Southern wonder: Alabama's surprising biodiversity

Southern Wonder: Alabama's Surprising Biodiversity

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 1-436

  Duncan, R Scot ^a   Wilson, Edward O ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 84947346614     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (651)

1. Bruce A. Stein, “States of the Union: Ranking America’s Biodiversity” (Arlington, VA: NatureServe, 2002).
2. Ecological systems in Alabama. Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (ADCNR), “Alabama’s Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy (ACWCS)” (Montgomery, AL: ADCNR, 2005). NatureServe Explorer, accessed June 2010, http://www. natureserve.org/index.jsp.
3. United States Census Bureau, “State and Metropolitan Area Data Book: 2010,” accessed June 2010, http://www.census.gov/prod/www/abs/smadb.htm.
4. Bruce A. Stein, Lynn S. Kut-ner, and Jonathan S. Adams, Precious Heritage: The Status of Biodiversity in the United States (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000).
5. Glenn E. Griffith, James M. Omernik, Jeffrey A. Comstock et al., Ecoregions of Alabama and Georgia [color poster with map, descriptive text, summary tables, and photographs] (Reston, VA: United States Geological Survey [USGS], 2001).
6. Civilization’s dependence on nature. Of the many appropriate references, one of the most captivating is Jared Diamond’s Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed (New York: Penguin Books, 2005).
7. Thomas M. Smith and Robert L. Smith, Elements of Ecology, 7th edition (New York: Benjamin Cummings, 2009).
8. Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station (AAES), “Hurricane Opal Takes Its Toll on Beach Mouse Populations: Illustrates Importance of Deep Dune Systems on Gulf Coast Beaches,” accessed June 2010, http://www.ag.auburn.edu/adm/comm/news/1996/hurricane.php;
9. N. R. Holier, D. W. Mason, R. M. Dawson, T. Simons, and M. C. Wooten, “Reestablishment of the Perdido Key Beach Mouse (Peromyscus polionotus trissyllepsis) on Gulf Islands National Seashore,” Conservation Biology 3 (2005): 397-404;
10. Daniel C. Holliman, “Status and Habitat of Alabama Gulf Coast Beach Mice Peromyscus Polionotus ammobates and P P trissyl-lepsis”Northeast Gulf Science 6 (1983): 121-129;
11. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History,“Peromyscus polionotus: Oldfield Mouse,” accessed June 2010, http://www.mnh.si.edu/mna/imageinfo.cfmispe-ciesid=262;
12. United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), “Perdido Key Beach Mouse (Peromyscuspolionotus trissyllepsis), 5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation” (Panama City, FL: USFWS, 2007);
13. USFWS, “Alabama Beach Mouse (Peromyscuspolionotus ammobates, Bowen 1968), 5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation” (Daphne, AL: USFWS, 2009);
14. USFWS, “Perdido Key Beach Mouse Recovery Action Plan” (Panama City, FL: USFWS, 2009);
15. Michael C. Wooten, “Alabama Beach Mouse,” in Alabama Wildlife, Volume 3: Imperiled Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals, edited by Ralph E. Mirarchi, Mark A. Bailey, Thomas M. Haggerty, and Troy L. Best (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2004), 183-185;
16. Michael C. Wooten, “Perdido Key Beach Mouse,” in Alabama Wildlife, Volume 3, ed. Mirarchi et al., 185-186.
17. Economic impacts of hurricanes. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), “Extreme Events: Hurricanes and Tropical Storms,” accessed June 2010, http://www.economics.noaa.gov/igoal=weather&-file=events/hurricane. Values presented were standardized to 2007 dollar values.
18. Robert A. Duncan, Bird Migration, Weather, and Fallout [Gulf Breeze, FL: Self-published, 1994].
19. Edward J. Tar-buck and Frederick K. Lutgens, Earth Science, 12th edition (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice-Hall, 2009);
20. John M. Wallace and Peter V. Hobbs, Atmospheric Science: An Introductory Survey, 2nd edition (Burlington, VT: Academic Press, 2006).
