Children's exposure to community and war violence and mental health in four African countries

Social Science and Medicine

Volumn 146, Issue , 2015, Pages 292-299

  Foster, Holly ^a   Brooks Gunn, Jeanne ^b  

^a TEXAS A AND M UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Columbia University ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

Adolescents; Africa; Children; Community violence; Exposure to violence; War violence

Indexed keywords

CHILD HEALTH; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; FUTURE PROSPECT; HEALTH IMPACT; MENTAL HEALTH; VIOLENCE; WAR; YOUNG POPULATION;

AGGRESSION; ARTICLE; CHILD HEALTH; COPING BEHAVIOR; DEPRESSION; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; FAMILY RELATION; GAMBIA; HUMAN; MENTAL HEALTH; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; RWANDA; SIERRA LEONE; SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT; SOUTH AFRICA; VIOLENCE; WAR; ADOLESCENT; ADVERSE EFFECTS; AFRICA; CHILD; DEMOGRAPHY; FEMALE; INTERDISCIPLINARY EDUCATION; PSYCHOLOGY; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; WAR EXPOSURE;

GAMBIA; RWANDA; SIERRA LEONE; SOUTH AFRICA;

ADOLESCENT; AFRICA; AGGRESSION; CHILD; DEPRESSION; FEMALE; HUMANS; INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES; MENTAL HEALTH; RESIDENCE CHARACTERISTICS; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; VIOLENCE; WAR EXPOSURE;

EID: 84946564213     PISSN: 02779536     EISSN: 18735347     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.10.020     Document Type: Article

References (32)

