A behavioral systems approach to romantic love relationships: Attachment, caregiving, and sex

The New Psychology of Love

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 35-64

  Shaver, Phillip R ^a   Mikulincer, Mario ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b BAR ILAN UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 34547368338     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (93)

1. Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., and Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of Attachment: A Psychological Study of the Strange Situation. Hillsdale, N. J.: Erlbaum.
2. Allport, G. W. (1961). Pattern and Growth in Personality. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
3. Averill, J. R. (1985). The social construction of emotion: With special reference to love. In K. J. Gergen and K. E. Davis (eds.), The Social Construction of the Person, pp. 89-109. New York: Springer-Verlag.
4. Baldwin, M. W., Fehr, B., Keedian, E., Seidel, M., and Thomson, D. W. (1993). An exploration of the relational schemata underlying attachment styles: Self-report and lexical decision approaches. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19, 746-754.
5. Bartholomew, K., and Horowitz, L. M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 226-244.
6. Batson, C. D. (1991). The Altruism Question: Toward a Social Psychological Answer. Hillsdale, N. J.: Erlbaum.
7. Berscheid, E., and Walster, E. (1974). A little bit about love. In T. Huston (ed.), Foundations of Interpersonal Attraction, pp. 355-381. New York: Academic Press.
8. Birnbaum, G. E., and Laser-Brandt, D. (2002). Gender differences in the experience of heterosexual intercourse. Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 11, 143-158.
9. Bowlby, J. (1969/1982). Attachment and Loss, vol. 1, Attachment, 2nd ed. New York: Basic Books.
10. Birnbaum, G. E., and Laser-Brandt, D. (1973). Attachment and Loss, vol. 2, Separation: Anxiety and Anger. New York: Basic Books.
11. Birnbaum, G. E., and Laser-Brandt, D. (1979). The Making and Breaking of Affectional Bonds. London: Tavistock.
12. Birnbaum, G. E., and Laser-Brandt, D. (1980). Attachment and Loss, vol. 3, Sadness and Depression. New York: Basic Books.
13. Birnbaum, G. E., and Laser-Brandt, D. (1988). A Secure Base: Clinical Applications of Attachment Theory. London: Routledge.
14. Brennan, K. A., Clark, C. L., and Shaver, P. R. (1998). Self-report measurement of adult attachment: An integrative overview. In J. A. Simpson and W. S. Rholes (eds.), Attachment Theory and Close Relationships, pp. 46-76. New York: Guilford Press.
15. Brennan, K. A., Wu, S., and Loev, J. (1998). Adult romantic attachment and individual differences in attitudes toward physical contact in the context of adult romantic relationships. In J. A. Simpson and W. S. Rholes (eds.), Attachment Theory and Close Relationships, pp. 394-428. New York: Guilford Press.
16. Buss, D. M. (1999). Evolutionary Psychology: The New Science of the Mind. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
17. Buss, D. M., and Kenrick, D. T. (1998). Evolutionary social psychology. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, and G. Lindzey (eds.), Handbook of Social Psychology, 4th ed., vol. 2, pp. 982-1026. New York: McGraw-Hill.
18. Carnelley, K. B., Pietromonaco, P. R., and Jaffe, K. (1996). Attachment, caregiving, and relationship functioning in couples: Effects of self and partner. Personal Relationships, 3, 257-277.
19. Cassidy, J., and Kobak, R. R. (1988). Avoidance and its relationship with other defensive processes. In J. Belsky and T. Nezworski (eds.), Clinical Implications of Attachment, pp. 300-323. Hillsdale, N. J.: Erlbaum.
20. Chisholm, J. (1999). Death, Hope, and Sex: Steps to an Evolutionary Ecology of Mind and Morality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
21. Collins, N. L. (1996). Working models of attachment: Implications for explanation, emotion, and behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 810-832.
22. Collins, N. L., and Feeney, B. C. (2000). A safe haven: An attachment theory perspective on support seeking and caregiving in intimate relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 1053-1073.
23. Collins, N. L., and Read, S. J. (1990). Adult attachment, working models, and relationship quality in dating couples. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 644-663.
