Evolutionary Morphology of Ferns (Monilophytes)

The Evolution of Plant Form

Volumn 45, Issue , 2012, Pages 115-140

  Schneider, Harald ^a  

^a DEPARTMENT OF LIFE SCIENCES   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Arberian fuzzy morphology; Evolutionary simplification; Meristems; Phylogenetics; Root; Synapomorphy; Tel me theory

Indexed keywords

EID: 84948125957     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9781118305881.ch4     Document Type: Chapter

References (119)

1. Banks, J.A., Nishiyama, T., Hasebe, M., et al. (2011) The Selaginella genome identifies genetic changes associated with the evolution of vascular plants. Science, 332, 960-963.
2. Bateman, R.M. & DiMichele, W.A. (2002) Generating and filtering major phenotypic novelties: neoGoldschmidtian saltation revisited. In: Developmental Genetics and Plant Evolution (eds Q.C.B. Cronk, R. Bateman and J.A. Hawkins). pp. 109-159. Taylor & Francis, London.
3. Beerling, D.J. & Fleming, A.J. (2007) Zimermann's telome theory of megaphyll leaf evolution: a molecular and cellular critique. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 10, 4-12.
4. Bell, P.R. (1992) Apospory and apogamy: implications for understanding the plant life cycle. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 153, S123-S126.
5. Bierhorst, D.W. (1954) The subterranean sporophytic axes of Psilotum nudum. American Journal of Botany, 41, 732-739.
6. Bierhorst, D.W. (1971) Morphology of Vascular Plants. Macmillan, New York.
7. Bierhorst, D.W. (1973) Non-appendicular fronds in the Filicales. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 67 (Suppl. 1), 45-58.
8. Bierhorst, D.W. (1977) The systematic position of Psilotum and Tmesipteris. Brittonia, 290, 3-13.
9. Bower, F.O. (1923) The Ferns. Vol. I. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
10. Bower, F.O. (1935) Primitive Land Plants. McMillan, London.
11. Bowman, J.L., Floyd, S.K. & Sakakibara, K. (2007) Green genes-comparative genomics of the green branch of life. Cell, 129, 229-234.
12. Boyce, C.K. (2010) The evolution of plant development in a paleontological context. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 13, 102-107.
13. Campbell, D.H. (1911) The Eusporangiate. The Comparative Morphology of the Ophioglossaceae and Marattiaceae. Carnegie Institute,Washington, DC.
14. Classen-Bockhoff, R. (2001) Plant morphology: the historic concepts ofWilhelm Troll, Walter Zimmermann and Agnes Arber. Annals of Botany, 88, 1153-1172.
15. Crane, P.R. & Kenrick, P. (1997) Diverted development of reproductive organs: a source of morphological innovation in land plants. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 206, 161-174.
16. Der, J.P., Barker, M.S., Wickett, N.J., et al. (2011) De novo characterization of the gametophyte transcriptome in bracken fern, Pteridium aquilinum. BMC Genomics, 12, 99.
17. Donoghue, M.J. & Kadereit, J.W. (1992) Walter Zimmernann and the growth of phylogenetic theory. Systematic Biology, 41, 74-85.
18. Duckett, J.G. & Ligrone, R. (2003) The structure and development of haustorial placentas in leptosporangiate ferns provide a clear-cut distinction between euphyllophytes and lycophytes. Annals of Botany, 92, 513-521.
19. Efroni, I., Eshed, Y. & Lifschitz, E. (2010) Morphogenesis of simple and compound leaves: a critical review. Plant Cell, 22, 1019-1032.
20. Endress, P.K. (2001) Origins of flower morphology. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 291, 105-115.
21. Floyd, S.K. & Bowman, J.L. (2006) Distinct developmental mechanisms reflect the independent origins of leaves in vascular plants. Current Biology, 16, 1911-1917.
22. Floyd, S.K.& Bowman, J.L. (2007a) The ancestral developmental tool kit of land plants. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 168, 1-35.
23. Floyd, S.K. & Bowman, J.L. (2007b) Gene expression patterns in seed plant shoot meristems and leaves. Journal of Plant Research, 123, 43-55.
24. Floyd, S.K. & Bowman, J.L. (2010) Gene expression patterns in seed plant shoot meristems and leaves: homoplasy or homology? Journal of Plant Research, 123, 43-55.
25. Galtier, J. (2010) The origins and early evolution of the megaphyllous leaf. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 171, 641-661.
26. Gifford, E.M. (1991) The root apical meristem of Asplenium bulbiferum : structure and development. American Journal of Botany, 78, 370-376.