1. Bach J.M., Louw D. Depression and exposure to violence among Venda and Northern Sotho adolescents in South Africa. Afr. J. Psychiatry 2010, 25-35.
2. Baron R., Kenny D.A. The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. J. Personality Soc. Psychol. 1986, 51:1173-1182.
3. Betancourt T.S., Borisova I.I., Williams T.P., Brennan R.T., Whitfield T.H., de la Soudiere M., Williamson J., Gilman S.E. Sierra Leone's former child soldiers: a follow-up study of psychosocial adjustment and community reintegration. Child. Dev. 2010, 81:1077-1095.
4. Betancourt T.S., Brennan R.T., Rubin-Smith J., Fitzmaurice G.M., Gilman S.E. Sierra Leone's former child soldiers: a longitudinal study of risk, protective factors and mental health. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 2010, 49:606-615.
5. Betancourt T.S., Agnew-Blais J., Gilman S.E., Williams D.R., Ellis B.H. Past horrors, present struggles: the role of stigma in the association between war experiences and psychosocial adjustment among former child soldiers in Sierra Leone. Soc. Sci. Med. 2010, 70:17-26.
6. Betancourt T.S., Borisova I.I., de la Soudiere M., Williamson J. Sierra Leone's child soldiers: war exposures and mental health problems by gender. J. Adolesc. Health 2011, 49:21-28.
7. Betancourt T.S., Newnham E.A., McBain R., Brennan R.T. Post-traumatic stress symptoms among former child soldiers in Sierra Leone: follow-up study. Br. J. Psychiatry 2013, 203:196-202.
8. Betancourt T.S., McBain R., Newnham E.A., Brennan R.T. Context matters: community characterstics and mental health among war-affected youth in Sierra Leone. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 2014, 55:217-226.
9. Buka S.L., Stichick T.L., Birdthistle I., Earls F.J. Youth exposure to violence: prevalence, risks, and consequences. Am. J. Orthopsychiatry 2001, 71:298-310.
10. Collings S.J., Valgee S.R., Penning S.L. Development and preliminary validation of a screen for interpersonal childhood trauma experiences among school going youth in Durban, South Africa. J. Child Adolesc. Ment. Health 2013, 25:23-34.
11. Cluver L., Orkin M., Boyes M.E., Sherr L., Makasi D., Nikelo J. Pathways from parental AIDS to child psychological, educational, and sexual risk: developing an empirically-based interactive theoretical model. Soc. Sci. Med. 2013, 87:185-193.
12. du Plessis B., Kaminer D., Hardy A., Benjamin A. The contribution of different forms of violence exposure to internalizing and externalizing symptoms among young South African adolescents. Child Abuse Negl. 2015, 45:80-89.
13. Dyregrov A., Gupta L., Gjestad R., Mukanoehli E. Trauma exposure and psychological reactions to genocide among Rwandan children. J. Trauma. Stress 2000, 13:3-21.
14. Fincham D.S., Altes L.K., Stein D.J., Seedat S. Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in adolescents: risk factors versus resilience moderation. Compr. Psychiatry 2009, 50:193-199.
15. Foster H., Brooks-Gunn J. Toward a stress process model of children's exposure to physical family and community violence. Clin. Child Fam. Psychol. Rev. 2009, 12:71-94.
16. Joshi P.T., O'Donnell D.A. Consequences of child exposure to war and terrorism. Clin. Child Fam. Psychol. Rev. 2003, 6:275-292.
17. Kaminer D., Hardy A., Heath K., Mosdell J., Bawa U. Gender patterns in the contribution of different types of violence to posttraumatic stress among South African urban youth. Child Abuse Negl. 2013, 37:320-330.
18. Martin L., Revington N., Seedat S. The 39-item Child Exposure to Community Violence (CECV) scale: exploratory factor analysis and relationship to PTSD symptomatology in trauma-exposed children and adolescents. Int. J. Behav. Med. 2013, 20:599-608.
19. Mboup S., Musonda R., Mhalu F., Essex M. Chapter 17: HIV/AIDS. Disease and Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa 2006, World Bank, Washington, D.C. second ed. D.T. Jamison, R.G. Feachem, M.W. Makgoba (Eds.).
20. Meinck F., Cluver L.D., Boyes M.E., Mhlongo E.L. Risk and protective factors for physical and sexual abuse of children and adolescents in Africa: a review and implications for practice. Trauma Violence Abuse 2015, 16:81-107.
21. Neugebauer R., Fisher P.W., Turner J.B., Yamabe S., Sarsfield J.A., Stehling-Ariza T. Post-traumatic stress reactions among Rwandan children and adolescents in the early aftermath of genocide. Int. J. Epidemiol. 2009, 38:1033-1045.
22. O'Donnell D.A., Roberts W.C., Schwab-Stone M.E. Community violence exposure and post-traumatic stress reactions among Gambian youth: the moderating role of positive school climate. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. 2011, 46:59-67.
23. Pearlin L.I. The sociological study of stress. J. Health Soc. Behav. 1989, 30:241-256.
24. Pearlin L.I., Leiberman M.A., Menaghan E.G., Mullan J.T. The stress process. J. Health Soc. Behav. 1981, 22:337-356.
25. Shields N.S., Nadasen K., Pierce L. The effects of community violence on children in Cape Town, South Africa. Child Abuse Negl. 2008, 32:589-601.
26. Shields N.S., Nadasen K., Pierce L. A comparison of the effects of witnessing community violence and direct victimization among children in Cape Town, South Africa. J. Interpers. Violence 2009, 24:1192-1208.
27. Shields N.S., Nadasen K., Pierce L. Posttraumatic stress symptoms as a mediating factor on the effects of exposure to community violence among children in Cape Town, South Africa. Violence Vict. 2009, 24:786-799.
28. Shields N.S., Nadasen K., Pierce L. Community violence and psychological distress in South African and U.S. Children. Int. Perspect. Psychol. Res. Pract. Consult. 2013, 2:286-300.
29. Turner H.A. Stress process applications in child victimization research. Advances in the Conceptualization of the Stress Process: Essays in Honor on Leonard I. Pearlin 2010, 207-228. Springer, New York. W.R. Avison, C.S. Anseshensel, S. Schieman, B. Wheaton (Eds.).
30. Waller R., Gardner F., Cluver L. Shared and unique predictors of antisocial and substance use behavior among a nationally representative sample of South African youth. Aggress. Violent Behav. 2014, 19:629-636.
31. Ward C.L., Martin E., Theron C., Distiller G.B. Factors affecting resilience in children exposed to violence. South Afr J. Psychol. 2007, 37:165-187.
32. Wheaton B., Clarke P. Space meets time: integrating temporal and contextual influences on mental health in early adulthood. Am. Sociol. Rev. 2003, 68:680-706.