Impact of rehabilitation on self-concept following traumatic brain injury: An exploratory systematic review of intervention methodology and efficacy

Neuropsychological Rehabilitation

Volumn 26, Issue 1, 2016, Pages 1-35

  Ownsworth, Tamara ^a   Haslam, Catherine ^b  

^a GRIFFITH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

Author keywords

Rehabilitation; Self concept; Self identity.; Systematic review; Traumatic brain injury

Indexed keywords

BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASE; BRAIN INJURIES; COGNITIVE THERAPY; HUMAN; NEUROREHABILITATION; PSYCHOLOGY; SELF CONCEPT;

BRAIN INJURIES; COGNITIVE THERAPY; DATABASES, BIBLIOGRAPHIC; HUMANS; NEUROLOGICAL REHABILITATION; SELF CONCEPT;

EID: 84946485006     PISSN: 09602011     EISSN: 14640694     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2014.977924     Document Type: Review

References (103)

1. Allport, G. W. (1961). Pattern and growth in personality. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
2. Andrews, T. K., Rose, F. D., Johnson, D. A. (1998). Social and behavioural effects of traumatic brain injury in children. Brain Injury, 12, 133-138. doi: 10.1080/026990598122755
3. Anson, K., Ponsford, J. (2006). Evaluation of a coping skills group following traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 20, 167-178. doi: 10.1080/02699050500442956
4. Ashworth, F., Gracey, F., Gilbert, P. (2011). Compassion focused therapy after traumatic brain injury: Theoretical foundations and case illustration. Brain Impairment, 12, 128-139. doi: 10.1375/brim.12.2.128
5. Backhaus, S. L., Ibarra, S. L., Klyce, D., Trexler, L. E., Malec, J. F. (2010). Brain injury coping skills group: A preventative intervention for patients with brain injury and their caregivers. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 91, 840-848. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2010.03.015
6. Ben-Yishay, Y., Diller, L. (2011). Handbook of holistic neuropsychological rehabilitation. New York: Oxford University Press.
7. Berry, E., Hampshire, A., Rowe, J., Hodges, S., Kapur, N., Watson, P.,., Owen, A. (2009). The neural basis of effective memory therapy in a patient with limbic encephalitis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 80, 1202-1205. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2008.164251
8. Best, D., Lubman, D., Savic, M., Wilson, A., Dingle, G., Haslam, S. A.,., Jetten, J. (2014). Social and transitional identity: Exploring social networks and their significance in a therapeutic community setting. Therapeutic Communities: The International Journal of Therapeutic Communities, 35, 10-20. doi: 10.1108/TC-04-2013-0007
9. Blake, H., Batson, M. (2009). Exercise intervention in brain injury: A pilot randomized study of Tai Chi Qigong. Clinical Rehabilitation, 23, 589-598. doi: 10.1177/0269215508101736
10. Bowen, C., Yeates, G., Palmer, S. (2010). A relational approach to rehabilitation: Thinking about relationships after brain injury. London: Karnac Books.
11. Brenner, L. A., Braden, C. A., Bates, M., Chase, T., Hancock, C., Harrison-Felix, C.,., Staniszewski, K. (2012). A health and wellness intervention for those with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 27, 57-68. doi: 10.1097/HTR.0b013e318273414c
12. Brindley, R., Bateman, A., Gracey, F. (2011) Exploration of use of SenseCam to support autobiographical memory retrieval within a cognitive behavioural therapeutic intervention following acquired brain injury. Memory, 19, 745-757. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2010.493893
13. Bryan-Hancock, C., Harrison, J. E. (2010). The Global Burden of Disease Project 2005 methods utilised by the injury expert group for estimating world-wide incidence and prevalence rates. In Injury Prevention. Buxton, UK: BMJ Publishing Group.
14. Safety 2010 World Conference: 10th World Conference on Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion. London. Sep 2010, pp. A99-A99. [doi: 10.1136/ip.2010.029215.356[
15. Carroll, E., Coetzer, R. (2011). Identity, grief and self-awareness after traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 21, 289-305. doi: 10.1080/09602011.2011.555972
16. Cattelani, R., Zettin, M., Zoccolotti, P. (2010). Rehabilitation treatments for adults with behavioral and psychosocial disorders following acquired brain injury: A systematic review. Neuropsychological Review, 20, 52-85. doi: 10.1007/s11065-009-9125-y
17. Cicerone, K. D., Langenbahn, D. M., Braden, C., Malec, J. F., Kalmar, K., Fraas, M.,., Ashman, T. (2011). Evidence-based cognitive rehabilitation: Updated review of the literature from 2003 through 2008. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 92, 519-530. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2010.11.015
