Firing a Weapon and Killing in Combat Are Associated with Suicidal Ideation in OEF/OIF Veterans

Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy

Volumn 8, Issue 5, 2016, Pages 626-633

  Tripp, Jessica C ^a   McDevitt Murphy, Meghan E ^a   Henschel, Aisling V ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MEMPHIS   (United States)

^b MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA   (United States)

Author keywords

firing a weapon; killing in combat; moral injury; PTSD; suicidal ideation

Indexed keywords

ADULT; FEMALE; FIREARM; HOMICIDE; HUMAN; MALE; MORALITY; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PSYCHOLOGY; SUICIDAL IDEATION; VETERAN; WAR;

ADULT; AFGHAN CAMPAIGN 2001-; COMBAT DISORDERS; FEMALE; FIREARMS; HOMICIDE; HUMANS; IRAQ WAR, 2003-2011; MALE; MORALS; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; SUICIDAL IDEATION; VETERANS;

EID: 84946434195     PISSN: 19429681     EISSN: 1942969X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/tra0000085     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. American Psychiatric Association. (2001). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: Author.
2. Baca-Garcia, E., Perez-Rodriguez, M. M., Oquendo, M. A., Keyes, K. M., Hasin, D. S., Grant, B. F., & Blanco, C. (2011). Estimating risk for suicide attempt: Are we asking the right questions? Passive suicidal ideation as a marker for suicidal behavior. Journal of Affective Disorders, 134, 327-332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.06.026
3. Beck, A. T., Kovacs, M., & Weissman, A. (1979). Assessment of suicidal intention: The Scale for Suicide Ideation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 47, 343-352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.47.2.343
4. Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory (2nd ed.). San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
5. Blake, D. D., Weathers, F. W., Nagy, L. M., Kaloupek, D. G., Gusman, F. D., Charney, D. S., & Keane, T. M. (1995). The development of a clinician-administered PTSD scale. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 8, 75-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jts.2490080106
6. Blake, D., Weathers, F., Nagy, L., Kaloupek, D., Klauminzer, G., Charney, D., & Keane, T. (1990). Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS). Boston, MA: National Center for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Behavioral Science Division.
7. Boenisch, S., Bramesfeld, A., Mergl, R., Havers, I., Althaus, D., Lehfeld, H., ⋯ Hegerl, U. (2010). The role of alcohol use disorder and alcohol consumption in suicide attempts - A secondary analysis of 1921 suicide attempts. European Psychiatry, 25, 414-420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2009.11.007
8. Bohnert, A. S., Roeder, K. M., & Ilgen, M. A. (2011). Suicide attempts and overdoses among adults entering addictions treatment: Comparing correlates in a U.S. national study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 119, 106-112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.05.032
9. Brown, G. K., Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Grisham, J. R. (2000). Risk factors for suicide in psychiatric outpatients: A 20-year prospective study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 371-377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.68.3.371
10. Canetto, S. S., & Sakinofsky, I. (1998). The gender paradox in suicide. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 28, 1-23.
11. Conner, K. R., Bohnert, A. S., McCarthy, J. F., Valenstein, M., Bossarte, R., Ignacio, R., ⋯ Ilgen, M. A. (2013). Mental disorder comorbidity and suicide among 2.96 million men receiving care in the Veterans Health Administration health system. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122, 256-263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0030163
12. Department of Veterans Affairs, Mental Health Services, Suicide Prevention Program. (2013). Suicide data report, 2012. Retrieved from http://www.va.gov/opa/docs/Suicide-Data-Report-2012-final.pdf
13. Desseilles, M., Perroud, N., Guillaume, S., Jaussent, I., Genty, C., Malafosse, A., & Courtet, P. (2012). Is it valid to measure suicidal ideation by depression rating scales? Journal of Affective Disorders, 136, 398-404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.11.013
14. Fontana, A., Rosenheck, R., & Brett, E. (1992). War zone traumas and posttraumatic stress disorder symptomatology. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 180, 748-755. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005053-199212000-00002
15. Goldstein, R. B., Black, D. W., Nasrallah, A., & Winokur, G. (1991). The prediction of suicide: Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of a multivariate model applied to suicide among 1906 patients with affective disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 418-422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1991.01810290030004
16. Hawkins, E. J., Lapham, G. T., Kivlahan, D. R., & Bradley, K. A. (2010). Recognition and management of alcohol misuse in OEF/OIF and other veterans in the VA: A cross-sectional study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 109, 147-153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.12.025
17. Ilgen, M. A., Harris, A. H., Moos, R. H., & Tiet, Q. Q. (2007). Predictors of a suicide attempt one year after entry into substance use disorder treatment. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 31, 635-642.
18. Ilgen, M. A., McCarthy, J. F., Ignacio, R. V., Bohnert, A. S., Valenstein, M., Blow, F. C., & Katz, I. R. (2012). Psychopathology, Iraq and Afghanistan service, and suicide among Veterans Health Administration patients. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 80, 323-330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0028266
19. King, L. A., King, D. W., Vogt, D. S., Knight, J., & Samper, R. E. (2006). Deployment risk and resilience inventory: A collection of measures for studying deployment-related experiences of military personnel and veterans. Military Psychology, 18, 89-120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327876mp1802-1
20. Lejoyeux, M., Gastal, D., Bergeret, A., Casalino, E., Lequen, V., & Guillermet, S. (2012). Alcohol use disorders among patients examined in emergency departments after a suicide attempt. European Addiction Research, 18, 26-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000332233
