Obesity and Altered Sleep: A Pathway to Metabolic Derangements in Children?

Seminars in Pediatric Neurology

Volumn 22, Issue 2, 2015, Pages 77-85

  Hakim, Fahed ^a   Kheirandish Gozal, Leila ^b   Gozal, David ^b  

^a Ruth Rappaport Children's Hospital   (Israel)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADENOTONSILLAR HYPERTROPHY; ADENOTONSILLECTOMY; ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR; BODY MASS; CARDIOMETABOLIC RISK; COGNITION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; HUMAN; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; INFLAMMATION; INSULIN RESISTANCE; INTESTINE FLORA; LIFE EXPECTANCY; METABOLIC DISORDER; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; OBESITY; PREVALENCE; SATIETY; SLEEP DISORDER; SLEEP DISORDERED BREATHING; SLEEP TIME; SNORING; ADOLESCENT; CHILD; METABOLIC DISEASES; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGY; SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS;

ADOLESCENT; CHILD; HUMANS; METABOLIC DISEASES; OBESITY; SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS;

EID: 84946499740     PISSN: 10719091     EISSN: 15580776     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.spen.2015.04.006     Document Type: Article

References (139)

1. Lobstein T., Baur L., Uauy R. Obesity in children and young people: A crisis in public health. Obes Rev 2004, 5:4-104.
2. Magarey A.M., Daniels L.A., Boulton T.J. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in Australian children and adolescents: Reassessment of 1985 and 1995 data against new standard international definitions. Med J Aust 2001, 174:561-564.
3. Oza-Frank R., Hade E.M., Norton A., et al. Trends in body mass index among Ohio's third-grade children: 2004-2005 to 2009-2010. J Acad Nutr Diet 2013, 113:440-446.
4. Smith S.M., Craig L.C., Raja A.E., et al. Growing up before growing out: Secular trends in height, weight and obesity in 5- -6-year-old children born between 1970 and 2006. Arch Dis Child 2013, 98:269-273.
5. Broyles S., Katzmarzyk P.T., Srinivasan S.R., et al. The pediatric obesity epidemic continues unabated in Bogalusa, Louisiana. Pediatrics 2010, 125:900-905.
6. Claire Wang Y., Gortmaker S.L., Taveras.E.M. Trends and racial/ethnic disparities in severe obesity among US children and adolescents, 1976-2006. Int J Pediatr Obes 2011, 6:12-20.
7. Edwards K.L., Clarke G.P., Ransley J.K., et al. Serial cross-sectional analysis of prevalence of overweight and obese children between 1998 and 2003 in Leeds, UK, using routinely measured data. Public Health Nutr 2011, 14:56-61.
8. Ogden C.L., Flegal K.M., Carroll M.D., et al. Prevalence and trends in overweight among US children and adolescents, 1999-2000. J Am Med Assoc 2002, 288:1728-1732.
9. Lobstein T., Jackson-Leach R., Moodie M.L., et al. Child and adolescent obesity: Part of a bigger picture. Lancet 2015, [Epub ahead of print].
10. Barlow S.E., Dietz W.H. Obesity evaluation and treatment: Expert Committee recommendations. The Maternal and Child Health Bureau, Health Resources and Services Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services. Pediatrics 1998, 102:E29.
11. Biro F.M., Wien M. Childhood obesity and adult morbidities. Am J Clin Nutr 2010, 91:1499s-1505s.
12. Daniels S.R., Arnett D.K., Eckel R.H., et al. Overweight in children and adolescents: Pathophysiology, consequences, prevention, and treatment. Circulation 2005, 111:1999-2012.
13. Luepker R.V., Jacobs D.R., Prineas R.J., et al. Secular trends of blood pressure and body size in a multi-ethnic adolescent population: 1986 to 1996. J Pediatr 1999, 134:668-674.
14. Singer C., Stancu P., Cosoveanu S., et al. Non-alcoholic Fatty liver disease in children. Curr Health Sci J 2014, 40:170-176.
15. Than N.N., Newsome P.N. A concise review of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Atherosclerosis 2015, 239:192-202.
16. Liang, Y, Hou, D, Zhao X, et al. Childhood obesity affects adult metabolic syndrome and diabetes. Endocrine 2015.
17. Krueger P.M., Friedman E.M. Sleep duration in the United States: A cross-sectional population-based study. Am J Epidemiol 2009, 169:1052-1063.
