Why Is Infarct Expansion Such an Elusive Therapeutic Target?

Journal of Cardiovascular Translational Research

Volumn 8, Issue 7, 2015, Pages 421-430

  Richardson, William J ^a,b   Holmes, Jeffrey W ^a,b  

^a University of Virginia   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Expansion; Fibroblast; Infarction; Mechanics; Remodeling; Wound healing

Indexed keywords

COLLAGEN; POLYMER;

DISEASE COURSE; DRUG TARGETING; FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS; HEART FAILURE; HEART INFARCTION; HUMAN; INFARCT RUPTURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCT EXPANSION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RIGIDITY; RISK; SCAR; THICKNESS; WALL STRESS; ANIMAL; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; HEART RUPTURE; METABOLISM; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; PATHOLOGY; THEORETICAL MODEL; TISSUE SCAFFOLD; WOUND HEALING;

ANIMALS; COLLAGEN; DISEASE PROGRESSION; HEART RUPTURE, POST-INFARCTION; HUMANS; MODELS, CARDIOVASCULAR; MODELS, THEORETICAL; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; TISSUE SCAFFOLDS; WOUND HEALING;

EID: 84945495969     PISSN: 19375387     EISSN: 19375395     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12265-015-9652-2     Document Type: Review

References (91)

1. Sharpe, N. (1992). Ventricular remodeling following myocardial infarction. The American Journal of Cardiology, 70, 20–6.
2. Hutchins, G. M., & Bulkley, B. H. (1978). Infarct expansion versus extension: two different complications of acute myocardial infarction. The American Journal of Cardiology, 41, 1127–32.
3. Schuster, E. H., & Bulkley, B. H. (1979). Expansion of transmural myocardial infarction: a pathophysiologic factor in cardiac rupture. Circulation, 60, 1532–8.
4. Eaton, L. W., Weiss, J. L., Bulkley, B. H., Garrison, J. B., & Weisfeldt, M. L. (1979). Regional cardiac dilatation after acute myocardial infarction: recognition by two-dimensional echocardiography. The New England Journal of Medicine, 300, 57–62.
5. Erlebacher, J. A., Weiss, J. L., Weisfeldt, M. L., & Bulkley, B. H. (1984). Early dilation of the infarcted segment in acute transmural myocardial infarction: role of infarct expansion in acute left ventricular enlargement. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 4, 201–8.
6. Pirolo, J. S., Hutchins, G. M., & Moore, G. W. (1986). Infarct expansion: pathologic analysis of 204 patients with a single myocardial infarct. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 7, 349–54.
7. Weisman, H. F., Bush, D. E., Mannisi, J. A., Weisfeldt, M. L., & Healy, B. (1988). Cellular mechanisms of myocardial infarct expansion. Circulation, 78, 186–201.
8. Olivetti, G., Capasso, J. M., Sonnenblick, E. H., & Anversa, P. (1990). Side-to-side slippage of myocytes participates in ventricular wall remodeling acutely after myocardial infarction in rats. Circulation Research, 67, 23–34.
9. Fishbein, M. C., Maclean, D., & Maroko, P. R. (1978). Experimental myocardial infarction in the rat: qualitative and quantitative changes during pathologic evolution. The American Journal of Pathology, 90, 57–70.
10. Holmes, J. W., Borg, T. K., & Covell, J. W. (2005). Structure and mechanics of healing myocardial infarcts. Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering, 7, 223–53.
11. Laeremans, H., Hackeng, T. M., van Zandvoort, M. A. M. J., Thijssen, V. L. J. L., Janssen, B. J. A., Ottenheijm, H. C. J., et al. (2011). Blocking of frizzled signaling with a homologous peptide fragment of wnt3a/wnt5a reduces infarct expansion and prevents the development of heart failure after myocardial infarction. Circulation, 124, 1626–35.
12. Van den Borne, S. W. M., van de Schans, V. A., Strzelecka, A. E., Vervoort-Peters, H. T. M., Lijnen, P. M., Cleutjens, J. P. M., et al. (2009). Mouse strain determines the outcome of wound healing after myocardial infarction. Cardiovascular Research, 84, 273–82.