21. Litz, B. T., Stein, N., Delaney, E., Lebowitz, L., Nash, W. P., Silva, C., & Maguen, S. (2009). Moral injury and moral repair in war veterans: A preliminary model and intervention strategy. Clinical Psychology Review, 29, 695-706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.07.003
22. Maguen, S., Lucenko, B. A., Reger, M. A., Gahm, G. A., Litz, B. T., Seal, K. H., ⋯ Marmar, C. R. (2010). The impact of reported direct and indirect killing on mental health symptoms in Iraq War veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 23, 86-90.
23. Maguen, S., Metzler, T. J., Bosch, J., Marmar, C. R., Knight, S. J., & Neylan, T. C. (2012). Killing in combat may be independently associated with suicidal ideation. Depression and Anxiety, 29, 918-923. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/da.21954
24. McCarthy, J. F., Valenstein, M., Kim, H. M., Ilgen, M., Zivin, K., & Blow, F. C. (2009). Suicide mortality among patients receiving care in the Veterans Health Administration health system. American Journal of Epidemiology, 169, 1033-1038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwp010
25. McDevitt-Murphy, M. E., Murphy, J. G., Williams, J. L., Monahan, C. J., Bracken-Minor, K. L., & Fields, J. A. (2014). Randomized controlled trial of two brief alcohol interventions for OEF/OIF veterans. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 82, 562-568. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0036714
26. McDevitt-Murphy, M. E., Williams, J. L., Bracken, K. L., Fields, J. A., Monahan, C. J., & Murphy, J. G. (2010). PTSD symptoms, hazardous drinking, and health functioning among U.S. OEF and OIF veterans presenting to primary care. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 23, 108-111.
27. Mościcki, E. K. (1997). Identification of suicide risk factors using epidemiologic studies. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 20, 499-517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0193-953X(05)70327-0
28. Pal, H. R., Jena, R., & Yadav, D. (2004). Validation of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) in urban community outreach and de-addiction center samples in north India. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 65, 794-800. http://dx.doi.org/10.15288/jsa.2004.65.794
29. Pietrzak, R. H., Goldstein, M. B., Malley, J. C., Rivers, A. J., Johnson, D. C., & Southwick, S. M. (2010). Risk and protective factors associated with suicidal ideation in veterans of Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom. Journal of Affective Disorders, 123, 102-107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2009.08.001
30. Pitts, B. L., Chapman, P., Safer, M. A., Unwin, B., Figley, C., & Russell, D. W. (2013). Killing versus witnessing trauma: Implications for the development of PTSD in combat medics. Military Psychology, 25, 537-544. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/mil0000025
31. Pompili, M., Sher, L., Serafini, G., Forte, A., Innamorati, M., Dominici, G., ⋯ Girardi, P. (2013). Posttraumatic stress disorder and suicide risk among veterans: A literature review. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 201, 802-812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e3182a21458
32. Rice, T. R., & Sher, L. (2013). Killing in combat and suicide risk. European Psychiatry, 28, 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2012.10.001
33. Sareen, J., Cox, B. J., Afifi, T. O., Stein, M. B., Belik, S. L., Meadows, G., & Asmundson, G. J. (2007). Combat and peacekeeping operations in relation to prevalence of mental disorders and perceived need for mental health care: Findings from a large representative sample of military personnel. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64, 843-852. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.64.7.843
34. Saunders, J. B., Aasland, O. G., Babor, T. F., de la Fuente, J. R., & Grant, M. (1993). Development of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): WHO Collaborative Project on Early Detection of Persons With Harmful Alcohol Consumption-II. Addiction, 88, 791-804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02093.x
35. Shively, L. A. (2010). Suicide preventable, though third leading cause of death among Army personnel. Retrieved June 28, 2011, from http://www.army.mil/article/45632/suicide-preventable-through-third-leadingcause-of-death-among-army-personnel
36. Smith, E. G., Kim, H. M., Ganoczy, D., Stano, C., Pfeiffer, P. N., & Valenstein, M. (2013). Suicide risk assessment received prior to suicide death by Veterans Health Administration patients with a history of depression. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 74, 226-232. http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.12m07853
37. Snarr, J. D., Heyman, R. E., & Slep, A. M. S. (2010). Recent suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in a large-scale survey of the U.S. Air Force: Prevalences and demographic risk factors. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 40, 544-552. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/suli.2010.40.6.544
38. Sobell, L. C., & Sobell, M. B. (1996). Timeline Followback user's guide: A calendar method for assessing alcohol and drug use. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Addiction Research Foundation.
39. Suominen, K., Isometsä, E., Ostamo, A., & Lönnqvist, J. (2004). Level of suicidal intent predicts overall mortality and suicide after attempted suicide: A 12-year follow-up study. BMC Psychiatry, 4, 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-4-11
40. ten Have, M., de Graaf, R., van Dorsselaer, S., Verdurmen, J., van't Land, H., Vollebergh, W., & Beekman, A. (2009). Incidence and course of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in the general population. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 54, 824-833.
41. Van Winkle, E. P., & Safer, M. A. (2011). Killing versus witnessing in combat trauma and reports of PTSD symptoms and domestic violence. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 24, 107-110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jts.20614
42. Vogt, D. S., Proctor, S. P., King, D. W., King, L. A., & Vasterling, J. J. (2008). Validation of scales from the Deployment Risk and Resilience Inventory in a sample of Operation Iraqi Freedom veterans. Assessment, 15, 391-403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073191108316030
43. Wenzel, A., Berchick, E. R., Tenhave, T., Halberstadt, S., Brown, G. K., & Beck, A. T. (2011). Predictors of suicide relative to other deaths in patients with suicide attempts and suicide ideation: A 30-year prospective study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 132, 375-382. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.03.006