18. Mindell J.A., Meltzer L.J., Carskadon M.A., et al. Developmental aspects of sleep hygiene: Findings from the 2004 National Sleep Foundation Sleep in America Poll. Sleep Med 2009, 10:771-779.
19. Ogden C.L., Carroll M.D., Kit B.K., et al. Prevalence of obesity and trends in body mass index among US children and adolescents, 1999-2010. J Am Med Assoc 2012, 307:483-490.
20. Wang Y., Beydoun M.A. The obesity epidemic in the United States-Gender, age, socioeconomic, racial/ethnic, and geographic characteristics: A systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Epidemiol Rev 2007, 29:6-28.
21. Chen X., Beydoun M.A., Wang Y. Is sleep duration associated with childhood obesity? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008, 16:265-274.
22. Fatima Y., Doi S.A., Mamun A.A. Longitudinal impact of sleep on overweight and obesity in children and adolescents: A systematic review and bias-adjusted meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2015, 16:137-149.
23. Franckle R.L., Falbe J., Gortmaker S., et al. Insufficient sleep among elementary and middle school students is linked with elevated soda consumption and other unhealthy dietary behaviors. Prev Med 2015, 74:36-41.
24. Marshall N.S., Glozier N., Grunstein R.R. Is sleep duration related to obesity? A critical review of the epidemiological evidence. Sleep Med Rev 2008, 12:289-298.
25. Miller A.L., Lumeng J.C., LeBourgeois M.K. Sleep patterns and obesity in childhood. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2015, 22:41-47.
26. Taheri S., Thomas G.N. Is sleep duration associated with obesity-Where do U stand?. Sleep Med Rev 2008, 12:299-302.
27. Mavanji V., Teske J.A., Billington C.J., et al. Elevated sleep quality and orexin receptor mRNA in obesity-resistant rats. Int J Obes 2010, 34:1576-1588.
28. Weiss R., Bremer A.A., Lustig R.H. What is metabolic syndrome, and why are children getting it?. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2013, 1281:123-140.
29. Zheng H., Berthoud H.R. Neural systems controlling the drive to eat: Mind versus metabolism. Physiology 2008, 23:75-83.
30. Cleator J., Judd P., James M., et al. Characteristics and perspectives of night-eating behaviour in a severely obese population. Clin Obes 2014, 4:30-38.
31. Appelhans B.M., Fitzpatrick S.L., Li H., et al. The home environment and childhood obesity in low-income households: Indirect effects via sleep duration and screen time. BMC Public Health 2014, 14:1160.
32. Falbe J., Davison K.K., Franckle R.L., et al. Sleep duration, restfulness, and screens in the sleep environment. Pediatrics 2015, 135:e367-e375.
33. Sijtsma A., Koller M., Sauer P.J., et al. Television, sleep, outdoor play and BMI in young children: The GECKO Drenthe cohort. Eur J Pediatr 2015, 174(5):631-639.
34. Buxton O.M., Marcelli E. Short and long sleep are positively associated with obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease among adults in the United States. Soc Sci Med 2010, 71:1027-1036.
35. Hairston K.G., Bryer-Ash M., Norris J.M., et al. Sleep duration and five-year abdominal fat accumulation in a minority cohort: The IRAS family study. Sleep 2010, 33:289-295.
36. Nishiura C., Noguchi J., Hashimoto H. Dietary patterns only partially explain the effect of short sleep duration on the incidence of obesity. Sleep 2010, 33:753-757.
37. Taveras E.M., Rifas-Shiman S.L., Rich-Edwards J.W., et al. Association of maternal short sleep duration with adiposity and cardiometabolic status at 3 years postpartum. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011, 19:171-178.
38. Nielsen L.S., Danielsen K.V., Sorensen T.I. Short sleep duration as a possible cause of obesity: Critical analysis of the epidemiological evidence. Obes Rev 2011, 12:78-92.
39. Grandner M.A., Patel N.P., Gehrman P.R., et al. Problems associated with short sleep: Bridging the gap between laboratory and epidemiological studies. Sleep Med Rev 2010, 14:239-247.
40. Monasta L., Batty G.D., Cattaneo A., et al. Early-life determinants of overweight and obesity: A review of systematic reviews. Obes Rev 2010, 11:695-708.
41. Chaput J.P., Leblanc C., Perusse L., et al. Risk factors for adult overweight and obesity in the Quebec Family Study: Have we been barking up the wrong tree?. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009, 17:1964-1970.
