Eyes on social norms: A field study on an honor system for newspaper sale

Theory and Decision

Volumn 79, Issue 2, 2015, Pages 285-306

  Brudermann, Thomas ^a   Bartel, Gregory ^b   Fenzl, Thomas ^b   Seebauer, Sebastian ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GRAZ   (Austria)

^b UNIVERSITY OF KLAGENFURT   (Austria)

Author keywords

Eye images; Free riding; Honor system; Newspaper sale; Social norms

Indexed keywords

DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS; DECISION THEORY;

EYE IMAGES; FIELD STUDIES; FREE RIDING; FREE-RIDERS; HONOR SYSTEM; LOW-TO-HIGH; SOCIAL NORM; URBAN STUDIES;

NEWSPRINT;

EID: 84945472183     PISSN: 00405833     EISSN: 15737187     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11238-014-9460-1     Document Type: Article

References (32)

1. Bateson, M., Nettle, D., & Roberts, G. (2006). Cues of being watched enhance cooperation in a real-world setting. Biology Letters, 2, 412–414.
2. Bortz, J. (1989). Statistik für Sozialwissenschaftler [Statistics for Social Scientists] (3rd ed.). Berlin: Springer.
3. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
4. Ernest-Jones, M., Nettle, D., & Bateson, M. (2011). Effects of eye images on everyday cooperative behavior: A field experiment. Evolution and Human Behavior, 2, 172–178.
5. Fehr, E., Fischbacher, U., & Gächter, S. (2002). Strong reciprocity, human cooperation and the enforcement of social norms. Human Nature, 13, 1–25.
6. Fehr, E., & Gächter, S. (2002). Altruistic punishment in humans. Nature, 415(10), 137–140.
7. Fehr, E., & Schneider, F. (2010). Eyes are on us, but nobody cares: Are eye cues relevant for strong reciprocity? Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 277(1686), 1315–1323. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.1900.
8. Fischbacher, U., Gächter, S., & Fehr, E. (2001). Are people conditionally cooperative? Evidence from a public goods experiment. Economics Letters, 71(3), 397–404.
9. Francey, D., & Bergmüller, R. (2012). Images of eyes enhance investments in a real-life public good. PLOS One, 7(5), e37397. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0037397.
10. Goldstein, N. J., Cialdini, R. B., & Griskevicius, V. (2008). A room with a viewpoint: Using social norms to motivate environmental conservation in hotels. Journal of Consumer Research, 35(3), 472–482. doi:10.1086/586910.
11. Grüter, T., Grüter, M., & Carbon, C.-C. (2008). Neural and genetic foundations of face recognition and prosopagnosia. Journal of Neuropsychology, 2, 79–97.
12. Haan, M., & Kooreman, P. (2002). Free riding and the provision of candy bars. Journal of Public Economics, 83(2), 277–291. doi:10.1016/S0047-2727(00)00157-2.
13. Haley, K. J., & Fessler, D. M. T. (2005). Nobody’s watching? Evolution and Human Behavior, 26(3), 245–256. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2005.01.002.
14. Henderson, J. M., Williams, C. C., & Falk, R. J. (2005). Eye movements are functional during face learning. Memory & Cognition, 33, 98–106.
15. Ishai, A., Schmidt, C. F., & Boesiger, P. (2005). Face perception is mediated by a distributed cortical network. Brain Research Bulletin, 67(1–2), 87–93. doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2005.05.027.
16. Jack, R. E., Caldara, R., & Schyns, P. G. (2012). Internal representations reveal cultural diversity in expectations of facial expressions of emotion. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 141(1), 19–25. doi:10.1037/a0023463.
17. Janik, S. W., Wellens, A. R., Goldberg, M. L., & Dell’Osso, L. F. (1978). Eyes as the center of focus in the visual examination of human faces. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 47, 857–858.
18. Kanwisher, N., McDermott, J., & Chun, M. M. (1997). The fusiform face area: A module in human extrastriate cortex specialized for face perception. The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 17(11), 4302–4311.
19. Keil, M. S. (2009). “‘I look in your eyes, honey”’: Internal face features induce spatial frequency preference for human face processing. PLOS Computational Biology, 5(3), e1000329. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000329.
20. Keizer, K., Lindenberg, S., & Steg, L. (2008). The spreading of disorder. Science, 322(5908), 1681–1685. doi:10.1126/science.1161405.
21. Levitt, S. D., & List, J. A. (2007). What do laboratory experiments measuring social preferences reveal about the real world? Journal of Economic Perspectives, 21(2), 153–174.
22. Malhotra, D. (2010). (When) are religious people nicer? Religious salience and the “Sunday effect” on pro-social behavior. Judgment and Decision Making, 5(2), 138–143.
23. Meng, M., Cherian, T., Singal, G., & Sinha, P. (2012). Lateralization of face processing in the human brain. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 279(1735), 2052–2061. doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.1784.
24. Nettle, D., Harper, Z., Kidson, A., Stone, R., Penton-Voak, I. S., & Bateson, M. (2013). The watching eyes effect in the Dictator Game: it’s not how much you give, it’s being seen to give something. Evolution and Human Behavior, 34(1), 35–40. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2012.08.004.
25. Nettle, D., Nott, K., & Bateson, M. (2012). “Cycle thieves, we are watching you”: Impact of a simple signage intervention against bicycle theft. PLOS ONE, 7(12), e51738. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051738.
26. Piff, P. K., Stancato, D. M., Côté, S., Mendoza-Denton, R., & Keltner, D. (2012). Higher social class predicts increased unethical behavior. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109(11), 4086–91. doi:10.1073/pnas.1118373109.
27. Pruckner, G. J., & Sausgruber, R. (2013). Honesty on the streets: A field study on newspaper purchasing. Journal of the European Economic Association, 11(3), 661–679.
28. Raihani, N. J., & Bshary, R. (2012). A positive effect of flowers rather than eye images in a large-scale, cross-cultural dictator game. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 279, 3556–3564. doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.0758.
29. Schlüter, A., & Vollan, B. (2011). Morals as an incentive? A field study on honour based flower picking. European Review of Agricultural Economics, 38(1), 79–97. doi:10.1093/erae/jbq045.
30. Schultz, P. W., Nolan, J. M., Cialdini, R. B., Goldstein, N. J., & Griskevicius, V. (2007). The constructive, destructive, and reconstructive power of social norms. Psychological Science, 18(5), 429–34. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01917.x.
31. Thøgersen, J. (2008). Social norms and cooperation in real-life social dilemmas. Journal of Economic Psychology, 29(4), 458–472. doi:10.1016/j.joep.2007.12.004.
32. Walker-Smith, G. J., Gale, A. G., & Findlay, J. M. (1977). Eye movement strategies involved in face perception. Perception, 6(3), 313–326.