Blink rate and incomplete blinks in six different controlled hard-copy and electronic reading conditions

Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science

Volumn 56, Issue 11, 2015, Pages 6679-6685

  Argilés, Marc ^a   Cardona, Genís ^a   Pérez Cabré, Elisabet ^a   Rodríguez, Margarita ^a  

^a UNIVERSITAT POLITÈCNICA DE CATALUNYA   (Spain)

Author keywords

Blinking amplitude; Reading task; Saccades; Spontaneous eye blink rate

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; BLINKING; COMPUTER TERMINAL; DRY EYE; EYELID REFLEX; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SCORING SYSTEM; SPONTANEOUS EYE BLINK RATE; TASK PERFORMANCE; VIDEORECORDING; VISUAL SYSTEM EXAMINATION; ADOLESCENT; COGNITION; CONTROLLED STUDY; MICROCOMPUTER; MIDDLE AGED; PHYSIOLOGY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; READING; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; BLINKING; COGNITION; COMPUTER TERMINALS; COMPUTERS, HANDHELD; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; READING; VIDEO RECORDING; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84946423271     PISSN: 01460404     EISSN: 15525783     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-16967     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. Blehm C, Vishnu S, Khattak A, Mitra S, Yee RW. Computer vision syndrome: a review. Surv Ophthalmol. 2005;50:253–262.
2. Rosenfield M. Computer vision syndrome: a review of ocular causes and potential treatments. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2011;31:502–515.
3. Uchino M, Schaumberg DA, Dogru M, et al. Prevalence of dry eye disease among Japanese visual display terminal users. Ophthalmology. 2008;15:1982–1988.
4. Rosenfield M, Jahan S, Nunez K, Chan K. Cognitive demand, digital screens and blink rate. Comput Hum Behav. 2015;51: 403–406.
5. Benedetto S, Carbone A, Drai-Zerbib V, Pedrotti M, Baccino T. Effects of luminance and illuminance on visual fatigue and arousal during digital reading. Comput Hum Behav. 2014;41: 112–119.
6. Hultgren H, Knave B. Discomfort glare and disturbances from light reflections in an office landscape with CRT display terminals. Appl Ergon. 1974;5:2–8.
7. Rossignol AM, Morse EP, Summers VM, Pagnotto LD. Visual display terminal use and reported health symptoms among Massachusetts clerical workers. J Occup Med. 1987;29:112–118.
8. Himebaugh NL, Begley CG, Bradley A, Wilkinson JA. Blinking and tear break-up during four visual tasks. Optom Vis Sci. 2009;86:E106–E114.
9. Doughty MJ. Consideration of three types of spontaneous eyeblink activity in normal humans: during reading and video display terminal use, in primary gaze, and while in conversation. Optom Vis Sci. 2001;78:712–725.
10. Straker L, Jones KJ, Miller J. A comparison of the postures assumed when using laptop computers and desktop computers. Appl Ergon. 1997;28:263–268.
11. Bababekova Y, Rosenfield M, Hue JE, Huang RR. Font size and viewing distance of handheld smart phones. Optom Vis Sci. 2011;88:795–797.
12. Berolo S, Wells RP, Amick BC III. Musculoskeletal symptoms among mobile hand-held device users and their relationship to device use: a preliminary study in a Canadian university population. Appl Ergon. 2011;42:371–378.
13. Stern JA, Walrath LC, Goldstein R. The endogenous eyeblink. Psychophysiology. 1984;21:22–33.
14. Wu Z, Begley CG, Situ P, Simpson T. The effects of increasing ocular surface stimulation on blinking and sensation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2014;55:1555–1563.
15. Benedetto S, Drai-Zerbib V, Pedrotti M, Tissier G, Baccino T. EReaders and visual fatigue. PLoS One. 2013;8:e83676.
16. Chu CA, Rosenfield M, Portello JK, Benzoni JA, Collier JD. A comparison of symptoms after viewing text on a computer screen and hard copy. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2011;31:29–32.
17. Chu CA, Rosenfield M, Portello JK. Blink patterns: reading from a computer screen versus hard copy. Optom Vis Sci. 2014;91:297–302.
18. Hirota M, Uozato H, Kawamorita T, Shibata Y, Yamamoto S. Effect of incomplete blinking on tear film stability. Optom Vis Sci. 2013;90:650–657.
19. Wurtz RH. Neuronal mechanisms of visual stability. Vis Res. 2008;48:2070–2089.
20. Gandhi NJ. Interaction between gaze-evoked blinks and gaze shifts in monkeys. Exp Brain Res. 2012;216:321–339.
21. Evinger C, Manning K, Pellegrini JJ, Basso M, Powers S, Sibony P. Not looking while leaping: the linkage of blinking and saccadic gaze shifts. Exp Brain Res. 1994;100:337–344.
22. Tsubota K, Hata S, Okusawa Y, Egami F, Ohtsuki T, Nakamori K. Quantitative videographic analysis of blinking in normal subjects and patients with dry eye. Arch Ophthalmol. 1996; 114:715–720.
23. Sun WS, Baker RS, Chuke JC, et al. Age-related changes in human blinks. Passive and active changes in eyelid kinematics. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1997;38:92–99.
24. Dougthy MJ. Further assessment of gender- and blink patternrelated differences in the spontaneous eyeblink activity in primary gaze in young adult humans. Optom Vis Sci. 2002;79: 439–447.
25. Chen WH, Chiang TJ, Hsu MC, Liu JS. The validity of eye blink rate in Chinese adults for the diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2003;105:90–92.
26. Sforza C, Rango M, Galante D, Bresolin N, Ferrario VF. Spontaneous blinking in healthy persons: an optoelectronic study of eyelid motion. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2008;28: 345–353.
27. Schiffman RM, Christianson MD, Jacobsen G, Hirsch JD, Reis BL. Reliability and validity of the Ocular Surface Disease Index. Arch Ophthalmol. 2000;118:615–621.
28. Scheiman M, Cotter S, Kulp MT, et al. Convergence Insufficiency Treatment Trial Study Group. Treatment of accommodative dysfunction in children: results from a randomized clinical trial. Optom Vis Sci. 2011;88:1343–1352.
29. Doane MG. Interactions of eyelids and tears in corneal wetting and the dynamics of the normal human eyeblink. Am J Ophthalmol. 1980;89:507–516.
30. Zaman ML, Dougthy MJ. Some methodological issues in the assessment of the spontaneous eyeblink frequency in man. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 1997;17:421–432.
31. Armstrong RA. When to use the Bonferroni correction. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2014;34:502–508.
32. Doughty MJ. Spontaneous eyeblink activity under different conditions of gaze (eye position) and visual glare. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2014;252:1147–1153.
33. Doughty MJ, Naase T, Button NF. Frequent spontaneous eyeblink activity associated with reduced conjunctival surface (trigeminal nerve) tactile sensitivity. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2009;247:939–946.
34. Doughty MJ, Naase T. Further analysis of the human spontaneous eyeblink rate by a cluster-analysis-based approach, to categorise individuals with ‘normal’ versus ‘frequent’ eyeblink activity. Eye Contact Lens. 2006;32:294–299.
35. Orchard LN, Stern JA. Blinks as an index of cognitive activity during reading. Integr Physiol Behav Sci. 1991;26:108–116.
36. Portello JK, Rosenfield M, Chu CA. Blink rate, incomplete blinks and computer vision syndrome. Optom Vis Sci. 2013; 90:482–487.