13. Fomovsky, G. M., & Holmes, J. W. (2010). Evolution of scar structure, mechanics, and ventricular function after myocardial infarction in the rat. American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 298, H221–8.
14. Holmes, J. W., Yamashita, H., Waldman, L. K., & Covell, J. W. (1994). Scar remodeling and transmural deformation after infarction in the pig. Circulation, 90, 411–20.
15. Clarke, S. A., Ghanta, R. K., Ailawadi, G., & Holmes, J. W. (2013). Cardiac restraint and support following myocardial infarction. In: Cardiovascular and Cardiac Therapuetic Devices. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 169-206.
16. Gorman, R. C., Jackson, B. M., Burdick, J. A., & Gorman, J. H. (2011). Infarct restraint to limit adverse ventricular remodeling. Journal of Cardiovascular Translational Research, 4, 73–81.
17. Ghanta, R. K., Lee, L. S., Umakanthan, R., Laurence, R. G., Fox, J. A., Bolman, R. M., et al. (2008). Real-time adjustment of ventricular restraint therapy in heart failure. European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, 34, 1136–40.
18. Fomovsky, G. M., Clark, S. A., Parker, K. M., Ailawadi, G., & Holmes, J. W. (2012). Anisotropic reinforcement of acute anteroapical infarcts improves pump function. Circulation Heart Failure, 5, 515–22.
19. Rane, A. A., & Christman, K. L. (2011). Biomaterials for the treatment of myocardial infarction: a 5-year update. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 58, 2615–29.
20. Jugdutt, B. I. (2003). Remodeling of the myocardium and potential targets in the collagen degradation and synthesis pathways. Current Drug Targets, 3, 1–30.
21. Maas, S. A., Ellis, B. J., Ateshian, G. A., & Weiss, J. A. (2012). FEBio: finite elements for biomechanics. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, 134, 011005-1-10.
22. Herz, S. L., Ingrassia, C. M., Homma, S., Costa, K. D., & Holmes, J. W. (2005). Parameterization of left ventricular wall motion for detection of regional ischemia. Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 33, 912–9.
23. Omens, J. H., MacKenna, D. A., & McCulloch, A. D. (1993). Measurement of strain and analysis of stress in resting rat left ventricular myocardium. Journal of Biomechanics, 26, 665–76.
24. Vokonas, P. S., Pirzada, F., & Hood, W. B. (1976). Experimental myocardial infarction: XII. Dynamic changes in segmental mechanical behavior of infarcted and non-infarcted myocardium. The American Journal of Cardiology, 37, 853–9.
25. Lew, W. Y., Chen, Z. Y., Guth, B., & Covell, J. W. (1985). Mechanisms of augmented segment shortening in nonischemic areas during acute ischemia of the canine left ventricle. Circulation Research, 56, 351–8.
26. Mehta, P. M., Alker, K. J., & Kloner, R. A. (1988). Functional infarct expansion, left ventricular dilation and isovolumic relaxation time after coronary occlusion: a two-dimensional echocardiographic study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 11, 630–6.
27. Kass, D. A., Maughan, W. L., Ciuffo, A., Graves, W., Healy, B., & Weisfeldt, M. L. (1988). Disproportionate epicardial dilation after transmural infarction of the canine left ventricle: acute and chronic differences. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 11, 177–85.
28. Villarreal, F. J., Lew, W. Y., Waldman, L. K., & Covell, J. W. (1991). Transmural myocardial deformation in the ischemic canine left ventricle. Circulation Research, 68, 368–81.
29. Brown, E. J., Swinford, R. D., Gadde, P., & Lillis, O. (1991). Acute effects of delayed reperfusion on myocardial infarct shape and left ventricular volume: a potential mechanism of additional benefits from thrombolytic therapy. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 17, 1641–50.
30. Crozatier, B., Ross, J., Franklin, D., Bloor, C. M., White, F. C., Tomoike, H., et al. (1978). Myocardial infarction in the baboon: regional function and the collateral circulation. The American Journal of Physiology, 235, H413–21.