21. Philip L. Chaney, “Climate,” Encyclopedia of Alabama, accessed July 2010, http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Arti-cle.jsp?id=h-1283;
22. Ellen Chen and John F. Gerber, “Climate" in Ecosystems of Florida, ed. Ronald L. Myers and John J. Ewel (Orlando: University of Central Florida Press, 1990), 11-34;
23. William H. Martin and Stephen G. Boyce, “Introduction: The Southeastern Setting" in Biodiversity of the Southeastern United States: Lowland Terrestrial Communities, ed. William H. Martin, Stephen G. Boyce, and Arthur C. Echternacht (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1993), 2: 1-46.
24. Precipitation patterns. Alabama Maps, “Average Annual Rainfall [map]" University of Alabama, accessed July 2010, http://alabamamaps.ua.edu/contemporarymaps/alabama/climate/index.html;
25. PRISM Climate Group and Oregon Climate Service, Oregon State University, “Average Annual Precipitation, 1971-2000, Alabama [map]" accessed July 2010, http://www.prism.oregonstate.edu/state_products/index.phtml?id=AL.
26. El Niño and La Niña. NOAA, “What Is an El Niño?" accessed July 2010, http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/elnino/el-nino-story.html;
27. NOAA, “What Is La Niña?" accessed July 2010, http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/elnino/la-nina-story.html#publ.
28. Jere R. Gallup, Climatic Features and Length of Growing Season in Alabama (Auburn, AL: AAES, 1980).
29. Fundamental geology. Edward J. Tarbuck and Frederick K. Lutgens, Earth Science, 12th edition (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice-Hall, 2009). In addition, Jim Lacefield and David Ufnar have taught me much about basic geology and southeastern geology.
30. Cave Salamander. RogerConant and Joseph T. Collins, A Field Guide to the Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1991);
31. Robert H. Mount, The Reptiles and Amphibians of Alabama (Tuscaloosa: University ofAlabama Press, 1975).
32. Jim Lacefield, Lost Worlds in Alabama Rocks: A Guide to the State’s Ancient Life and Landscapes (Tuscaloosa: Alabama Geological Society, 2000);
33. USGS, “Chickamauga Limestone" accessed July 2010, http://tin.er.usgs.gov/geology/state/sgmc-unit. php ?unit=ALOc%3B3.
34. Plate tectonics and North America’s drift. Jim Lacefield, Lost Worlds in Alabama Rocks;
35. National Museum of Natural History (NMNH), “Geologic Time: A Story of a Changing Earth" Smithsonian Institution, accessed July 2010, http://paleobiology.si.edu/geotime/main/index.html;
36. Christopher R. Scotese, “Plate Tectonic Maps and Continental Drift Animations,” PA-LEOMAP Project, accessed July 2010, www.scotese.com;
37. Edward J. Tarbuck and Frederick. K Lutgens, Earth Science.
38. Soil affinities and plant requirements. Michael G. Barbour, Jack H. Burk, and Wanna D. Pitts, Terrestrial Plant Ecology, 3rd edition (New York: Benjamin Cummings, 1999);
39. L. Katherine Kirkman, Claud L. Brown, and Donald J. Leopold, Native Trees of the Southeast (Portland, OR: Timber Press, 2007);
40. Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), “PLANTS Database,” National Plant Data Team, accessed July 2010, http://plants. usda.gov/index.html.
41. Geologic map of Alabama. W. Edward Osborne, Michael W. Szabo, Charles W. Copeland Jr., and Thornton L. Neathery, Geologic Map of Alabama: Special Map 221 (Tuscaloosa: Geological Survey of Alabama [GSA], 1989).
42. Physiographic provinces. Mike Neilson, “Physiographic Sections of Alabama,” Encyclopedia of Alabama, accessed July 2010, http://www.en-cyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp ?id=h-1362;
43. USGS, “A Tapestry of Time and Terrain: The Union of Two Maps-Geology and Topography,” accessed July 2010, http://tapestry.usgs.gov/Default.html.
44. USGS, “Divisions of Geologic Time-Major Chronostratigraphic and Geochronologic Units: USGS Fact Sheet 2010-3059,” accessed July 2012, http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059/pdf/FS10-3059.pdf.