27. Goebel, K. (1928/1930) Organiographie der Pflanzen insbesondere der Archegoniaten und Bluetenpflanzen, 3rd edn. G. Fischer Verlag, Jena.
28. Guttenberg, H. von (1965) Histogenese der Pteridophyten. Handbuch der Pflanzenanatomie, Vol. VII, Part 2. Borntraeger, Berlin.
29. Hagemann, W. (1976) Sind Farne Kormophyten? Eine Alternative zur Telomtheorie. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 124, 251-276.
30. Hagemann, W. (1989) Acrogenous branching in pteridophytes. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Systematic Pteridology (eds K.H. Shing & K.U. Kramer). pp. 245-258. China Science & Technology Press, Beijing.
31. Hagemann, W. (1992) The relationships of anatomy to morphology in plants: a new theoretical perspective. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 153, S38-S48.
32. Hagemann, W. (1997) Towards an organismic concept of land plants: the marginal blastozone and the development of the vegetation body of selected frondose gametophytes of liverworts and ferns. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 216, 81-133.
33. Hagemann, W. & Gleissberg, S. (1996) Organogenetic capacity of leaves: the significance of marginal blastozones in angiosperms. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 199, 121-152.
34. Harrison, C.J., Corley, S.B., Moylan, E.C., et al. (2005) Independent recruitment of a conserved developmental mechanism during leaf evolution. Nature, 434, 509-514.
35. Harrison, C.J., Rezvani, M. & Langdale, J.A. (2007) Growth from two transient apical initials in the meristem of Selaginella kraussiana. Development, 134, 881-889.
36. Hasebe, M., Wen, C.K., Kato, M., et al. (1998) Characterization of MADS homeotic genes in the fern Ceratopteris richardii. Proceedings National Academy Sciences of the United States of America, 95, 6222-6227.
37. Hauk, W.D., Parks, C.R. & Chase, M.W. (2003) Phylogenetic studies of Ophioglossaceae: evidence from rbcL and trnL-F plastid DNA sequences and morphology. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 28, 131-151.
38. Hennig,W. (1965) Phylogenetic Systematics. Annual Review Entomology, 10, 97-116.
39. Hintz, M., Bartholmes, C., Nutt, P., et al. (2006) Catching a 'hopeful monster': shepherd's pursue (Capsella bursa-pastoris) as a model system to study the evolution of flower development. Journal of Experimental Botany, 57, 3531-3542.
40. Hirayama, Y., Yamada, T., Oya, Y., et al. (2007) Expression patterns of class IKNOXand YABBY genes in Ruscus aculeatus (Aspergagaceae) with implications for phylloclad homogy. Developmental Genes and Evolution, 217, 363-372.
41. Huang, Y.-M., Huang, M.H., Chen, C.-M., et al. (2011) Stipule propagation in five marattioid species native to Taiwan (Marattiaceae: Pteridophyta). In: Working with Ferns: Issues and Applications (eds H. Fernandez,A. Kumar & M.A. Revilla). pp. 127-134. Springer, New York.
42. Imaichi, R. (2008) Meristem organization and organ diversity. In: Biology and Evolution of Ferns (eds C.H. Haufler & T. Ranker). pp. 75-106. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
43. Izaki, A. & Bowman, J.L. (2007) KANADI and Class III HD-Zip gene families regulare embryo patterning and modulate auxin flow during embryogenesis in Arabidopsis. The Plant Cell, 19, 395-508.
44. Jang, G., Yi, K., Pieres, N.D., et al. (2011) RSL genes are sufficient for rhizoid system development in early diverging land plants. Development 138, 2273-2281.
45. Janssen, T. & Schneider, H. (2005) Exploring the evolution of himus collecting leaves in drynarioid ferns (Polypodiaceae, Polypodiidae). Plant Systematics and Evolution, 252, 175-197.
46. Johnson, G. & Renzaglia, K. (2009) Evaluating the diversity of pteridophyte embryology in the light of recent phylogenetic analyses leads to new inferences on character evolution. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 283, 149-164.
47. Johnson, G. & Renzaglia, K. (2008) Embryology of Ceratopteris richardii (Peridaceae, tribe Ceratopterideae), with emphasis on placental development. Journal of Plant Research, 121, 581-592.
48. Kaplan, D.R. (2001a) Fundamental concepts of leaf morphology and morphogenesis: a contribution to the interpretation of molecular genetic mutants. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 162, 465-474.
49. Kaplan, D.R. (2001b) The science of plant morphology: definition, history, and role in modern biology. American Journal of Botany, 88, 1711-1741.