24. Costa, P. T., Jr., and McCrae, R. R. (1982). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) Professional Manual. Odessa, Fla.: Psychological Assessment Resources.
25. Cyranowski, J. M., and Andersen, B. L. (1998). Schemas, sexuality, and romantic attachment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1364-1379.
26. Davis, D., Shaver, P. R., and Vernon, M. L. (2004). Attachment style and subjective motivations for sex. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 1076-1090.
27. Davis, M. H. (1983). Empathic concern and the muscular dystrophy telethon: Empathy as a multidimensional construct. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 9, 223-229.
28. De Rougement, D. (1940). Love in the Western World. New York: Harcourt, Brace.
29. Diamond, L. M. (2006). How do I love thee? Implications of attachment theory for understanding same-sex love and desire. In M. Mikulincer and G. S. Goodman (eds.), Dynamics of Romantic Love, pp. 275-292. New York: Guilford Press.
30. Epstein, S., and Meier, P. (1989). Constructive thinking: A broad coping variable with specific components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 332-350.
31. Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and Society. New York: Norton.
32. Eysenck, H. J. (1947). Dimensions of Personality. London: Kegan Paul, Trench and Tubner.
33. Feeney, B. C. (2004). A secure base: Responsive support of goal strivings and exploration in adult intimate relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 631-648.
34. Feeney, B. C., and Collins, N. L. (2001). Predictors of caregiving in adult intimate relationships: An attachment theoretical perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 972-994.
35. Feeney, B. C., and Collins, N. L. (2003). Motivations for caregiving in adult intimate relationships: Influence on caregiving behavior and relationship functioning. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 950-968.
36. Feeney, J. A. (1996). Attachment, caregiving, and marital satisfaction. Personal Relationships, 3, 401-416.
37. Feeney, J. A., and Hohaus, L. (2001). Attachment and spousal caregiving. Personal Relationships, 8, 21-39.
38. Feeney, J. A., and Noller, P. (1990). Attachment style as a predictor of adult romantic relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 281-291.
39. Fisher, W. A., Byrne, D., White, L. A., and Kelley, K. (1988). Erotophobia-erotophilia as a dimension of personality. Journal of Sex Research, 25, 123-151.
40. Fraley, R. C., Davis, K. E., and Shaver, P. R. (1998). Dismissing-avoidance and the defensive organization of emotion, cognition, and behavior. In J. A. Simpson and W. S. Rholes (eds.), Attachment Theory and Close Relationships, pp. 249-279. New York: Guilford Press.
41. Fraley, R. C., and Waller, N. G. (1998). Adult attachment patterns: A test of the typological model. In J. A. Simpson and W. S. Rholes (eds.), Attachment Theory and Close Relationships, pp. 77-114. New York: Guilford Press.
42. Gaines, S. O., Jr., Reis, H. T., Summers, S., Rusbult, C. E., Cox, C. L., Wexler, M. O., Marelich, W. D., and Kurland, G. J. (1997). Impact of attachment style on reactions to accommodative dilemmas in close relationships. Personal Relationships, 4, 93-113.
43. Gillath, O., Bunge, S. A., Shaver, P. R., Wendelken, C., and Mikulincer, M. (2005). Attachment-style differences and ability to suppress negative thoughts: Exploring the neural correlates. NeuroImage, 28, 835-847.
44. Harlow, H. F. (1959). Love in infant monkeys. Scientific American, 200, 68-86.
45. Hazan, C., and Shaver, P. R. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 511-524.
46. Hazan, C., and Zeifman, D. (1994). Sex and the psychological tether. In K. Bartholomew and D. Perlman (eds.), Advances in Personal Relationships, vol. 5, Attachment Processes in Adulthood, pp. 151-177. London: Jessica Kingsley.
47. Hazan, C., and Zeifman, D. (1999). Pair-bonds as attachments: Evaluating the evidence. In J. Cassidy and P. R. Shaver (eds.), Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications, pp. 336-354. New York: Guilford Press.
48. Hendrick, C., and Hendrick, S. S. (1989). Research on love: Does it measure up? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 784-794.