31. McKay, R. G., Pfeffer, M. A., Pasternak, R. C., Markis, J. E., Come, P. C., Nakao, S., et al. (1986). Left ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction: a corollary to infarct expansion. Circulation, 74, 693–702.
32. Jugdutt, B. I., Schwarz-Michorowski, B. L., & Khan, M. I. (1992). Effect of long-term captopril therapy on left ventricular remodeling and function during healing of canine myocardial infarction. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 19, 713–21.
33. Nahrendorf, M., Wiesmann, F., Hiller, K. H., Hu, K., Waller, C., Ruff, J., et al. (2001). Serial cine-magnetic resonance imaging of left ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction in rats. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 14, 547–55.
34. Fieno, D. S., Hillenbrand, H. B., Rehwald, W. G., Harris, K. R., Decker, R. S., Parker, M. A., et al. (2004). Infarct resorption, compensatory hypertrophy, and differing patterns of ventricular remodeling following myocardial infarctions of varying size. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 43, 2124–31.
35. Blom, A. S., Pilla, J. J., Arkles, J., Dougherty, L., Ryan, L. P., Gorman, J. H., et al. (2007). Ventricular restraint prevents infarct expansion and improves borderzone function after myocardial infarction: a study using magnetic resonance imaging, three-dimensional surface modeling, and myocardial tagging. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 84, 2004–10.
36. Yankey, G. K., Li, T., Kilic, A., Cheng, G., Satpute, A., Savai, K., et al. (2008). Regional remodeling strain and its association with myocardial apoptosis after myocardial infarction in an ovine model. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 135, 991–998.e2.
37. Morita, M., Eckert, C. E., Matsuzaki, K., Noma, M., Ryan, L. P., Burdick, J. A., et al. (2011). Modification of infarct material properties limits adverse ventricular remodeling. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 92, 617–24.
38. Gottlieb, S. O., Becker, L. C., Weiss, J. L., Shapiro, E. P., Chandra, N. C., Flaherty, J. T., et al. (1988). Nifedipine in acute myocardial infarction: an assessment of left ventricular function, infarct size, and infarct expansion. A double blind, randomised, placebo controlled trial. Heart, 59, 411–8.
39. Jugdutt, B. J. (1990). Identification of patients prone to infarct expansion by the degree of regional shape distortion on an early two-dimensional echocardiogram after myocardial infarction. Clinical Cardiology, 13, 28–40.
40. Jugdutt, B. I., Khan, M. I., Jugdutt, S. J., & Blinston, G. E. (1996). Effect of prolonged inotropic stimulation on ventricular remodeling during healing after myocardial infarction in the dog: mechanistic insights. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 27, 1787–95.
41. Jackson, B. M., Gorman, J. H., Moainie, S. L., Guy, T. S., Narula, N., Narula, J., et al. (2002). Extension of borderzone myocardium in postinfarction dilated cardiomyopathy. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 40, 1160–7.
42. Mukherjee, R., Brinsa, T. A., Dowdy, K. B., Scott, A. A., Baskin, J. M., Deschamps, A. M., et al. (2003). Myocardial infarct expansion and matrix metalloproteinase inhibition. Circulation, 107, 618–25.
43. Ahmet, I., Krawczyk, M., Heller, P., Moon, C., Lakatta, E. G., & Talan, M. I. (2004). Beneficial effects of chronic pharmacological manipulation of beta-adrenoreceptor subtype signaling in rodent dilated ischemic cardiomyopathy. Circulation, 110, 1083–90.
44. Ahmet, I., Lakatta, E. G., & Talan, M. I. (2005). Pharmacological stimulation of beta2-adrenergic receptors (beta2AR) enhances therapeutic effectiveness of beta1AR blockade in rodent dilated ischemic cardiomyopathy. Heart Failure Reviews, 10, 289–96.
