Instilling new habits: addressing implicit bias in healthcare professionals

Advances in Health Sciences Education

Volumn 20, Issue 5, 2015, Pages 1255-1262

  Byrne, Aidan ^a   Tanesini, Alessandra ^b  

^a CARDIFF UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

^b CARDIFF UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Bias; Education

Indexed keywords

HABIT; HEALTH CARE DISPARITY; HUMAN; MEDICAL EDUCATION; MEDICAL STUDENT; MINORITY GROUP; ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT; PREJUDICE; PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL; PSYCHOLOGY;

EDUCATION, MEDICAL; HABITS; HEALTHCARE DISPARITIES; HUMANS; MINORITY GROUPS; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; PREJUDICE; STUDENTS, MEDICAL;

EID: 84947026944     PISSN: 13824996     EISSN: 15731677     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10459-015-9600-6     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. Aarts, H. (2007). On the emergence of human goal pursuit: The nonconscious regulation and motivation of goals. Social and Personality Psychology Compass,1, 183–201.
2. Aarts, H., Verplanken, B., & Knippenberg, A. (1998). Predicting behavior from actions in the past: Repeated decision making or a matter of habit? Journal of Applied Social Psychology,28, 1355–1374.
3. Amodio, D. M., & Devine, P. G. (2006). Stereotyping and evaluation in implicit race bias: Evidence for independent constructs and unique effects on behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,91, 652–661.
4. Banaji, M. R., & Heiphetz, L. (2010). Attitudes. In S. T. Fiske, D. T. Gilbert, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (5th ed.). New York: Wiley.
5. Byrne, A. (2011). Measurement of mental workload in clinical medicine: A review study. Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine,1, 90–94.
6. Byrne, A. J., Murphy, A., McIntyre, O., & Tweed, N. (2013). The relationship between experience and mental workload in anaesthetic practice: An observational study. Anaesthesia,68, 1266–1272.
7. Chapman, E. N., Kaatz, A., & Carnes, M. (2013). Physicians and implicit bias: How doctors may unwittingly perpetuate health care disparities. Journal of General Internal Medicine,28, 1504–1510.
8. Clark, A. (2009). Ageism and age discrimination in primary and community health care in the United Kingdom. London: Centre for Policy on Ageing.
9. Dall’Alba, G. (1998). Medical practice as characterised by beginning medical students. Advances in Health Sciences Education,3, 101–118.
10. Devine, P. G. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice—their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,56, 5–18.
11. Devine, P. G., Forscher, P. S., Austin, A. J., & Cox, W. T. (2012). Long-term reduction in implicit race bias: A prejudice habit-breaking intervention. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,48, 1267–1278.
12. Devine, P. G., Plant, E. A., Amodio, D. M., Harmon-Jones, E., & Vance, S. L. (2002). The regulation of explicit and implicit race bias: The role of motivations to respond without prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,82, 835–848.
13. Draper, C., & Louw, G. (2007). What is medicine and what is a doctor? Medical students’ perceptions and expectations of their academic and professional career. Medical Teacher,29, e100–e107.
14. Ericsson, K. A. (1996). The road to excellence: The acquisition of expert performance in the arts and sciences, sports, and games. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
15. Galinsky, A. D., & Moskowitz, G. B. (2007). Further ironies of suppression: Stereotype and counterstereotype accessibility. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,43, 833–841.
16. Goldin, C., & Rouse, C. (2000). Orchestrating impartiality: The impact of “Blind” auditions on female musicians. American Economic Review,90, 715–741.
17. Gonzalez, C. M., Kim, M. Y., & Marantz, P. R. (2014). Implicit bias and its relation to health disparities: A teaching program and survey of medical students. Teaching and Learning in Medicine,26, 64–71.
18. Green, A. R., Carney, D. R., Pallin, D. J., Ngo, L. H., Raymond, K. L., Iezzoni, L. I., & Banaji, M. R. (2007). Implicit bias among physicians and its prediction of thrombolysis decisions for black and white patients. Journal of General Internal Medicine,22, 1231–1238.
19. Greenwald, A. G., & Nosek, B. A. (2008). Attitudinal dissociation: What does it mean? In R. E. Petty, R. H. Fazio, & P. Briñol (Eds.), Attitudes: Insights from the new implicit measures (pp. 65–82). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
20. Hernandez, R. A., Haidet, P., Gill, A. C., & Teal, C. R. (2012). Fostering students’ reflection about bias in healthcare: Cognitive dissonance and the role of personal and normative standards. Medical Teacher,35, e1082–e1089.
21. Ma, D. S., Correll, J., Wittenbrink, B., Bar-Anan, Y., Sriram, N., & Nosek, B. A. (2013). When fatigue turns deadly: The association between fatigue and racial bias in the decision to shoot. Basic and Applied Social Psychology,35, 515–524.
22. Maio, G. R., & Olson, J. M. (1998). Values as truisms: Evidence and implications. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,74, 294.
23. Monteith, M. J., Lybarger, J. E., & Woodcock, A. (2009). Schooling the cognitive monster: The role of motivation in the regulation and control of prejudice. Social and Personality Psychology Compass,3, 211–226.
24. Moskowitz, G. B. (2010). On the control over stereotype activation and stereotype inhibition. Social and Personality Psychology Compass,4, 140–158.
25. Moskowitz, G. B., & Li, P. (2011). Egalitarian goals trigger stereotype inhibition: A proactive form of stereotype control. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,47, 103–116.
26. Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology (2007) Ethnicity and Health, POST Report, 276.
27. Rooth, D. (2007). Implicit discrimination in hiring: Real world evidence. Discussion Paper No. 2764. Institute for the Study of Labor.
28. Sabin, J. A., & Greenwald, A. G. (2012). The influence of implicit bias on treatment recommendations for 4 common pediatric conditions: Pain, urinary tract infection, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and asthma. American Journal of Public Health,102, 988–995.
29. Snow, N. E. (2010). Virtue as social intelligence: An empirically grounded theory. New York: Routledge.
30. Stone, J., & Moskowitz, G. B. (2011). Non-conscious bias in medical decision making: What can be done to reduce it? Medical Education,45, 768–776.
31. Teal, C. R., Shada, R. E., Gill, A. C., Thompson, B. M., Frugé, E., Villarreal, G. B., & Haidet, P. (2010). When best intentions aren’t enough: Helping medical students develop strategies for managing bias about patients. Journal of General Internal Medicine,25, 115–118.
32. Tinkler, J., Li, Y., & Mollborn, S. (2007). Can legal interventions change beliefs? The effect of exposure to sexual harassment policy on men’s gender beliefs. Social Psychology Quarterly,70, 480–494.
33. Verdonk, P., Benschop, Y. M., de Haes, H. J. M., & Lagro-Janssen, T. M. (2009). From gender bias to gender awareness in medical education. Advances in Health Sciences Education,14, 135–152.
34. Webber, J. (forthcoming). Instilling virtue. In J. Webber, & A. Masala (Eds.), From personality to virtue: Essays in the psychology and ethics of character. Oxford: Oxford University Press.