42. Chaput J.P., McNeil J., Despres J.P., et al. Short sleep duration as a risk factor for the development of the metabolic syndrome in adults. Prev Med 2013, 57:872-877.
43. Chaput J.P., Bouchard C., Tremblay A. Change in sleep duration and visceral fat accumulation over 6 years in adults. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014, 22:E9-E12.
44. Cizza G., Marincola P., Mattingly M., et al. Treatment of obesity with extension of sleep duration: A randomized, prospective, controlled trial. Clin Trials 2010, 7:274-285.
45. Calamaro C.J., Park S., Mason T.B., et al. Shortened sleep duration does not predict obesity in adolescents. J Sleep Res 2010, 19:559-566.
46. Sun Y., Sekine M., Kagamimori S. Lifestyle and overweight among Japanese adolescents: The Toyama Birth Cohort Study. J Epidemiol 2009, 19:303-310.
47. Cespedes E.M., Rifas-Shiman S.L., Redline S., et al. Longitudinal associations of sleep curtailment with metabolic risk in mid-childhood. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014, 22:2586-2592.
48. Bayer O., Rosario A.S., Wabitsch M., et al. Sleep duration and obesity in children: Is the association dependent on age and choice of the outcome parameter?. Sleep 2009, 32:1183-1189.
49. Iglayreger H.B., Peterson M.D., Liu D., et al. Sleep duration predicts cardiometabolic risk in obese adolescents. J Pediatr 2014, 164:1085-1090.
50. Meininger J.C., Gallagher M.R., Eissa M.A., et al. Sleep duration and its association with ambulatory blood pressure in a school-based, diverse sample of adolescents. Am J Hypertens 2014, 27:948-955.
51. Marshall N.S., Glozier N., Grunstein R.R. Reply to Taheri and Thomas: Is sleep duration associated with obesity-U cannot be serious. Sleep Med Rev 2008, 12:303-305.
52. Nixon G.M., Thompson J.M., Han D.Y., et al. Short sleep duration in middle childhood: Risk factors and consequences. Sleep 2008, 31:71-78.
53. Cappuccio F.P., Taggart F.M., Kandala N.B., et al. Meta-analysis of short sleep duration and obesity in children and adults. Sleep 2008, 31:619-626.
54. Gupta N.K., Mueller W.H., Chan W., et al. Is obesity associated with poor sleep quality in adolescents?. Am J Hum Biol 2002, 14:762-768.
55. Patel S.R., Hu F.B. Short sleep duration and weight gain: A systematic review. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008, 16:643-653.
56. Spruyt K., Molfese D.L., Gozal D. Sleep duration, sleep regularity, body weight, and metabolic homeostasis in school-aged children. Pediatrics 2011, 127:e345-e352.
57. Flynn M.A., McNeil D.A., Maloff B., et al. Reducing obesity and related chronic disease risk in children and youth: A synthesis of evidence with 'best practice' recommendations. Obes Rev 2006, 7:7-66.
58. Sekine M., Yamagami T., Handa K., et al. A dose-response relationship between short sleeping hours and childhood obesity: Results of the Toyama Birth Cohort Study. Child Care Health Dev 2002, 28:163-170.
59. Padez C., Mourao I., Moreira P., et al. Long sleep duration and childhood overweight/obesity and body fat. Am J Hum Biol 2009, 21:371-376.
60. Taveras E.M., Rifas-Shiman S.L., Oken E., et al. Short sleep duration in infancy and risk of childhood overweight. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2008, 162:305-311.
61. Touchette E., Petit D., Tremblay R.E., et al. Associations between sleep duration patterns and overweight/obesity at age 6. Sleep 2008, 31:1507-1514.
62. Bhattacharjee R., Hakim F., Gozal D. Sleep, sleep-disordered breathing and lipid homeostasis: Translational evidence from murine models and children. Clin Lipidol 2012, 7:203-214.
63. Bonuck K., Chervin R.D., Howe L.D. Sleep-disordered breathing, sleep duration, and childhood overweight: A longitudinal cohort study. J Pediatr 2015, 166:632-639.
64. Corbo G.M., Fuciarelli F., Foresi A., et al. Snoring in children: Association with respiratory symptoms and passive smoking. Br Med J 1989, 299:1491-1494.
65. Gislason T., Benediktsdottir B. Snoring, apneic episodes, and nocturnal hypoxemia among children 6 months to 6 years old. An epidemiologic study of lower limit of prevalence. Chest 1995, 107:963-966.