18. Cicerone, K. D., Mott, T., Azulay, J., Sharlow-Galella, M. A., Ellmo, W. J., Paradise, S., Friel, J. C. (2008). A randomized controlled trial of holistic neuropsychologic rehabilitation after traumatic brain injury. Archives of Physical Medicine Rehabilitation, 89, 2239-2249. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2008.06.017
19. Cooper-Evans, S., Alderman, N., Knight, C., Oddy, M. (2008). Self-esteem as a predictor of psychological distress after severe acquired brain injury: An exploratory study. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 18, 607-626. doi: 10.1080/09602010801948516
20. Coopersmith, S. (1989). Self-esteem inventories. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
21. Corrigan, J. D., Selassie, A. W., Orman, J. A. (2010). The epidemiology of traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 25, 72-80. doi: 10.1097/HTR.0b013e3181ccc8b4
22. Culley, C., Evans, J. J. (2010). SMS text messaging as a means of increasing recall of therapy goals in brain injury rehabilitation: A single-blind within-subjects trial. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 20, 103-119. doi: 10.1080/09602010902906926
23. D'Argembeau, A., Feyers, D., Majerus, S., Collette, F., Van der Linden, M., Maquet, P., Salmon, E. (2008). Self-reflection across time: Cortical midline structures differentiate between present and past selves. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 3, 244-252. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsn020
24. Dirette, D. (2002). The development of awareness and the use of compensatory strategies for cognitive deficits. Brain Injury, 16, 861-871. doi: 10.1080/02699050210131902
25. Doering, B. K., Conrad, N., Rief, W., Exner, C. (2011). Living with acquired brain injury: Self-concept as a mediating variable in the adjustment process. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 21, 42-63. doi: 10.1080/09602011.2010.525947
26. Douglas, J. M. (2013). Conceptualizing self and maintaining social connection following severe traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 27, 60-74. doi: 10.3109/02699052.2012.722254
27. Driver, S., O'Connor, J., Lox, C., Rees, K. (2003). Effect of an aquatics program on psychosocial parameters of individuals with brain injuries. Journal of Cognitive Rehabilitation, 21, 22-31.
28. Driver, S., Rees, K., O'Connor, J., Lox, C. (2006). Aquatics, health-promoting self-care behaviors and adults with brain injuries. Brain Injury, 20, 133-141. doi: 10.1080/02699050500443822
29. Evans, J. (2011). Positive psychology and brain injury rehabilitation. Brain Impairment, 12, 117-127. doi: 10.1375/brim.12.2.117
30. Feeney, T. J., Capo, M. (2010). Making meaning: The use of project-based supports for individuals with brain injury. Journal of Behavioral and Neuroscience Research, 8, 70-80.
31. Feinberg, T. E. (2011). Neuropathologies of the self: Clinical and anatomical features. Consciousness and Cognition, 20, 75-81. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2010.09.017
32. Fines, L., Nichols, D. (1994). An evaluation of a twelve week recreational kayak program: Effects on self-concept, leisure satisfaction and leisure attitude of adults with traumatic brain injuries. Journal of Cognitive Rehabilitation, 12, 10-15.
33. Fitts, W. H., Warren, W. L. (1996). Tennessee self-concept scale, TSCS:2 (2nd edition) [manual]. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.
34. Gelech, J. M., Desjardins, M. (2011). I am many: The reconstruction of self following acquired brain injury. Qualitative Health Research, 21, 62-74. doi: 10.1177/1049732310377454
35. Gemmell, C., & Leathem, J. M. (2006). A study investigating the effects of Tai Chi Chuan: Individuals with traumatic brain injury compared to controls. Brain Injury, 20, 151-156.
36. Gracey, F., Evans, J. J., Malley, D. (2009). Capturing process and outcome in complex rehabilitation interventions: A "Y-shaped" model. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 19, 867-890. doi: 10.1080/09602010903027763
37. Gracey, F., Ownsworth, T. (2012). The experience of self in the world: The personal and social contexts of identity change after brain injury. In J. Jetten, C. Haslam, & S. A. Haslam. (Eds.), The social cure (pp. 273-295). London: Psychology Press.
38. Gracey, F., Palmer, S., Rous, B., Psaila, K., Shaw, K., O'Dell, J.,., Mohamed, S. (2008). "Feeling part of things": Personal construction of self after brain injury. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 18, 627-650. doi: 10.1080/09602010802041238
39. Harter, S. (2012). The construction of the self (2nd ed.). New York: The Guilford Press.