45. Geologic history. Ron Blakey, “Paleogeography and Geologic Evolution of North America,” Northern Arizona University, accessed July 2010, http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/nam.html;
46. Paul A. Delcourt and Hazel Delcourt, “Paleoclimates, Paleovegetation, and Paleofloras of North America North of Mexico during the Late Quaternary,” in Flora of North America, ed. Flora of North America Editorial Committee, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993) 1: 71-94;
47. Paul A. Delcourt, Hazel R. Delcourt, Dan F. Morse, and Phyllis A. Morse, “History, Evolution, and Organization of Vegetation and Human Culture,” in Biodiversity of the Southeastern United States: Lowland Terrestrial Communities, ed. William H. Martin, Stephen G. Boyce, and Arthur C. Echternacht (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1993), 2: 47-80;
48. Jim Lacefield, Lost Worlds in Alabama Rocks: A Guide to the State’s Ancient Life and Landscapes (Tuscaloosa: Alabama Geological Society, 2000);
49. NMNH, “Geologic Time: A Story of a Changing Earth, ” Smithsonian Institution, accessed July 2010, http://paleobiology.si.edu/geotime/main/index.html;
50. Christopher R. Scotese, “Plate Tectonic Maps and Continental Drift Animations,” PALEoMAP Project, accessed July 2010, www.scotese.com;
51. Edward J. Thrbuck and Frederick K. Lutgens, Earth Science, 12th edition (upper Saddle river, NJ: Pearson Prentice-Hall, 2009).
52. Post-Paleozoic uplift of Southern Appalachians. Jim Lacefield, Lost Worlds in Alabama Rocks: A Guide to the State’s Ancient Life and Landscapes, 2nd edition (manuscript in preparation);
53. D. C. Prowell and R. A. Christopher, “evidence for Cenozoic uplift of the Appalachian Mountains in the Southeastern united States,” Geological Society of America, Southeastern Section Meeting, Abstracts with Programs 25 (1993): 4;
54. D. C. Prowell and R. A. Christopher, “evidence for Late Cenozoic uplift in the Southern Appalachian Mountains from Isolated Sediment Traps,” Geological Society of America, Southeastern Section Meeting, Abstracts with Programs 38 (2006): 27;
55. uSGS, “Geologic Provinces of the united States: Appalachian highlands Province,” accessed July 2010, http://geomaps.wr.usgs. gov/parks/province/appalach.html.
56. T. Boschung and Richard L. Mayden, Fishes of Alabama (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Books, 2004);
57. Jim Lacefield, Lost Worlds in Alabama Rocks;
58. Maurice F. Mettee, Patrick E. o’Neil, and J. Malcolm Pierson, Fishes of Alabama and the Mobile Basin (Birmingham, AL: oxmoor house, 1996);
59. Robert H. Mount, The Reptiles and Amphibians of Alabama (Thscaloosa: university of Alabama Press, 1975);
60. Michael J. Wilson, “Fall Line,” encyclopedia of Alabama, accessed July 2010, http://eoa.auburn.edu/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1618;
61. Prowell and Christopher, “evidence for Late Cenozoic uplift”;
62. James D. Williams, Arthur E. Bogan, and Jeffrey T. Garner, Freshwater Mussels of Alabama and the Mobile Basin in Georgia, Mississippi, and Tennessee (Tuscaloosa: university of Alabama Press, 2008).
63. K-Pg extinction. “Geologic history,” and also Richard Cowen, History of Life (Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 2000).
64. Central American land bridge. Delcourt and Delcourt, “Paleoclimates, Pa-leovegetation, and Paleofloras”;
65. Earth observatory, “Panama: Isthmus That Changed the World,” national Aeronautics and Space Administration, accessed July 2010, http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IotD/view. php?id=4073;
66. NMNH, “Geologic time.”
67. Miles Barton, Nigel Bean, Stephen Dunleavy, Ian Gray, and Adam White, Prehistoric America: A Journey through the Ice Age and Beyond (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002);
68. Charles C. Mann, 1491: New Revelations of the Americas before Columbus (New York: Vintage Books, 2006).
69. Pre-Columbian peoples. Delcourt and Delcourt, “Paleoclimates, Paleovege-tation, and Paleofloras,”
70. W. Brown, Bottle Creek: A Pensacola Culture Site in South Alabama (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2003);
71. Charles Hudson, The Southeastern Indians (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1976);
72. Southeast Archeological Center, “outline of Prehistory and History: Southeastern North America and the Caribbean,” United States National Park Service (USNPS), accessed July 2010, http://www. nps.gov/seac/;
73. John A. Walthall, Prehistoric Indians of the Southeast: Archaeology of Alabama and the Middle South (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1980).