66. Capdevila O.S., Kheirandish-Gozal L., Dayyat E., et al. Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea: Complications, management, and long-term outcomes. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2008, 5:274-282.
67. Gozal D., Kheirandish-Gozal L. The multiple challenges of obstructive sleep apnea in children: Morbidity and treatment. Curr Opin Pediatr 2008, 20:654-658.
68. Kheirandish-Gozal L., Bhattacharjee R., Gozal D. Autonomic alterations and endothelial dysfunction in pediatric obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Med 2010, 11:714-720.
69. Kheirandish-Gozal L., Kim J., Goldbart A.D., et al. Novel pharmacological approaches for treatment of obstructive sleep apnea in children. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2013, 22:71-85.
70. Hakim F., Gozal D., Kheirandish-Gozal L. Sympathetic and catecholaminergic alterations in sleep apnea with particular emphasis on children. Front Neurol 2012, 3:7.
71. Kheirandish-Gozal L., Peris E., Gozal D. Vitamin D levels and obstructive sleep apnoea in children. Sleep Med 2014, 15:459-463.
72. Dayyat E., Kheirandish-Gozal L., Gozal D. Childhood obstructive sleep apnea: One or two distinct disease entities?. Sleep Med Clin 2007, 2:433-444.
73. Ferreira A.M., Clemente V., Gozal D., et al. Snoring in Portuguese primary school children. Pediatrics 2000, 106:E64.
74. Jeans W.D., Fernando D.C., Maw A.R., et al. A longitudinal study of the growth of the nasopharynx and its contents in normal children. Br J Radiol 1981, 54:117-121.
75. O'Brien L.M., Holbrook C.R., Mervis C.B., et al. Sleep and neurobehavioral characteristics of 5- to 7-year-old children with parentally reported symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics 2003, 111:554-563.
76. Owen G.O., Canter R.J., Robinson A. Snoring, apnoea and ENT symptoms in the paediatric community. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci 1996, 21:130-134.
77. Katz E.S., D'Ambrosio C.M. Pathophysiology of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2008, 5:253-262.
78. Arens R., Sin S., Willen S., et al. Rhino-sinus involvement in children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Pediatr Pulmonol 2010, 45:993-998.
79. Mitchell E.A., Thompson J.M. Snoring in the first year of life. Acta Paediatr 2003, 92:425-429.
80. Redline S., Tishler P.V., Hans M.G., et al. Racial differences in sleep-disordered breathing in African-Americans and Caucasians. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997, 155:186-192.
81. Rosen C.L., Larkin E.K., Kirchner H.L., et al. Prevalence and risk factors for sleep-disordered breathing in 8- to 11-year-old children: Association with race and prematurity. J Pediatr 2003, 142:383-389.
82. Urschitz M.S., Guenther A., Eitner S., et al. Risk factors and natural history of habitual snoring. Chest 2004, 126:790-800.
83. Arens R., Muzumdar H. Childhood obesity and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. J Appl Physiol 2010, 108:436-444.
84. Redline S., Tishler P.V., Schluchter M., et al. Risk factors for sleep-disordered breathing in children. Associations with obesity, race, and respiratory problems. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999, 159:1527-1532.
85. Spilsbury J.C., Storfer-Isser A., Rosen C.L., et al. Remission and incidence of obstructive sleep apnea from middle childhood to late adolescence. Sleep 2015, 38:23-29.
86. Bixler E.O., Vgontzas A.N., Lin H.M., et al. Sleep disordered breathing in children in a general population sample: Prevalence and risk factors. Sleep 2009, 32:731-736.
87. Dayyat E., Kheirandish-Gozal L., Sans Capdevila O., et al. Obstructive sleep apnea in children: Relative contributions of body mass index and adenotonsillar hypertrophy. Chest 2009, 136:137-144.
88. Kahn A., Mozin M.J., Rebuffat E., et al. Sleep pattern alterations and brief airway obstructions in overweight infants. Sleep 1989, 12:430-438.
89. Kalra M., Inge T., Garcia V., et al. Obstructive sleep apnea in extremely overweight adolescents undergoing bariatric surgery. Obes Res 2005, 13:1175-1179.
90. Kohler M.J., Thormaehlen S., Kennedy J.D., et al. Differences in the association between obesity and obstructive sleep apnea among children and adolescents. J Clin Sleep Med 2009, 5:506-511.