40. Haslam, C., Holme, A., Haslam, S. A., Iyer, A., Jeyyen, J., Williams, W. H. (2008). Maintaining group memberships: Social identity continuity predicts well-being after stroke. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 18, 671-691. doi: 10.1080/09602010701643449
41. Haslam, C., Jetten, J., Haslam, S. A. (2012). Advancing the social cure: Implications for theory, practice and policy. In J. Jetten, C. Haslam & S. A. Haslam. (Eds.), The social cure: Identity, health and well-being (pp. 319-343). London: Psychology Press.
42. Hawley, C. A. (2012). Self-esteem in children after traumatic brain injury: An exploratory study. NeuroRehabilitation, 30, 173-181.
43. Helffenstein, D. A., Wechsler, F. S. (1982). The use of interpersonal process recall (IPR) in the remediation of interpersonal and communication skill deficit in the newly brain-injured. Clinical Neuropsychology, 4, 139-143.
44. Hodgson, J., McDonald, S., Tate, R., Gertler, P. (2005). A randomised controlled trial of a cognitive-behavioural therapy program for managing social anxiety after acquired brain injury. Brain Impairment, 6, 169-180. doi: 10.1375/brim.2005.6.3.169
45. Howes, H., Edwards, S., Benton, D. (2005). Male body image following acquired brain injury. Brain Injury, 19, 135-147. doi: 10.1080/02699050410001720077
46. Hsieh, M., Ponsford, J. L., Wong, D. K., Schönberger, M., Taffe, J. R., McKay, A. J. D. (2012). Motivational interviewing and cognitive behaviour therapy for anxiety following traumatic brain injury: A pilot randomised controlled trial. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 22, 585-608. doi: 10.1080/09602011.2012.678860
47. Iyer, A., Jetten, J., Tsivrikos, D., Postmes, T., Haslam, S. A. (2009). The more (and the more compatible) the merrier: Multiple group memberships and identity compatibility as predictors of adjustment after life transitions. British Journal of Social Psychology, 48, 707-733. doi: 10.1348/014466608X397628
48. Jetten, J., Haslam, C., Haslam, S. A., Dingle, G., Jones, J. J. (2014). How groups affect our health and well-being: The path from theory to policy. Social Issues and Policy Review, 8, 103-130. doi: 10.1111/sipr.12003
49. Jetten, J., Haslam, S. A., Iyer, A., Haslam, C. (2009). Turning to others in times of change: Social identity and coping with stress. In S. Stürmer & M. Snyder. (Eds.), The psychology of prosocial behavior: Group processes, intergroup relations, and helping (pp. 139-156). Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
50. Jetten, J., Pachana, N. A. (2012). Not wanting to grow old: A Social Identity Model of Identity Change (SIMIC) analysis of driving cessation among older adults. In J. Jetten, C. Haslam & S. A. Haslam. (Eds.), The social cure: Identity, health and well-being (pp. 97-114). London: Psychology Press.
51. Jones, J. M., Haslam, S. A., Jetten, J., Williams, W. H., Morris, R., Saroyan, S. (2010). That which doesn't kill us can make us stronger (and more satisfied with life): The contribution of personal and social changes to well-being after brain injury. Psychology and Health, 26, 353-369. doi: 10.1080/08870440903440699
52. Jones, J. M., Jetten, J., Haslam, S. A., Williams, W. H. (2012). Deciding to disclose: The importance of maintaining social relationships for well-being after acquired brain injury. In J. Jetten, C. Haslam, & S. A. Haslam. (Eds.), The social cure: Identity, health and well-being (pp. 255-272). London: Psychology Press.
53. Jumisko, E., Lexell, J., Soderberg, S. (2005). The meaning of living with traumatic brain injury in people with moderate or severe traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neuroscience Nursing, 37, 42-50. doi: 10.1097/01376517-200502000-00007
54. Kangas, M., McDonald, S. (2011). Is it time to act? The potential of acceptance and commitment therapy for psychological problems following acquired brain injury. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 21, 250-276. doi: 10.1080/09602011.2010.540920
55. Kelly, A., Ponsford, J., Couchman, G. (2013). Impact of a family-focused intervention on self-concept after acquired brain injury. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 23, 563-579. doi: 10.1080/09602011.2013.795903
56. Keppell, C. C., & Crowe, S. F. (2000). Changes to body image and self-esteem following stroke in young adults. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 10, 15-31.
57. Klonoff, P. S. (2010). Psychotherapy after brain injury. New York: The Guilford Press.
58. Krefting, L. (1989). Reintegration into the community after head injury: The results of an ethnographic study. Occupational Therapy Journal of Research, 9, 67-83.
59. Kreutzer, J., Stejskal, T., Godwin, E., Powell, V., Arango-Lasprilla, J. (2010). A mixed methods evaluation of the brain injury family intervention. NeuroRehabilitation, 27, 19-29.