74. Carl T. Bergstrom and Lee A. Dugatkin, Evolution (New York: W. W. Norton, 2012).
75. Paul A. Delcourt and Hazel Delcourt, “Paleoclimates, Paleovegetation, and Paleofloras of North America North of Mexico during the Late Quaternary,” in Flora of North America, ed. Flora of North America Editorial Committee (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 1: 71-94.
76. Robert H. Mount, The Reptiles and Amphibians of Alabama (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1975);
77. Bruce A. Stein, Lynn S. Kutner, and Jonathan S. Adams, Precious Heritage: The Status of Biodiversity in the United States (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000).
78. David R. Vie-ites, Mi-Sook Min, and David B. Wake, “Rapid Diversification and Dispersal during Periods of Global Warming by Plethodontid Salamanders,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102 (2007): 19903-19907.
79. Alan Graham, “History of North American Vegetation: Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)-Tertiary,” in Flora of North America, ed. Flora of North America Editorial Committee (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 1: 57-70;
80. Stein, Kutner, and Adams, Precious Heritage;
81. Jun Wen, “Evolution of Eastern Asian and Eastern North American Disjunct Distributions in Flowering Plants,” Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 30 (1999): 421-455.
82. David C. Culver, Lawrence L. Master, Mary C. Christman, and Horton H. Hobbs III, “Obligate Cave Fauna of the 48 Contiguous United States,” Conservation Biology 14 (2000): 386-401;
83. David C. Culver, Louis Deharveng, Anne Bedos et al., “The Mid-latitude Biodiversity Ridge in Terrestrial Cave Fauna,” Ecography 29 (2006): 120-128;
84. T. Boschung and Richard L. Mayden, Fishes of Alabama(Washington, DC: Smithsonian Books, 2004);
85. Maurice F. Mettee, Patrick E. O’Neil, and J. Malcolm Pierson, Fishes of Alabama and the Mobile Basin (Birmingham, AL: Oxmoor House, 1996);
86. Boschung and Mayden, Fishes of Alabama.
87. Wayne C. Starnes and David A. Etnier, “Drainage Evolution and Fish Biogeography of the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers Drainage Realm,” in The Zoogeography of North American Freshwater Fishes, ed. C. H. Hocutt and E. O. Wiley III (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1986), 325-361.
88. Richard L. Mayden, “Vicariance Biogeography, Parsimony, and Evolution in North American Freshwater Fishes,” Systematic Zoology 37 (1988): 329-355;
89. C. C. Swift, C. R. Gilbert, S. A. Bortone, G. H. Burgess, and R. W. Yerger, “Zoogeography of the Freshwater Fishes of the Southeastern United States: Savannah River to Lake Pontchartrain,” in The Zoogeography of North American Freshwater Fishes, ed. C. H. Hocutt and E. O. Wiley III (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1986), 325-361;
90. E. O. Wiley and Richard L. Mayden, “Species and Speciation in Phylogenetic Systematics, with Examples from the North American Fish Fauna,” Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 72 (1985): 596-635.
91. Thomas J. Near and Michael F. Benard, “Rapid Allopatric Speciation in Logperch Darters (Percidae: Percina),” Evolution 58 (2004): 2798-2808;
92. Jeffrey B. Koppelman, Casy B. Dillman, and David P. Philipp, “Speciation in North American Black Basses, Micropterus (Actinopterygii: Centrarchi-dae),” Evolution 57 (2003): 1610-1621.
93. Hot spot for freshwater biodiversity. Charles Lydeard and Richard L. Mayden, “A Diverse and Endangered Aquatic Ecosystem of the Southeast United States,” Conservation Biology 9 (1995): 800-805;
94. Maurice F. Mettee, Patrick E. O’Neil, and J. Malcolm Pierson, Fishes of Alabama and the Mobile Basin (Birmingham, AL: Oxmoor House, 1996);
95. Bruce A. Stein, “States of the Union: Ranking America’s Biodiversity” (Arlington, VA: NatureServe, 2002).
96. Mettee, O’Neil, and J. Malcolm Pierson, Fishes of Alabama and Mobile Basin.
97. Edward O. Wilson, James D. Williams, Arthur E. Bogan, and Jeffrey T. Garner, Freshwater Mussels of Alabama and the Mobile Basin in Georgia, Mississippi, and Tennessee (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2008).