91. Mitchell R.B., Boss E.F. Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea in obese and normal-weight children: Impact of adenotonsillectomy on quality-of-life and behavior. Dev Neuropsychol 2009, 34:650-661.
92. Shine N.P., Coates H.L., Lannigan F.J. Obstructive sleep apnea, morbid obesity, and adenotonsillar surgery: A review of the literature. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2005, 69:1475-1482.
93. Verhulst S.L., Franckx H., Van Gaal L., et al. The effect of weight loss on sleep-disordered breathing in obese teenagers. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009, 17:1178-1183.
94. Wing Y.K., Hui S.H., Pak W.M., et al. A controlled study of sleep related disordered breathing in obese children. Arch Dis Child 2003, 88:1043-1047.
95. Horner R.L., Mohiaddin R.H., Lowell D.G., et al. Sites and sizes of fat deposits around the pharynx in obese patients with obstructive sleep apnoea and weight matched controls. Eur Respir J 1989, 2:613-622.
96. White D.P., Lombard R.M., Cadieux R.J., et al. Pharyngeal resistance in normal humans: Influence of gender, age, and obesity. J Appl Physiol 1985, 58:365-371.
97. Naimark A., Cherniack R.M. Compliance of the respiratory system and its components in health and obesity. J Appl Physiol 1960, 15:377-382.
98. Beebe D.W., Lewin D., Zeller M., et al. Sleep in overweight adolescents: Shorter sleep, poorer sleep quality, sleepiness, and sleep-disordered breathing. J Pediatr Psychol 2007, 32:69-79.
99. Chervin R.D., Weatherly R.A., Ruzicka D.L., et al. Subjective sleepiness and polysomnographic correlates in children scheduled for adenotonsillectomy vs other surgical care. Sleep 2006, 29:495-503.
100. Gozal D., Wang M., Pope D.W. Objective sleepiness measures in pediatric obstructive sleep apnea. Pediatrics 2001, 108:693-697.
101. Melendres M.C., Lutz J.M., Rubin E.D., et al. Daytime sleepiness and hyperactivity in children with suspected sleep-disordered breathing. Pediatrics 2004, 114:768-775.
102. Tauman R., O'Brien L.M., Holbrook C.R., et al. Sleep pressure score: A new index of sleep disruption in snoring children. Sleep 2004, 27:274-278.
103. Spruyt K., Sans Capdevila O., Serpero L.D., et al. Dietary and physical activity patterns in children with obstructive sleep apnea. J Pediatr 2010, 156:724-730.
104. Gozal D., Kheirandish-Gozal L. Obesity and excessive daytime sleepiness in prepubertal children with obstructive sleep apnea. Pediatrics 2009, 123:13-18.
105. Gozal D. Sleep, sleep disorders and inflammation in children. Sleep Med 2009, 10:S12-S16.
106. Kim J., Gozal D., Bhattacharjee R., et al. TREM-1 and pentraxin-3 plasma levels and their association with obstructive sleep apnea, obesity, and endothelial function in children. Sleep 2013, 36:923-931.
107. Kim J., Hakim F., Kheirandish-Gozal L., et al. Inflammatory pathways in children with insufficient or disordered sleep. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2011, 178:465-474.
108. Gozal D., Serpero L.D., Kheirandish-Gozal L., et al. Sleep measures and morning plasma TNF-alpha levels in children with sleep-disordered breathing. Sleep 2010, 33:319-325.
109. Gozal D., Serpero L.D., Sans Capdevila O., et al. Systemic inflammation in non-obese children with obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Med 2008, 9:254-259.
110. Khalyfa A., Capdevila O.S., Buazza M.O., et al. Genome-wide gene expression profiling in children with non-obese obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Med 2009, 10:75-86.
111. Kim J., Bhattacharjee R., Snow A.B., et al. Myeloid-related protein 8/14 levels in children with obstructive sleep apnoea. Eur Respir J 2010, 35:843-850.
112. Tauman R., Ivanenko A., O'Brien L.M., et al. Plasma C-reactive protein levels among children with sleep-disordered breathing. Pediatrics 2004, 113:e564-e569.
113. Gozal D., Capdevila O.S., Kheirandish-Gozal L. Metabolic alterations and systemic inflammation in obstructive sleep apnea among nonobese and obese prepubertal children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008, 177:1142-1149.
114. Kheirandish-Gozal L., Sans Capdevila O., Kheirandish E., et al. Elevated serum aminotransferase levels in children at risk for obstructive sleep apnea. Chest 2008, 133:92-99.