45. Ahmet, I., Spangler, E., Shukitt-Hale, B., Joseph, J. A., Ingram, D. K., & Talan, M. (2009). Survival and cardioprotective benefits of long-term blueberry enriched diet in dilated cardiomyopathy following myocardial infarction in rats. PloS One, 4, e7975.
46. Ahmet, I., Turner, T., Lakatta, E. G., & Talan, M. I. (2012). Fenoterol enantiomers do not possess beneficial therapeutic properties of their racemic mixture in the rat model of post myocardial infarction dilated cardiomyopathy. Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy, 26, 101–8.
47. Ahmet, I., Tae, H.-J., Brines, M., Cerami, A., Lakatta, E. G., & Talan, M. I. (2013). Chronic administration of small nonerythropoietic peptide sequence of erythropoietin effectively ameliorates the progression of postmyocardial infarction-dilated cardiomyopathy. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 345, 446–56.
48. Ahmet, I., Wan, R., Mattson, M. P., Lakatta, E. G., & Talan, M. (2005). Cardioprotection by intermittent fasting in rats. Circulation, 112, 3115–21.
49. Roberts, C. S., Maclean, D., Maroko, P., & Kloner, R. A. (1984). Early and late remodeling of the left ventricle after acute myocardial infarction. The American Journal of Cardiology, 54, 407–10.
50. Richard, V., Murry, C. E., & Reimer, K. A. (1995). Healing of myocardial infarcts in dogs. Effects of late reperfusion. Circulation, 92, 1891–901.
51. Hillenbrand, H. B., Sandstede, J., Störk, S., Ramsayer, B., Hahn, D., Ertl, G., et al. (2011). Remodeling of the infarct territory in the time course of infarct healing in humans. Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics, Biology and Medicine, 24, 277–84.
52. Theroux, P., Ross, J., Franklin, D., Covell, J. W., Bloor, C. M., & Sasayama, S. (1977). Regional myocardial function and dimensions early and late after myocardial infarction in the unanesthetized dog. Circulation Research, 40, 158–65.
53. Jugdutt, B. I., & Amy, R. W. M. (1986). Healing after myocardial infarction in the dog: changes in infarct hydroxyproline and topography. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 7, 91–102.
54. Clarke, S.A., Goodman, N.C., Ailawadi, G. and Holmes, J.W. (2015). Effect of scar compaction on the therapeutic efficacy of anisotropic reinforcement following myocardial infarction in the dog. Journal of Cardiovascular Translational Research, 8, 353–61.
55. Popović, A. D., Nešković, A. N., Marinković, J., & Thomas, J. D. (1996). Acute and long-term effects of thrombolysis after anterior wall acute myocardial infarction with serial assessment of infarct expansion and late ventricular remodeling. The American Journal of Cardiology, 77, 446–50.
56. Maclean, D., Fishbein, M. C., Braunwald, E., & Maroko, P. R. (1978). Long-term preservation of ischemic myocardium after experimental coronary artery occlusion. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 61, 541–51.
57. Miranda, A., Costa-e-Sousa, R. H., Werneck-de-Castro, J. P. S., Mattos, E. C., Olivares, E. L., Ribeiro, V. P., et al. (2007). Time course of echocardiographic and electrocardiographic parameters in myocardial infarct in rats. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 79, 639–48.
58. Erlebacher, J. A., Weiss, J. L., Eaton, L. W., Kallman, C., Weisfeldt, M. L., & Bulkley, B. H. (1982). Late effects of acute infarct dilation on heart size: a two dimensional echocardiographic study. The American Journal of Cardiology, 49, 1120–6.
59. Pfeffer, J., Pfeffer, M., Fletcher, P., & Braunwald, E. (1991). Progressive ventricular remodeling in rat with myocardial infarction. The American Journal of Physiology Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 260, H1406–14.
60. Boyle, M. P., & Weisman, H. F. (1993). Limitation of infarct expansion and ventricular remodeling by late reperfusion. Study of time course and mechanism in a rat model. Circulation, 88, 2872–83.
61. Golia, G., Marino, P., Rametta, F., Nidasio, G. P., Prioli, M. A., Anselmi, M., et al. (1994). Reperfusion reduces left ventricular dilatation by preventing infarct expansion in the acute and chronic phases of myocardial infarction. American Heart Journal, 127, 499–509.