50. Karol, K.G., Arumuganathan, K., Boore, J.L., et al. (2010) Comoplete plastome sequence of Equisetum arvense and Isoetes flaccida : implications for phylogeny and plastid genome evolution of early land plant lineages. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 5, 321. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148.10-321.
51. Kawai-Toyooka, H., Kuramoto, C., Orui, K., et al. (2004) DNA interference: a simple and efficient gene-silencing system for high-throughput functional analysis in the fern Adiantum. Plant & Cell Physiology, 45, 1648-1657.
52. Kenrick, P. & Crane, P.R. (1997) The Origin and Early Diversification of Land Plants: A Cladistic Study. Smithsonian Press, Washington, DC.
53. Kidner, C.A. (2007) Leaf evolution: working with what's on hand. Evolution & Development, 9, 321-322.
54. Kirchoff, B.K., Pfeifer, E.& Rutishauser, R. (2008) Plant structure ontology:how should we label plant structures with doubtful or mixed identities? Zootaxa, 1950, 103-122.
55. Langdale, J.A. (2008) Evolution of development mechanisms in plants. Current Opinion in Genetics & Development, 18, 368-373.
56. Large, M.F. & Braggins, J.E. (2004) Tree Ferns. Timber Press, Portland.
57. Mavroodiev, E.V. (2009) Classical morphology of plants as an elementary instance of classical invariant theory. PLoS ONE, 4, e6969. DOI: 10.1371.journal.pone.0006969.
58. Menand, B., Keke, Y., Jouannic, S., et al. (2007) An ancient mechanisms controls the development of cells with a root function in land plants. Science, 316, 1477-1480.
59. Moyraud, E., Kusters, E., Monniaux, M., et al. (2010) LEAFY blossoms. Trends in Plant Science, 15, 346-352.
60. Mueller, R.J. (1982) Shoot morphology of the climbing fern Lygodium (Schizaeaceae): general organography, leaf initiation, and branching. Botanical Gazettte, 143, 319-330.
61. Muenster, T., Pahnke, J., DiRosa, A., et al. (1997) Floral homeotic genes were recruited from homologous MADS-box genes preexisting in the common ancestors of ferns and seed plants. Proceedings National Academy Sciences of the United States of America, 94, 2415-2420.
62. Muenster, T., Faigl, W., Seadler, H., et al. (2008) Evolutionary aspects of MADS-box genes in the eusporangiate fern Ophioglossum. Plant Biology, 4, 474-483.
63. Nagalingum, N.S., Schneider, H., Sakuj, M., et al. (2006) Comparative morphology of reproductive structures in heterosporous water ferns and a reevaluation of the sporocarp. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 167, 805-815.
64. Nayar, B.K. & Kaur, S. (1971) Gametophytes of homosporous ferns. Botanical Review, 3, 295-396.
65. Ogura, Y. (1972) Comparative Anatomy ofVegetative Organs of the Pteridophytes. Handbuch der Pflanzenanatomie, Vol. VII, Part 3, 2nd edn. Borntraeger, Berlin.
66. Okano, Y., Aono, N., Hiwatashi, Y., et al. (2009) A polycomb repressive complex 2 gene regulates apogamy and gives evolutionary insights into early land plant evolution. Proceedings National Academy Sciences of the United States of America, 106, 16321-16326.
67. Park, C.-H. & Kato, M. (2003) Apomixis in the interspecific triploid bybrid fern Cornopteris christenseniana (Woodsiaceae). Journal of Plant Research, 116, 93-103.
68. Pinter, I., Bakker, F., Barrett, J., et al. (2002) Phylogenetic and biosystematic relationships in four highly disjunct polyploid complexes in the subgenera Ceterach and Phyllitis in Asplenium (Aspleniaceae). Organisms, Diversity & Evolution, 2, 299-311.
69. Prigge, M.L.& Bezanilla, M. (2010) Evolutionary crossroads in developmental biology: Physcomitrella patens. Development, 13, 3535-3543.
70. Pryer, K.M., Schneider, H., Zimmer, E.A., et al. (2002) Deciding among green plants for whole genome studies. Trends in Plant Science, 7, 550-554.
71. Pryer, K.M., Schneider, H., Smith, A.R., et al. (2001) Horsetails and ferns are a monophyletic group and the closest living relatives to seed plants. Nature, 409, 618-622.
72. Pryer, K.M., Schuettpelz, E., Wolf, P.G., et al. (2004) Phylogeny and evolution of ferns (monilophytes) with a focus on the early leptosporangiate divergences. American Journal of Botany, 91, 1582-1598.