98. Origins of aquatic biodiversity. “Freshwater fish diversity and origins,”
99. Colbert E. Cushing and J. David Allan, Streams: Their Ecology and Life (New York: Academic Press, 2001).
100. J. David Allan, Stream Ecology: Structure and Function of Running Waters (Boston: Kluwer Academic, 1995);
101. USFWS, “The Mobile River Basin,” accessed August 2009, http://www.fws.gov/southeast/pubs/esmobile.pdf.
102. Herbert T. Boschung and Richard L. Mayden, Fishes of Alabama (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Books, 2004);
103. Mettee, O’Neil, and J. Malcolm Pierson, Fishes of Alabama and Mobile Basin.
104. USFWS, “Species Reports: Listings and Occurrences for Alabama,” accessed August 2009, http://ecos.fws.gov/tess_public/pub/stateListingAndOccurrenceIndi-vidual.jsp ?state=AL.
105. ADCNR, “AABC Fact Sheet" accessed August 2009, http://www. outdooralabama.com/research-mgmt/aquatic/factsheet.cfm.
106. Robert E. Warren, “Native American Tools,” Illinois State Museum, accessed August 2009, http://www.museum.state. il.us/OHIA/htmls/land/index.html.
107. Large fishes “River Monsters, Reallyy?”
108. Boschung and Mayden, Fishes of Alabama. Additional sources are listed here by species. Blue Catfish:
109. Jan H. Brunvand, ed. American Folklore: An Encyclopedia (New York: Garland, 1996).
110. ADCNR, “Paddlefish,” accessed August 2009, http://www.out-dooralabama.com/fishing/freshwater/fish/paddlefish/;
111. USGS, “Paddlefish Study Project: Frequently Asked Questions,” accessed August 2009, http://www.umesc.usgs.gov/aquatic/fish/paddlefish/faq.html.
112. Gulf Sturgeon, “Jumping sturgeon breaks girl’s leg,” Tampa Bay Times, accessed August 2009, http://www.sptimes.com/2007/06/26/State/Jumping_sturgeon_brea.shtml;
113. Robert W. Hastings and Frank M. Parauka, “Gulf Sturgeon,” in Alabama Wildlife, Volume 2: Imperiled Aquatic Mollusks and Fishes, ed. Ralph E. Mirarchi, Jeffrey T. Garner, and Maruice F. (Scott) Mettee (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2004), 204-205.
114. Robert H. Mount, The Reptiles and Amphibians of Alabama (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1975).
115. ADCNR, “Alligator Hunting Season in Alabama,” accessed August 2009, http://outdooralabama.com/hunting/game/alligatorhunthome/.
116. Ricky L. Langley, “Alligator Attacks on Humans in the United States,” Wilderness and Environmental Medicine 16 (2005): 119-124.
117. USGS, “Southwest,” in Status and Trends of the Nation’s Biological Resources, project director Michael J. Mac (Reston, VA: USGS, 1998), 2: 543-592.
118. Ralph E. Mirarchi, ed., Alabama Wildlife, Volume 1: A Checklist of Vertebrates and Selected Invertebrates: Aquatic Mollusks, Fishes, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2004);
119. Guenter A. Schuster, Christopher A. “An Annotated Checklist and Preliminary Designation of Drainage Distributions of the Crayfishes of Alabama" Southeastern Naturalist 7 (2008): 493-504;
120. Ralph E. Mirarchi et al., eds., Alabama Wildlife, Volume 2, and include all gastropods;
121. USFWS, “Final Environmental Assessment: Habitat Management Plan Cahaba River National Wildlife Refuge” (Anniston, AL: USFWS, 2007).