62. Jugdutt, B. I., Khan, M. I., Jugdutt, S. J., & Blinston, G. E. (1995). Effect of enalapril on ventricular remodeling and function during healing after anterior myocardial infarction in the dog. Circulation, 91, 802–12.
63. Guy, T. S., Moainie, S. L., Gorman, J. H., Jackson, B. M., Plappert, T., Enomoto, Y., et al. (2004). Prevention of ischemic mitral regurgitation does not influence the outcome of remodeling after posterolateral myocardial infarction. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 43, 377–83.
64. Weinheimer, C. J., Lai, L., Kelly, D. P., & Kovacs, A. (2015). Novel mouse model of left ventricular pressure overload and infarction causing predictable ventricular remodelling and progression to heart failure. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology, 42, 33–40.
65. Gupta, K. B., Ratcliffe, M. B., Fallert, M. A., Edmunds, L. H., & Bogen, D. K. (1994). Changes in passive mechanical stiffness of myocardial tissue with aneurysm formation. Circulation, 89, 2315–26.
66. Holmes, J. W., Nuñez, J. A., & Covell, J. W. (1997). Functional implications of myocardial scar structure. The American Journal of Physiology, 272, H2123–30.
67. McGarvey, J. R., Mojsejenko, D., Dorsey, S. M., Nikou, A., Burdick, J. A., Gorman, J. H., et al. (2015). Temporal changes in infarct material properties: an in vivo assessment using magnetic resonance imaging and finite element simulations. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 100, 582–9.
68. Kelley, S. T., Malekan, R., Gorman, J. H. I., Jackson, B. M., Gorman, C., Suzuki, Y., et al. (1999). Restraining infarct expansion preserves left ventricular geometry and function after acute anteroapical infarction. Circulation, 99, 135–42.
69. Moainie, S. L., Guy, T. S., Gorman, J. H. I., Plappert, T., Jackson, B. M., St John-Sutton, M. G., et al. (2002). Infarct restraint attenuates remodeling and reduces chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation after postero-lateral infarction. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 74, 444–9.
70. Fujimoto, K. L., Tobita, K., Merryman, W. D., Guan, J., Momoi, N., Stolz, D. B., et al. (2007). An elastic, biodegradable cardiac patch induces contractile smooth muscle and improves cardiac remodeling and function in subacute myocardial infarction. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 49, 2292–300.
71. Simpson, D., Liu, H., Fan, T.-H. M., Nerem, R., & Dudley, S. C. (2007). A tissue engineering approach to progenitor cell delivery results in significant cell engraftment and improved myocardial remodeling. Stem Cells, 25, 2350–7.
72. Chachques, J. C., Trainini, J. C., Lago, N., Cortes-Morichetti, M., Schussler, O., & Carpentier, A. (2008). Myocardial assistance by grafting a new bioartificial upgraded myocardium (MAGNUM trial): clinical feasibility study. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 85, 901–8.
73. Liao, S.-Y., Siu, C.-W., Liu, Y., Zhang, Y., Chan, W.-S., Wu, E.X. et al. (2010). Attenuation of left ventricular adverse remodeling with epicardial patching after myocardial infarction. Journal of Cardiac Failure, 16, 590–8.
74. Dai, W., Wold, L. E., Dow, J. S., & Kloner, R. A. (2005). Thickening of the infarcted wall by collagen injection improves left ventricular function in rats: a novel approach to preserve cardiac function after myocardial infarction. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 46, 714–9.
75. Landa, N., Miller, L., Feinberg, M. S., Holbova, R., Shachar, M., Freeman, I., et al. (2008). Effect of injectable alginate implant on cardiac remodeling and function after recent and old infarcts in rat. Circulation, 117, 1388–96.
