2012, 48, 407-419.
94. Talavera, D.L.; Muñoz-Cerón, E.; de la Casa, J.; Ortega, M.J.; Almonacid, G. Energy and economic analysis for large-scale integration of small photovoltaic systems in buildings: The case of a public location in Southern Spain. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2011, 15, 4310-4319.
95. ISTAT. Indice dei prezzi al consumo per l'intera collettività. Available online: http://dati.istat.it/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=DCSP_NICDUE (accessed on 13 June 2014). (In Italian)
96. Šúri, M.; Huld, T.A.; Dunlop, E.D.; Ossenbrink, H.A. Potential of solar electricity generation in the European Union member states and candidate countries. Sol. Energy 2007, 81, 1295-1305.
97. Huld, T.; Müller, R.; Gambardella, A. A new solar radiation database for estimating PV performance in Europe and Africa. Sol. Energy 2012, 86, 1803-1815.
98. Chianese, D.; Realini, A.; Cereghetti, N.; Rezzonico, S.; Bura, E.; Friesen, G. Analysis of weather c-Si modules. In Proceedings of the 3rd world conference on photovoltaic solar energy conversion, Osaka, Japan, 11-18 May 2003.
99. ENEL. Indagine conoscitiva sui prezzi dell'energia elettrica e del gas come fattore strategico per la crescita del sistema produttivo del Paese. Available online: http://www.senato.it/application/ xmanager/projects/leg17/attachments/documento_evento_procedura_commissione/files/000/000/617/2013_11_20_-_Enel.pdf (accessed on 16 June 2014). (In Italian)
100. Pacca, S.; Sivaraman, D.; Keoleian, G.A. Parameters affecting the life cycle performance of PV technologies and systems. Energy Policy 2007, 35, 3316-3326.
101. Fernández-Infantes, A.; Contreras, J.; Beernal-Agustín, J. Design of grid connected PV systems considering electrical, economical and environmental aspects: A practical case. Renew. Energy 2006, 31, 2042-2062.
102. Dunlop, E.D.; Halton, D.; Ossenbrink, H.A. 20 years of life and more: Where is the end of life of a PV module? In Proceedings of Conference Record of the Thirty-first IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, Lake Buena Vista, FL, USA, 3-7 January 2005; pp. 1593-1596.
103. EPIA. Solar Photovoltaics Competing in the Energy Sector: On the Road to Competitiveness. Available online: http://www.epia.org/index.php?eID=tx_nawsecuredl&u=0&file=/uploads/ tx_epiapublications/Competing_Full_MR.pdf&t=1404817576&hash=03daa6aff39150021ca6fd74a31a3c6607de72c7 (accessed on 13 June 2014).
104. Künnemeyer, R.; Anderson, T.N.; Duke, M.; Carson, J.K. Performance of a V-trough photovoltaic/thermal concentrator. Sol. Energy 2014, 101, 19-27.
105. Myong, S.Y. Recent patent issues on intermediate reflectors for high efficiency thin-film silicon photovoltaic devices. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2014, 37, 90-99.
106. Holtzhausen, D.; Kim, Y. Electro-mechanical maximum power point tracking of photovoltaic system. Appl. Mech. Mater. 2013, 300-301, 371-377.