122. ADCNR, “Boating, Fishing and Fish in the Coosa River and Its Impoundments,” accessed August 2009, http://www.outdooralabama.com/fishing/freshwater/where/rivers/coosa/;
123. Alabama Power, “Jordan Dam,” accessed August 2009, http://www.alabamapower.com/lakes/jordan.asp;
124. Alabama Power, “Lay Dam,” accessed August 2009, http://www.alabamapower. com/lakes/lay.asp;
125. Paul D. Johnson and Robert S. Butler, “Freshwater Biodiversity of the Upper Coosa Watershed [poster]” (Montgomery, AL: ADCNR, n.d.);
126. ADCNR, “Fish and Fishing on Lake Martin,” accessed August 2009, http://www.outdooralabama.com/fishing/fresh-water/where/reservoirs/martin/;
127. Alabama Power, “R. L. Harris Dam,” accessed August 2009, http://www.alabamapower.com/lakes/harris.asp.
128. W. Everett Smith, “Geomorphology of Coastal Baldwin County, Alabama, Bulletin 124” (Tuscaloosa: GSA, 1986).
129. Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC), “Ecological Regions of North America: Toward a Common Perspective” (Montréal, Canada: CEC, 1997);
130. Nationalat-las.gov, “Map Layer Info: Omernik’s Level III Ecoregions of the Continental United States,” accessed February 2009, http://www.nationalatlas.gov/mld/eco omrp.html.
131. NatureServe’s ecological systems., “Ecological Systems of the United States: Executive Summary,” accessed February 2009, http://www. natureserve.org/publications/usEcologicalsystems.jsp.
132. NatureServe’s database NatureServe Explorer, accessed June 2010, http://www. natureserve.org/index.jsp
133. Roger Clay, “Snowy Plover,” in Alabama Wildlife, Volume 3: Imperiled Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals, ed. Ralph E. Mirarchi, Mark A. Bailey, Thomas M. Haggerty, and Troy L. Best (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2004), 107-108;
134. Michael D. Blum, Tamara J. Misner, Eric S. Collins, David B. Scott, Robert A. Morton, and Andres Aslan, “Middle Holocene Sea-Level Rise and Highstand at 2 M, Central Texas Coast,” Journal of Sedimentary Research 71 (2001): 581-588;
135. Robert A. Morton, Jeffrey G. Paine, and Michael D. Blum, “Responses of Stable Bay-Margin and Barrier-Island Systems to Holocene Sea-Level Highstands, Western Gulf of Mexico,” Journal of Sedimentary Research 70 (2000): 478-490.
136. Ervin G. Otvos, “Holocene Gulf Levels: Recognition Issues and an Updated Sea-level Curve" Journal of Coastal Research 20 (2004): 680-699;
137. Ervin G. Otvos, “Multiple Pliocene-Quaternary Marine Highstands, Northeast Gulf Coastal Plain-Fallacies and Facts" Journal of Coastal Research 11 (1995): 984-1002.
138. Carl R. Froede Jr., “The Return of 1717 Isle Dauphine (USA)" Journal of Coastal Research25 (2009): 793-795;
139. Robert A. Morton, “Historical Changes in the Mississippi-Alabama Barrier-Island Chain and the Roles of Extreme Storms, Sea Level, and Human Activities" Journal of Coastal Research 24 (2008): 1587-1600;
140. Ervin G. Otvos and Gregory A. Carter, “Hurricane Degradation-Barrier Development Cycles, Northeastern Gulf of Mexico: Landform Evolution and Island Chain History," Journal of Coastal Research 24 (2008): 463-478.
141. Robert H. Chabreck, Coastal Marshes: Ecology and Wildlife Management (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1988);
142. H. Dickson Hoese and Richard H. Moore, Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico: Texas, Louisiana, and Adjacent Waters (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1977);
143. Robert J. Livingston, “Inshore Marine Habitats" in Ecosystems of Florida, ed. Ronald L. Myers and John J. Ewel (Orlando: University of Central Florida Press, 1990), 549-573;
144. Clay L. Montague and Richard G. Wiegert, “Salt Marshes" in Ecosystems of Florida, ed. Myers and Ewel, 481-516;
145. Nature-Serve Explorer; and Marvin F. Smith Jr., “Ecological Characterization Atlas of Coastal Alabama: Map Narrative" (Washington, DC: USFWS and United States Minerals Management Service [USMMS], 1984).