76. Mukherjee, R., Zavadzkas, J. A., Saunders, S. M., McLean, J. E., Jeffords, L. B., Beck, C., et al. (2008). Targeted myocardial microinjections of a biocomposite material reduces infarct expansion in pigs. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 86, 1268–76.
77. Ryan, L. P., Matsuzaki, K., Noma, M., Jackson, B. M., Eperjesi, T. J., Plappert, T. J., et al. (2009). Dermal filler injection: a novel approach for limiting infarct expansion. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 87, 148–55.
78. Dobner, S., Bezuidenhout, D., Govender, P., Zilla, P. and Davies, N. (2009) A synthetic non-degradable polyethylene glycol hydrogel retards adverse post-infarct left ventricular remodeling. Journal of Cardiac Failure, 15, 629–36.
79. Leor, J., Tuvia, S., Guetta, V., Manczur, F., Castel, D., Willenz, U., et al. (2009). Intracoronary injection of in situ forming alginate hydrogel reverses left ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction in swine. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 54, 1014–23.
80. Ifkovits, J.L., Tous, E., Minakawa, M., Morita, M., Robb, J.D., Koomalsingh, K.J. et al. (2010) Injectable hydrogel properties influence infarct expansion and extent of postinfarction left ventricular remodeling in an ovine model. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107, 11507–12.
81. Rane, A. A., Chuang, J. S., Shah, A., Hu, D. P., Dalton, N. D., Gu, Y., et al. (2011). Increased infarct wall thickness by a bio-inert material is insufficient to prevent negative left ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction. PloS One, 6, e21571.
82. Berry, M.F., Engler, A.J., Woo, Y.J., Pirolli, T.J., Bish, L.T., Jayasankar, V. et al. (2006). Mesenchymal stem cell injection after myocardial infarction improves myocardial compliance. The American Journal of Physiology Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 290, H2196–203.
83. Wall, S. T., Walker, J. C., Healy, K. E., Ratcliffe, M. B., & Guccione, J. M. (2006). Theoretical impact of the injection of material into the myocardium: a finite element model simulation. Circulation, 114, 2627–35.
84. Barandon, L., Couffinhal, T., Ezan, J., Dufourcq, P., Costet, P., Alzieu, P., et al. (2003). Reduction of infarct size and prevention of cardiac rupture in transgenic mice overexpressing FrzA. Circulation, 108, 2282–9.
85. McKay, R. G., Aroesty, J. M., Heller, G. V., Royal, H. D., Warren, S. E., & Grossman, W. (1986). Assessment of the end-systolic pressure-volume relationship in human beings with the use of a time-varying elastance model. Circulation, 74, 97–104.
86. Litwin, S. E., Katz, S. E., Morgan, J. P., & Douglas, P. S. (1994). Serial echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular geometry and function after large myocardial infarction in the rat. Circulation, 89, 345–54.
87. Jugdutt, B. I., Joljart, M. J., & Khan, M. I. (1996). Rate of collagen deposition during healing and ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction in rat and dog models. Circulation, 94, 94–101.
88. Saeed, M., Watzinger, N., Krombach, G. A., Lund, G. K., Wendland, M. F., Chujo, M., et al. (2002). Left ventricular remodeling after infarction: sequential MR imaging with oral nicorandil therapy in rat model. Radiology, 224, 830–7.
89. Ganame, J., Messalli, G., Masci, P. G., Dymarkowski, S., Abbasi, K., Van de Werf, F., et al. (2011). Time course of infarct healing and left ventricular remodelling in patients with reperfused ST segment elevation myocardial infarction using comprehensive magnetic resonance imaging. European Radiology, 21, 693–701.
90. Sakai, Y., Tsunoda, K., Ishibashi, I., Miyazaki, Y., Takahashi, O., & Masuda, Y. (2000). Time course of left ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction. Japanese Circulation Journal, 64, 421–9.
91. Gao, X., Dart, A. M., Dewar, E., Jennings, G., & Du, X. J. (2000). Serial echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular dimensions and function after myocardial infarction in mice. Cardiovascular Research, 45, 330–8.