115. Spruyt K., Gozal D. Mr. Pickwick and his child went on a field trip and returned almost empty handed...What we do not know and imperatively need to learn about obesity and breathing during sleep in children!. Sleep Med Rev 2008, 12:335-338.
116. Tsaoussoglou M., Bixler E.O., Calhoun S., et al. Sleep-disordered breathing in obese children is associated with prevalent excessive daytime sleepiness, inflammation, and metabolic abnormalities. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010, 95:143-150.
117. Tan H.L., Gozal D., Kheirandish-Gozal L. Obstructive sleep apnea in children: A critical update. Nat Sci Sleep 2013, 5:109-123.
118. Kheirandish-Gozal L., Gileles-Hillel A., Alonso-Alvarez M.L., et al. Effects of adenotonsillectomy on plasma inflammatory biomarkers in obese children with obstructive sleep apnea: A community-based study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2015.
119. Gileles-Hillel A, Alonso-Alvarez ML, Kheirandish-Gozal L, et al: Inflammatory markers and obstructive sleep apnea in obese children: The NANOS study. Mediators Inflamm 605280. doi:10.1155, 2014.
120. Cox A.J., West N.P., Cripps A.W. Obesity, inflammation, and the gut microbiota. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2015, 3:207-215.
121. Hansen T.H., Gobel R.J., Hansen T., et al. The gut microbiome in cardio-metabolic health. Genome Med 2015, 7:33.
122. Maranduba C.M., De Castro S.B., de Souza G.T., et al. Intestinal microbiota as modulators of the immune system and neuroimmune system: Impact on the host health and homeostasis. J Immunol Res 2015, 2015:931574.
123. Moreno-Indias I., Torres M., Montserrat J.M., et al. Intermittent hypoxia alters gut microbiota diversity in a mouse model of sleep apnoea. Eur Respir J 2015, 45:1055-1065.
124. Kheirandish-Gozal L., Peris E., Wang Y., et al. Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein plasma levels in children: Effects of obstructive sleep apnea and obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014, 99:656-663.
125. Bhattacharjee R., Kheirandish-Gozal L., Spruyt K., et al. Adenotonsillectomy outcomes in treatment of obstructive sleep apnea in children: A multicenter retrospective study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010, 182:676-683.
126. Tauman R., Gulliver T.E., Krishna J., et al. Persistence of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children after adenotonsillectomy. J Pediatr 2006, 149:803-808.
127. Cortese S., Vincenzi B. Obesity and ADHD: Clinical and neurobiological implications. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2012, 9:199-218.
128. Kalarchian M.A., Marcus M.D. Psychiatric comorbidity of childhood obesity. Int Rev Psychiatry 2012, 24:241-246.
129. Puder J.J., Munsch S. Psychological correlates of childhood obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2010, 34:S37-S43.
130. Liang J., Matheson B.E., Kaye W.H., et al. Neurocognitive correlates of obesity and obesity-related behaviors in children and adolescents. Int J Obes (Lond) 2014, 38:494-506.
131. Gozal D. Sleep-disordered breathing and school performance in children. Pediatrics 1998, 102:616-620.
132. Gozal D., Pope D.W. Snoring during early childhood and academic performance at ages thirteen to fourteen years. Pediatrics 2001, 107:1394-1399.
133. Spruyt K., Gozal D. A mediation model linking body weight, cognition, and sleep-disordered breathing. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012, 185:199-205.
134. Gregory A.M., Sadeh A. Sleep, emotional and behavioral difficulties in children and adolescents. Sleep Med Rev 2012, 16:129-136.
135. Maski K.P., Kothare S.V. Sleep deprivation and neurobehavioral functioning in children. Int J Psychophysiol 2013, 89:259-264.
136. Spruyt K., Gozal D. Sleep disturbances in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Expert Rev Neurother 2011, 11:565-577.
137. Urbain C., Galer S., Van Bogaert P., et al. Pathophysiology of sleep-dependent memory consolidation processes in children. Int J Psychophysiol 2013, 89:273-283.
138. Yoon S.Y., Jain U., Shapiro C. Sleep in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adults: Past present, and future. Sleep Med Rev 2012, 16:371-388.
139. Ptacek R., Kuzelova H., Stefano G.B., et al. Disruptive patterns of eating behaviors and associated lifestyles in males with ADHD. Med Sci Monit 2014, 20:608-613.