73. Pu, L. & Brady, S. (2010) System biology update: cell type specific transcriptional regulatory networks. Plant Physiology, 152, 411-419.
74. Qiu, Y.-L., Li, L.,Wang, B., et al. (2007) A nonflowering land plant phylogeny inferred from nucleotides sequences of seven chloroplast, mitochondrial, and nuclear genes. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 168, 691-708.
75. Qiu, Y.-L., Li, L.,Wang, B., et al. (2006) The deepest divergences in land plants inferred from phylogenomic evidence. Proceedings National Academy Sciences of the United States of America, 103, 15511-15516.
76. Rai, H.S.& Graham, S.W. (2010) Utility of a large, multigene plastid data set in inferring higher-order relationships in ferns and relatives (monilophytes). American Journal Botany, 97, 1444-1456.
77. Raghavan, V. (1989) Developmental Biology of Fern Gametophytes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
78. Reiser, L., Sanchez-Baracaldo, P. & Hake, S. (2000) Knots in the family tree: evolutionary relationships and functions of knox homeobox genes. Plant Molecular Biology, 42, 151-166.
79. Rensing, S.A., Lang, D., Zimmer, A.D., et al. (2008) The Physcomitrella genome reveals evolutionary insights into the conquest of land by plants. Nature, 319, 64-69.
80. Richards, J.H., Beck, J.Z. & Hirsch, A.M. (1983) Structural investigations of asexual reproduction in Nephrolepis exaltata and Platycerium bifurcatum. American Journal of Botany, 70, 993-1001.
81. Rieppel, O. (2001) Turstles as hopeful monsters. BioEsssays, 23, 987-991.
82. Rutherford, G., Tanurdzic, M., Hasebe, M., et al. (2004) A systematic gene silencing method suitable for high throughput, reverse genetic analyses of gene function in fern gametophytes. BMC Plant Biology, 4, 6.
83. Rutishauser, R. & Isler, B. (2001) Developmental genetics and morphological evolution of flowering plants, especially bladderworts (Urticularia): Fuzzy Arberian morphology complements classical morphology. Annals of Botany, 88, 1173-1202.
84. Saint Savage, N., Walker, T., Panciera, Y., et al. (2008) Mutual support of alternative cell fates through the directed movement of CAPRICE and GLABRA3 provides a mechanism for patterning the Arabidopsis root epidermis. PLoS Biology, 6, e235.
85. Sanders, H.L., Darrah, P.R. & Langdale, J.A. (2011) Sector analysis and predictive modelling reveal iterative shoot-like development in fern fronds. Development, 138, 2925-2934.
86. Sarojam, R., Sappi, P.G., Goldschmidt, A., et al. (2010) Differentiating Arabidopsis shoots from leaves by combined YABBY activities. Plant Cell, 22, 2113-2130.
87. Sattler, R. (1996) Classical morphology and continuum morphology: opposition and continuum. Annals of Botany, 78, 577-581.
88. Schalau, A., Kakhovskaya, I., Tewes, A., et al. (2008) Phylogenetic footprints in fern spore- and seed-specific promoters. Plant Journal, 53, 414-424.
89. Schiefelbein, J., Kwak, S.-H.,Wieckowski, Y., et al. (2009) The gene regulatory network for root epidermial cell-type pattern formation in Arabidopsis. Journal of Experimental Botany, 60, 1515-1521.
90. Schneider, H. (1996) Vergleichende Wurzelanatomie der Farne. Shaker-Press, Aachen.
91. Schneider, H. (2000) Morphology and anatomy of roots in the filmy fern tribe Trichomaneae H. Schneider (Hymenophyllaceae, Filicatae) and the evolution of rootless taxa. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 132, 29-46.
92. Schneider, H. (2007) Plant morphology as the cornerstone to the integration of fossils and extant taxa in phylogenetic analyses. Species, Phylogeny and Evolution, 1, 65-71.
93. Schneider, H., Kreier, H.-P., Janssen, T., et al. (2010) Key innovations versus key opportunities: identifying causes of rapid radiations in derived ferns. In: Evolution in Action (ed. M. Glaubrecht). pp. 61-75. Springer, Berlin.
94. Schneider, H., Pryer, K.M., Cranfill, R., et al. (2002) The evolution of vascular plant body plans - a phylogenetic perspective. In: Developmental Genetics and Plant Evolution (eds Q.C.B. Cronk, R. Bateman & J.A. Hawkins). pp. 330-364. Taylor & Francis, London.
95. Schneider, H., Smith, A.R. & Pryer, K.M. (2009) Is morphology really at odds with molecules in estimating fern phylogeny? Systematic Botany, 34, 455-475.