49. Holmes, J. G., and Cameron, J. (2005). An integrative review of theories of interpersonal cognition: An interdependence theory perspective. In M. W. Baldwin (ed.), Interpersonal Cognition, pp. 415-447. New York: Guilford Press.
50. Hurlbert, D. F., Apt, C., Hurlbert, M. K., and Pierce, A. P. (2000). Sexual compatibility and the sexual desire-motivation relation in females with hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Behavior Modification, 24, 325-347.
51. Janda, L. H., and O'Grady, K. E. (1980). Development of a sex anxiety inventory. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 48, 169-175.
52. Jankowiak, W. (ed.). (1995). Romantic Passion: A Universal Experience? New York: Columbia University Press.
53. Kestenbaum, R., Farber, E. A., and Sroufe, L. A. (1989). Individual differences in empathy among preschoolers: Relation to attachment history. In N. Eisenberg (ed.), Empathy and Related Emotional Competence, New Directions for Child Development, no. 44, pp. 51-64. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
54. Kunce, L. J., and Shaver, P. R. (1994). An attachment-theoretical approach to caregiving in romantic relationships. In K. Bartholomew and D. Perlman (eds.), Advances in Personal Relationships, vol. 5, pp. 205-237. London: Jessica Kingsley.
55. Lee, J. A. (1977). A typology of styles of loving. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 3, 173-182.
56. Long, E. C. J., Cate, R. M., Fehsenfeld, D. A., and Williams, K. M. (1996). A longitudinal assessment of a measure of premarital sexual conflict. Family Relations, 45, 302-308.
57. Mikulincer, M. (1998). Attachment working models and the sense of trust: An exploration of interaction goals and affect regulation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1209-1224.
58. Mikulincer, M., and Arad, D. (1999). Attachment working models and cognitive openness in close relationships: A test of chronic and temporary accessibility effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 710-725.
59. Mikulincer, M., and Erev, I. (1991). Attachment style and the structure of romantic love. British Journal of Social Psychology, 30, 273-291.
60. Mikulincer, M., Florian, V., Cowan, P. A., and Cowan, C. P. (2002). Attachment security in couple relationships: A systemic model and its implications for family dynamics. Family Process, 41, 405-434.
61. Mikulincer, M., Gillath, O., and Shaver, P. R. (2002). Activation of the attachment system in adulthood: Threat-related primes increase the accessibility of mental representations of attachment figures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 881-895.
62. Mikulincer, M., and Shaver, P. R. (2003). The attachment behavioral system in adulthood: Activation, psychodynamics, and interpersonal processes. In M. P. Zanna (ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, vol. 35, pp. 53-152. New York: Academic Press.
63. Mischel, W., and Shoda, Y. (1995). A cognitive-affective system theory of personality: Reconceptualizing situations, dispositions, dynamics, and invariance in personality structure. Psychological Review, 102, 246-268.
64. Mosher, D. L. (1988). Revised Mosher Guilt Inventory. In C. M. Davis, W. C. Yarber, and R. S. L. Davis (eds.), Sexuality-Related Measures, pp. 75-88. Lake Mills, Iowa: Davis.
65. Pinney, E. M., Gerrard, M., and Denney, N. W. (1987). The Pinney Sexual Satisfaction Inventory. Journal of Sex Research, 23, 233-251.
66. Reis, H. T., and Patrick, B. C. (1996). Attachment and intimacy: Component processes. In E. T. Higgins and A. E. Kruglanski (eds.), Social Psychology: Handbook of Basic Principles, pp. 523-563. New York: Guilford Press.
67. Rholes, W. S., Simpson, J. A., and Orina, M. M. (1999). Attachment and anger in an anxiety-provoking situation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 940-957.
68. Rubin, Z. (1973). Liking and Loving: An Invitation to Social Psychology. Oxford: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
69. Ryan, R. M., and Frederick, C. (1997). On energy, personality, and health: Subjective vitality as a dynamic reflection of well-being. Journal of Personality, 65, 529-565.
70. Schachner, D. A., and Shaver, P. R. (2004). Attachment dimensions and motives for sex. Personal Relationships, 11, 179-195.