146. Richard W. Heard, Guide to Common Tidal Marsh Invertebrates of the Northeastern Gulf of Mexico (Ocean Springs, MS: Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Consortium [MASGC], 1982).
147. David A. Sibley, The Sibley Guide to Bird Life and Behavior (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2001).
148. Kurt Buhlmann, Tracey Tuberville, and Whit Gibbons, Turtles of the Southeast (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2008);
149. Ken R. Marion and David H. Nelson, “Mississippi Diamondback Terrapin" in Alabama Wildlife, Volume 3, ed. Mirarchi et al., 52-53.
150. Grand Bay geology. Morton, Paine, and Blum, “Responses of Stable Bay-Margin and Barrier-Island Systems”;
151. Keil Schmid, “Shoreline Erosion Analysis of Grand Bay Marsh” (Jackson: Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality, 2000);
152. W. Everett Smith, “Geomorphology of Coastal Mobile County, Alabama” (Tuscaloosa: GSA, Bulletin 162, 1997);
153. W. Everett Smith, “Regimes Contributory to Progressive Loss of Alabama Coastal Shoreline and Wetlands” (Tuscaloosa: GSA, Reprint Series 85, 1991).
154. Lawrence E. Aten, “Shell Mounds and Shellfish: Staff of Prehistoric Life ?” University of Texas at Austin, accessed July 2009, http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/coast/prehistory/images/shellfish. html;
155. Center for Archaeological Studies, “Dauphin Island Shell Mounds,” University of South Alabama, accessed July 2009, http://www.southala-bama.edu/archaeology/dauphin-island-shell-mounds.html;
156. R. Barry Lewis, “Sea-Level Rise and Subsidence Effects on Gulf Coast Archaeological Site Distributions,” American Antiquity 65 (2000): 525-541.
157. Steve B. Wimberly, “Indian Pottery from Clarke County and Mobile County, Southern Alabama” (Tuscaloosa: Alabama Museum of Natural History, Museum Paper 36, 1960).
158. Near-coast pine flatwoods. Warren G. Abrahamson and David C. Hartnett, “Pine Flatwoods and Dry Prairies,” in Ecosystems of Florida, ed. Myers and Ewel, 103-149;
159. Thomas A. Imhof, Alabama Birds, 2nd edition (Tuscaloosa: University ofAlabama Press, 1976);
160. USFWS, “Recovery Plan: Mississippi Sandhill Crane” (Atlanta, GA: USFWS, 1991).
161. NOAA, “Final Evaluation Findings Alabama Coastal Area Management Program, December 2003 through November 2007” (Washington, DC: NOAA, 2008).
162. D. Fertl, A. J. Schiro, G. T. Regan et al., “Manatee Occurrence in the Northern Gulf of Mexico, West of Florida,” Gulf and Caribbean Research 17 (2005): 69-94;
163. Jo A. Lewis, “West Indian Manatee,” in Alabama Wildlife, Volume 3, ed. Mirarchi et al., 189-190;
164. MASGC, “West Indian Manatees: Protection and Conservation,” MASGC, accessed August 2009, http://www.masgc.org/pdf/masgp/08-015.pdf;
165. Claire M. Pabody, Ruth H. Carmichael, “A New Sighting Network Adds to 20 Years of Historical Data on Fringe West Indian (Trichechus manatus) Manatee Populations in Alabama Waters,” Gulf of Mexico Science 27 (2009): 52-61;
166. John E. Reynolds III and Daniel K. Odell, Manatees andDugongs (New York:Facts on File, 1991);
167. USFWS, “West Indian Manatee (Trichechus ma-natus) 5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation” (Jacksonville, FL: US-FWS, 2007).
168. Jubilees. Harold Loesch, “Sporadic Mass Shoreward Migrations of Demersal Fish and Crustaceans in Mobile Bay, Alabama,” Ecology 41 (1960): 292-298;
169. Edwin B. May, “Extensive Oxygen Depletion in Mobile Bay,” Limnology and Oceanography 18 (1976): 353-366;
170. Ben Raines, “Frequency May Signal Early Dead Zone in Bay,” Press-Register, July 5, 2009;
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