96. Schoute, J.C. (1938) Morphology. In: Manual of Pteridology (ed. F. Verdoorn). pp. 1-64. Martius Nijhoff, Hague.
97. Schuettpelz, E., Korall, P. & Pryer, K.M. (2006) Plastid atpA data provide improved supports for deep relationships among ferns. Taxon, 55, 897-906.
98. Sheffield, E. (2008) Alternation of generations. In: Biology and Evolution of Ferns (eds C.H. Haufler & T. Ranker). pp. 49-74. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
99. Smith, A.R., Pryer, K.M., Schuettpelz, E., et al. (2006) A classification for extant ferns. Taxon, 55, 705-731.
100. Sozzani, R., Moreno-Risoueno, M.A., van Norman, J.M., et al. (2010) Spatiotemporal regulation of cell-cycle genes by SHORTROOT links patterning and growth. Nature, 466, 128-132.
101. Stein, W.E., Jr., Wight, D.C. & Beck, C.B. (1984) Possible alternatives for the origin of Sphenopsida. Systemaitc Botany, 9, 102-122.
102. Stein,W.E., Jr. (1993) Modelling the evolution of stellar architecture in vascular plants. Paleobiology, 28, 70-100.
103. Stuetzel, T.& Gailing, O. (1997) Blaetter und Spreuschuppen bei Farnen: Unterschiede und Gemeinsamkeiuten unter morphogenetischen und phylogenetischen Gesichtspuntken. Beitraete zur Biologie der Pflanzen, 69, 17-29.
104. Takahashi, N., Hashino, M., Kami, M., et al. (2009) Developmental morphology of strap-shaped gametophytes of Colysis decurrens : a new look at meristem development and function in fern gametophytes. Annals of Botany, 104, 1353-1361.
105. Takigochi, Y., Imaichi, R. & Kato, M. (1997) Cell division patterns in the apices of subterranean axis and aerial shoot of Psilotum nudum (Psilotaceae): morphological and phylogenetic implications for the subterranean axis. American Journal of Botany, 84, 588-596.
106. Taylor, T.N., Kerp, H. & Hass, H. (2005) Life history biology of early land plants, deciphering the gametophyte phase. Proceedings National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102, 5892-5897.
107. Taylor, T.N., Taylor, E.L. & Krings, M. (2009) Paleobotany: The biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants, 2nd edn. Academic Press, Amsterdam.
108. Theissen, G. (2009) Saltational evolution: hopeful monsters are here to stay. Theory Bioscience, 128, 43-51.
109. Tomescu, A.M.F. (2008) Megaphylls, microphylls and the evolution of leaf development. Trends in Plant Sciences, 14, 5-12.
110. Troll,W. (1937) Vergleichende Morphologie der hoehren Pflanzen. Vol. I, Part 1. Bortraeger, Berlin.
111. Velenovsky, J. (1905) Vergleichende Morphologie der Pflanzen. Vol. 1. Rivnac-Verlag, Praque.
112. Wagner, W.H., Beitel, J.M. & Wagner, F.S. (1982) Complex venation patterns in the leaves of Selaginella , mgephyll-like leaves in lycophytes. Science, 218, 793-794.
113. Wang, L., Wu, Z.-Q., Xiang, Q.-P., et al. (2010) A molecular phylogeny and a revised classification of tribe Lepisoreae (Polypodiaceae) based on an analysis of four plastid DNA regions. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 162, 28-38.
114. White, R.A. & Turner, M.D. (1995) Anatomy and development of the fern sporophyte. Botanical Review, 61, 281-305.
115. Wikstroem, N.& Pryer, K.M. (2005) Inconrgeunce between primary sequence data and the distribution of a mitochondrial atp1 group II intron among ferns and horsetails. Molecular Phylogenetics Evolution, 36, 484-493.
116. Yamauchi, D., Sutoh, K., Kanegae, H., et al. (2005) Analysis of expressed sequence tags in prothallia of Adiantum capillus-veneris. Journal of Plant Research, 118, 223-227.
117. Zimmermann,W. (1959) Die Phylogenie der Pflanzen, 2nd edn. G.Fischer, Stuttgart.
118. Zimmermann,W. (1965) Die Telomtheorie. Fortschritte der Evolutionsforschung, Vol. 1. G. Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart.
119. Zurakowski, K.A.& Gifford, E.M. (1988) Quantitative studies of pinnule development in the ferns Adiantum raddianum and Cheilanthes viridis. American Journal of Botany, 75, 1559-1570.