60. Kristensen, O. S. (2004). Changing goals and intentions among participants in a neuropsychological rehabilitation programme: An exploratory case study evaluation. Brain Injury, 18, 1049-1062. doi: 10.1080/02699050410001672279
61. Lemmon, J., LaTourrette, D., Hauver, S. (1996). One year outcome study of outward bound experience on the psychosocial functioning of women with mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of Cognitive Rehabilitation, 14, 18-23.
62. Liberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gøtzsche, P. C., Ioannidis, J. P.,., Moher, D. (2009). The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. PLoS Medicine, 6 (7): e1000100. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000100
63. Longworth, C., Deakins, J., Rose, D., Gracey, F. (2012). Exploring the nature of self-esteem after acquired brain injury. Paper presented at the 9th Annual Conference of the Neuropsychological Rehabilitation Special Interest Group of the World Federation of Neurorehabilitation, July 2-3, Bergen, Norway.
64. Maher, C. G., Sherrington, C., Herbert, R., Moseley, A., Elkins, M. (2003). Reliability of the PEDro scale for rating quality of randomized controlled trials. Physical Therapy, 83, 713-721.
65. Manchester, D., Wall, G., Dawson, P., Jackson, H. (2007). A forensic peer group approach to bullying after traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 17, 206-229. doi: 10.1080/09602010600696472
66. Marsh, H. W. (1996). Physical self-description questionnaire: Stability and discriminant validity. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 67, 249-264. doi: 10.1080/02701367.1996.10607952
67. Marsh, H. W., Byrne, B. M., Shavelson, R. J. (1992). A multi-dimensional, hierarchical self-concept. In T. M. Brinthaupt & R. P. Lipka. (Eds.), The self: Definitional and methodological issues (pp. 44-95). Albany: State University of New York Press.
68. McGuire, B. E., Greenwood, R. J. (1990). Effects of an intervention aimed at memory on perceived burden and self-esteem after traumatic head injury. Clinical Rehabilitation, 4, 319-323. doi: 10.1177/026921559000400412
69. McPherson, K. M., Kayes, N., Weatherall, M. (2009). A pilot study of self-regulation informed goal setting in people with traumatic brain injury. Clinical Rehabilitation, 23, 296-309. doi: 10.1177/0269215509102980
70. Medd, J., Tate, R. (2000). Evaluation of an anger management therapy programme following acquired brain injury: A preliminary study. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 10, 185-201. doi: 10.1080/096020100389246
71. Muenchberger, H., Kendall, E., Neal, R. (2008). Identity transition following traumatic brain injury: A dynamic process of contraction, expansion and tentative balance. Brain Injury, 22, 979-992. doi: 10.1080/02699050802530532
72. Nochi, M. (1997). Dealing with the "void": Traumatic brain injury as a story. Disability & Society, 12, 533-555. doi: 10.1080/09687599727119
73. Nochi, M. (1998). "Loss of self" in the narratives of people with traumatic brain injuries: A qualitative analysis. Social Science and Medicine, 7, 869-878. doi: 10.1016/S0277-9536(97)00211-6
74. Nochi, M. (2000). Reconstructing self-narratives in coping with traumatic brain injury. Social Science and Medicine, 51, 1795-1804. doi: 10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00111-8
75. OCEBM. (2011). The Oxford 2011 Levels of Evidence. Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. http://www.cebm.net/index.aspx?o=5653
76. Ownsworth, T. (2014). Self-identity after brain injury. Hove, UK: Psychology Press.
77. Ownsworth, T. L., Turpin, M., Andrew, B., Fleming, J. (2008). Participant perspectives on an individualised self-awareness intervention following stroke: A qualitative case study. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 18, 692-712. doi: 10.1080/09602010701595136
78. Ponsford, J., Kelly, A., Couchman, G. (2014). Self-concept and self-esteem after acquired brain injury: A control group comparison. Brain Injury, 28, 146-154. doi: 10.3109/02699052.2013.859733
79. Prigatano, G. P. (1999). Principles of neuropsychological rehabilitation. New York: Oxford University Press.
80. Rath, J. F, Simon, D., Langenbahn, D. M., Sherr, R. L., Diller, L. (2003). Group treatment of problem-solving deficits in outpatients with traumatic brain injury: A randomised outcome study. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 13 (4), 461-488. doi: 10.1080/09602010343000039
81. Riley, G. A., Dennis, R. K., Powell, T. (2010). Evaluation of coping resources and self-esteem as moderators of the relationship between threat appraisals and avoidance of activities after traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 20, 869-882. doi: 10.1080/09602011.2010.503041
82. Robson, P. (1989). Development of a new self-report questionnaire to measure self-esteem. Psychological Medicine, 19, 513-518. doi: 10.1017/S003329170001254X
83. Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
84. Schwandt, M., Harris, J. E., Thomas, S., Keightly, M., Snaiderman, A., Colantonio, A. (2012). Feasibility and effect of aerobic exercise for lowering depressive symptoms among individuals with traumatic brain injury: A pilot study. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 27, 99-103. doi: 10.1097/HTR.0b013e31820e6858
85. Simpson, G., Tate, R., Whiting, D., Cotter, R. (2011). Suicide prevention after traumatic brain injury: A randomized controlled trial of a program for the psychological treatment of hopelessness. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 26, 290-300. doi: 10.1097/HTR.0b013e3182225250
86. Sinnakaruppan, I., Downey, B., Morrison, S. (2005). Head injury and family carers: A pilot study to investigate an innovative community-based educational programme for family carers and patients. Brain Injury, 19, 283-308. doi: 10.1080/02699050400003924
87. Tajfel, H., Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W.G. Austin & S. Worchel. (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33-47). Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
88. Tate, R. L., Broe, G. A. (1999). Psychosocial adjustment after traumatic brain injury: What are the important variables? Psychological Medicine, 29, 713-725. doi: 10.1017/S0033291799008466
89. Trexler, L. E. (2000). Empirical support for neuropsychological rehabilitation. In A. Christensen & B. Uzzell. (Eds.), International handbook of neuropsychological rehabilitation: Critical issues in neuropsychology (pp. 137-150). New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
90. Turner, J. C. (1982). Towards a cognitive redefinition of the social group. In H. Tajfel. (Ed.), Social identity and intergroup relations (pp. 15-40). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
91. Turner, B., Ownsworth, T., Cornwell, P., Fleming, J. (2009). Reengagement in meaningful occupations during the transition from hospital to home for people with acquired brain injury and their family caregivers. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 63, 609-620. doi: 10.5014/ajot.63.5.609
92. Turner-Stokes, L. (2008). Evidence for the effectiveness of multi-disciplinary rehabilitation following acquired brain injury: A synthesis of two systematic approaches. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 40, 691-701. doi: 10.2340/16501977-0265
93. Tyerman, A. (1997). The head injury semantic differential-III. Bucks, UK: Community Head Injury Sevice Camborne Centre.
94. Tyerman, A., Humphrey, M. (1984). Changes in self-concept following severe head injury. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 7, 11-23. doi: 10.1097/00004356-198403000-00002
95. Verhagen, A. P., de Vet, H. C., de Bie, R. A., Kessels, A. G., Boers, M., Bouter, L. M., & Knipschild, P. G. (1998). The Delphi list: A criteria list for quality assessment of randomised clinical trials for conducting systematic reviews developed by Delphi consensus. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 51, 1235-1241.
96. Vickery, C. D., Gontkovsky, S. T., Caroselli, J. S. (2005). Self-concept and quality of life following acquired brain injury: A pilot investigation. Brain Injury, 19, 657-665. doi: 10.1080/02699050400005218
97. Vickery, C. D., Gontkovsky, S. T., Wallace, J. J., Caroselli, J. S. (2006). Group psychotherapy focusing on self-concept change following acquired brain injury: A pilot investigation. Rehabilitation Psychology, 51, 30-35. doi: 10.1037/0090-5550.51.1.30
98. Walsh, S., Fortune, D. G., Gallagher, S., Muldoon, O. T. (2012). Acquired brain injury: Combining social psychological and neuropsychological perspectives. Health Psychology Review, 1-15,. first preview.
99. Wilcock, A. A. (1998). Reflections on doing, being, and becoming. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 65, 248-257. doi: 10.1177/000841749806500501
100. Wilson, B. A., Gracey, F., Evans, J., Bateman, A. (2009). Neuropsychological rehabilitation: Theory, models, therapy and outcome. New York: Cambridge University Press.
101. Wright, J. C., Telford, R. (1996). Psychological problems following minor head injury: A prospective study. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 35, 399-412. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8260.1996.tb01194.x
102. Ylvisaker, M., & Feeney, T. (2000). Reconstruction of identity after brain injury. Brain Impairment, 1, 12-28.
103. Ylvisaker, M., McPherson, K., Kayes, N., Pellet, E. (2008). Metaphoric identity mapping: Facilitating goal setting and engagement in rehabilitation after traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 18, 713-741. doi: 10.1080/09602010802201832