71. Schachter, S. (1964). The interaction of cognitive and physiological determinants of emotional state. In L. Berkowitz (ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, vol. 1. New York: Academic Press.
72. Scharfe, E., and Bartholomew, K. (1995). Accommodation and attachment representations in couples. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 12, 389-401.
73. Shaver, P. R., and Brennan, K. A. (1992). Attachment styles and the "big five" personality traits: Their connections with each other and with romantic relationship outcomes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18, 536-545.
74. Shaver, P. R., and Clark, C. L. (1994). The psychodynamics of adult romantic attachment. In J. M. Masling and R. F. Bornstein (eds.), Empirical Perspectives on Object Relations Theory, Empirical Studies of Psychoanalytic Theories, vol. 5, pp. 105-156. Washington, D. C.: American Psychological Association.
75. Shaver, P. R., and Hazan, C. (1993). Adult romantic attachment: Theory and evidence. In D. Perlman and W. Jones (eds.), Advances in Personal Relationships, vol. 4, pp. 29-70. London: Jessica Kingsley.
76. Shaver, P. R., Hazan, C., and Bradshaw, D. (1988). Love as attachment: The integration of three behavioral systems. In R. J. Sternberg and M. Barnes (eds.), The Psychology of Love, pp. 68-99. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
77. Shaver, P. R., and Mikulincer, M. (2002). Attachment-related psychodynamics. Attachment and Human Development, 4, 133-161.
78. Shaver, P. R., and Mikulincer, M. (in press). Attachment theory, individual psychodynamics, and relationship functioning. In D. Perlman and A. Vangelisti (eds.), Handbook of Personal Relationships. New York: Cambridge University Press.
79. Simpson, J. A. (1990). Influence of attachment styles on romantic relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 871-980.
80. Simpson, J. A. (1999). Attachment theory in modern evolutionary perspective. In J. Cassidy and P. R. Shaver (eds.), Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications, pp. 115-140. New York: Guilford Press.
81. Simpson, J. A., Ickes, W., and Grich, J. (1999). When accuracy hurts: Reactions of anxious-ambivalent dating partners to a relationship-threatening situation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 754-769.
82. Simpson, J. A., Rholes, W. S., and Nelligan, J. S. (1992). Support seeking and support giving within couples in an anxiety-provoking situation: The role of attachment styles. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 434-446.
83. Simpson, J. A., Rholes, W. S., Orina, M. M., and Grich, J. (2002). Working models of attachment, support giving, and support seeking in a stressful situation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 598-608.
84. Sprecher, S., and Cate, R. M. (2004). Sexual satisfaction and sexual expression as predictors of relationship satisfaction and stability. In J. H. Harvey, A. Wenzel, and S. Sprecher (eds.), Handbook of Sexuality in Close Relationships, pp. 235-256. Mahwah, N. J.: Erlbaum.
85. Sprecher, S., and Regan, P. C. (1998). Passionate and companionate love in courting and young married couples. Sociological Inquiry, 68, 163-185.
86. Sroufe, L. A., and Waters, E. (1977). Attachment as an organizational construct. Child Development, 48, 1184-1199.
87. Sternberg, R. J. (1986). A triangular theory of love. Psychological Review, 93, 119-135.
88. Sternberg, R. J. (1987). Liking versus loving: A comprehensive evaluation of theories. Psychological Bulletin, 102, 331-345.
89. Sternberg, R. J., and Barnes, M. (eds.). (1988). The Psychology of Love. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
90. Thibault, J. W., and Kelley, H. H. (1959). The Social Psychology of Groups. New York: Wiley.
91. Tracy, J. L., Shaver, P. R., Albino, A. W., and Cooper, M. L. (2003). Attachment styles and adolescent sexuality. In P. Florsheim (ed.), Adolescent Romantic Relations and Sexual Behavior: Theory, Research, and Practical Implications, pp. 137-159. Mahwah, N. J.: Erlbaum.
92. Waite, L. J., and Joyner, K. (2001). Emotional satisfaction and physical pleasure in sexual unions: Time horizon, sexual behavior, and sexual exclusivity. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 63, 247-264.
93. Walster, E., and Walster, G. W. (1978). A New Look at Love. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley.