Part 3: Adult basic life support and automated external defibrillation: 2015 international consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations

Circulation

Volumn 132, Issue , 2015, Pages S51-S83

  Travers, Andrew H ^a   Perkins, Gavin D ^a   Berg, Robert A ^a   Castren, Maaret ^a   Considine, Julie ^a   Escalante, Raffo ^a   Gazmuri, Raul J ^a   Koster, Rudolph W ^a   Lim, Swee Han ^a   Nation, Kevin J ^a   Olasveengen, Theresa M ^a   Sakamoto, Tetsuya ^a   Sayre, Michael R ^a   Sierra, Alfredo ^a   Smyth, Michael A ^a   Stanton, David ^a   Vaillancourt, Christian ^a   Bierens, Joost J L M ^a   Bourdon, Emmanuelle ^a   Brugger, Hermann ^a   Buick, Jason E ^a   Charette, Manya L ^a   Chung, Sung Phil ^a   Couper, Keith ^a   Daya, Mohamud R ^a   Drennan, Ian R ^a   Gräsner, Jan Thorsten ^a   Idris, Ahamed H ^a   Lerner, E Brooke ^a   Lockhat, Husein ^a   Løfgren, Bo ^a   McQueen, Carl ^a   Monsieurs, Koenraad G ^a   Mpotos, Nicolas ^a   Orkin, Aaron M ^a   Quan, Linda ^a   Raffay, Violetta ^a   Reynolds, Joshua C ^a   Ristagno, Giuseppe ^a   Scapigliati, Andrea ^a   Vadeboncoeur, Tyler F ^a   Wenzel, Volker ^a   Yeung, Joyce ^a   more..

^a NONE

Author keywords

Arrhythmia; Cardiac arrest; Cardiopulmonary resuscitation; Emergency department; Resuscitation

Indexed keywords

NALOXONE; OPIATE; NARCOTIC ANALGESIC AGENT;

ARTICLE; CARDIAC RESUSCITATOR; DROWNING; DRUG OVERDOSE; EMERGENCY HEALTH SERVICE; HAND; HEART ARREST; HEART RHYTHM; HOSPITAL ADMISSION; HOSPITAL DISCHARGE; HUMAN; KNOWLEDGE; OUT OF HOSPITAL CARDIAC ARREST; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESPIRATORY ARREST; RESUSCITATION; RETURN OF SPONTANEOUS CIRCULATION; SURVIVAL; WATER TEMPERATURE; ADULT; AGE; CARDIOVERSION; CHEMICALLY INDUCED; CHILD; CONSENSUS DEVELOPMENT; DEFIBRILLATOR; EMERGENCY; HEALTH EDUCATION; HEART MASSAGE; NEAR DROWNING; OBSERVATIONAL STUDY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PROCEDURES; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); STANDARDS; VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION;

ADULT; AGE FACTORS; ANALGESICS, OPIOID; CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION; CHILD; DEFIBRILLATORS; ELECTRIC COUNTERSHOCK; EMERGENCIES; EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES; HEALTH EDUCATION; HEART ARREST; HEART MASSAGE; HUMANS; NALOXONE; NEAR DROWNING; OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES AS TOPIC; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION;

EID: 84945282665     PISSN: 00097322     EISSN: 15244539     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000272     Document Type: Article

References (195)

1. O'Connor D, Green S, Higgins JPT, eds. Chapter 5: Defining the review questions and developing criteria for including studies. In: The Cochrane Collaboration. Higgins JPT, Green, S, eds. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Version 5.1.0. 2011. http://handbook.cochrane.org/. Accessed May 6, 2015.
2. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation. 2005 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations. Part 2: adult basic life support. Resuscitation. 2005;67:187-201.
3. Institute of Medicine. Standards for Systematic Reviews. 2011. http://www.iom.edu/Reports/2011/Finding-What-Works-in-Health-Care-Standards-for-Systematic-Reviews/Standards.aspx. Accessed May 6, 2015.
4. Schünemann H, Brożek J, Guyatt G, Oxman A. GRADE Handbook. 2013. http://www.guidelinedevelopment.org/handbook/. Accessed May 6, 2015.
5. Higgins JPT, Altman DG, Sterne JAC, eds. Chapter 8.5 The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias. In: The Cochrane Collaboration. Higgins JPT, Green, S, eds. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Version 5.1.0. 2011. http://handbook.cochrane.org/. Accessed May 6, 2015.
6. Whiting PF, Rutjes AW, Westwood ME, Mallett S, Deeks JJ, Reitsma JB, Leeflang MM, Sterne JA, Bossuyt PM; QUADAS-2 Group. QUADAS-2: a revised tool for the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies. Ann Intern Med. 2011;155:529-536. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-155-8-201110180-00009.
7. Schünemann H, Brożek J, Guyatt G, Oxman A. 5.2.1 Study limitations (risk of bias). In: GRADE Handbook. 2013. http://www.guidelinedevelopment.org/handbook/#h.m9385o5z3li7. Accessed May 6, 2015.
8. Evidence Prime Inc. GRADEpro Guideline Development Tool. http:// www.guidelinedevelopment.org/. Accessed May 6, 2015.
9. Schünemann H, Brożek J, Guyatt G, Oxman A. 5. Quality of evidence. In: GRADE Handbook. 2013. http://www.guidelinedevelopment.org/handbook/#h.9rdbelsnu4iy. Accessed May 6, 2015.
10. Schünemann H, Brożek J, Guyatt G, Oxman A. 5.1 Factors determining the quality of evidence. In: GRADE Handbook. 2013. http://www.guidelinedevelopment.org/handbook/#h.9rdbelsnu4iy. Accessed May 6, 2015.
11. Berdowski J, Beekhuis F, Zwinderman AH, Tijssen JG, Koster RW. Importance of the first link: description and recognition of an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in an emergency call. Circulation. 2009;119:2096-2102. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.768325.
12. Weiser C, van Tulder R, Stöckl M, Schober A, Herkner H, Chwojka CC, Hopfgartner A, Novosad H, Schreiber W, Sterz F. Dispatchers impression plus Medical Priority Dispatch System reduced dispatch centre times in cases of out of hospital cardiac arrest. Pre-alert - A prospective, cluster randomized trial. Resuscitation. 2013;84:883-888. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2012.12.017.
13. Bohm K, Rosenqvist M, Hollenberg J, Biber B, Engerström L, Svensson L. Dispatcher-assisted telephone-guided cardiopulmonary resuscitation: an underused lifesaving system. Eur J Emerg Med. 2007;14:256-259. doi: 10.1097/MEJ.0b013e32823a3cd1.
14. Roppolo LP, Westfall A, Pepe PE, Nobel LL, Cowan J, Kay JJ, Idris AH. Dispatcher assessments for agonal breathing improve detection of cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2009;80:769-772. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2009.04.013.
15. Tanaka Y, Taniguchi J, Wato Y, Yoshida Y, Inaba H. The continuous quality improvement project for telephone-assisted instruction of cardiopulmonary resuscitation increased the incidence of bystander CPR and improved the outcomes of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests. Resuscitation. 2012;83:1235-1241. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2012.02.013.
16. Heward A, Damiani M, Hartley-Sharpe C. Does the use of the Advanced Medical Priority Dispatch System affect cardiac arrest detection? Emerg Med J. 2004;21:115-118.
17. Eisenberg MS, Hallstrom AP, Carter WB, Cummins RO, Bergner L, Pierce J. Emergency CPR instruction via telephone. Am J Public Health. 1985;75:47-50.
18. Vaillancourt C, Verma A, Trickett J, Crete D, Beaudoin T, Nesbitt L, Wells GA, Stiell IG. Evaluating the effectiveness of dispatch-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation instructions. Acad Emerg Med. 2007;14:877-883. doi: 10.1197/j.aem.2007.06.021.
19. Clawson J, Olola C, Scott G, Heward A, Patterson B. Effect of a Medical Priority Dispatch System key question addition in the seizure/ convulsion/fitting protocol to improve recognition of ineffective (agonal) breathing. Resuscitation. 2008;79:257-264. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2008.06.006.
20. Stipulante S, Tubes R, El Fassi M, Donneau AF, Van Troyen B, Hartstein G, D'Orio V, Ghuysen A. Implementation of the ALERT algorithm, a new dispatcher-assisted telephone cardiopulmonary resuscitation protocol, in non-Advanced Medical Priority Dispatch System (AMPDS) Emergency Medical Services centres. Resuscitation. 2014;85:177-181. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2013.10.005.
21. Cairns KJ, Hamilton AJ, Marshall AH, Moore MJ, Adgey AA, Kee F. The obstacles to maximising the impact of public access defibrillation: an assessment of the dispatch mechanism for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Heart. 2008;94:349-353. doi: 10.1136/hrt.2006.109785.
22. Bång A, Herlitz J, Martinell S. Interaction between emergency medical dispatcher and caller in suspected out-of-hospital cardiac arrest calls with focus on agonal breathing. A review of 100 tape recordings of true cardiac arrest cases. Resuscitation. 2003;56:25-34.
23. Dami F, Fuchs V, Praz L, Vader JP. Introducing systematic dispatcherassisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation (telephone-CPR) in a non-Advanced Medical Priority Dispatch System (AMPDS): implementation process and costs. Resuscitation. 2010;81:848-852. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.03.025.
24. Hallstrom AP, Cobb LA, Johnson E, Copass MK. Dispatcher assisted CPR: implementation and potential benefit. A 12-year study. Resuscitation. 2003;57:123-129.
25. Nurmi J, Pettilä V, Biber B, Kuisma M, Komulainen R, Castrén M. Effect of protocol compliance to cardiac arrest identification by emergency medical dispatchers. Resuscitation. 2006;70:463-469. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2006.01.016.
26. Castrén M, Kuisma M, Serlachius J, Skrifvars M. Do health care professionals report sudden cardiac arrest better than laymen? Resuscitation. 2001;51:265-268.
27. Bång A, Biber B, Isaksson L, Lindqvist J, Herlitz J. Evaluation of dispatcher- assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Eur J Emerg Med. 1999;6:175-183.
28. Clark JJ, Culley L, Eisenberg M, Henwood DK. Accuracy of determining cardiac arrest by emergency medical dispatchers. Ann Emerg Med. 1994;23:1022-1026.
29. Deakin CD, Evans S, King P. Evaluation of telephone-cardiopulmonary resuscitation advice for paediatric cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2010;81:853-856. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.02.007.
30. Flynn J, Archer F, Morgans A. Sensitivity and specificity of the medical priority dispatch system in detecting cardiac arrest emergency calls in Melbourne. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2006;21:72-76.
31. Garza AG, Gratton MC, Chen JJ, Carlson B. The accuracy of predicting cardiac arrest by emergency medical services dispatchers: the calling party effect. Acad Emerg Med. 2003;10:955-960.
32. Ma MH, Lu TC, Ng JC, Lin CH, Chiang WC, Ko PC, Shih FY, Huang CH, Hsiung KH, Chen SC, Chen WJ. Evaluation of emergency medical dispatch in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Taipei. Resuscitation. 2007;73:236-245. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2006.09.005.
33. Lewis M, Stubbs BA, Eisenberg MS. Dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation: time to identify cardiac arrest and deliver chest compression instructions. Circulation. 2013;128:1522-1530. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.002627.
34. Kuisma M, Boyd J, Väyrynen T, Repo J, Nousila-Wiik M, Holmström P. Emergency call processing and survival from out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation. Resuscitation. 2005;67:89-93. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2005.04.008.
35. Hauff SR, Rea TD, Culley LL, Kerry F, Becker L, Eisenberg MS. Factors impeding dispatcher-assisted telephone cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Ann Emerg Med. 2003;42:731-737. doi: 10.1016/S0196064403004232.
36. Clawson J, Barron T, Scott G, Siriwardena AN, Patterson B, Olola C. Medical Priority Dispatch System breathing problems protocol key question combinations are associated with patient acuity. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2012;27:375-380. doi: 10.1017/S1049023X1200101X.
37. Bohm K, Stålhandske B, Rosenqvist M, Ulfvarson J, Hollenberg J, Svensson L. Tuition of emergency medical dispatchers in the recognition of agonal respiration increases the use of telephone assisted CPR. Resuscitation. 2009;80:1025-1028. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2009.06.004.
38. Hüpfl M, Selig HF, Nagele P. Chest-compression-only versus standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a meta-analysis. Lancet. 2010;376:1552-1557. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61454-7.
39. Hallstrom AP. Dispatcher-assisted "phone" cardiopulmonary resuscitation by chest compression alone or with mouth-to-mouth ventilation. Crit Care Med. 2000;28(11 Suppl):N190-N192.
40. Rea TD, Fahrenbruch C, Culley L, Donohoe RT, Hambly C, Innes J, Bloomingdale M, Subido C, Romines S, Eisenberg MS. CPR with chest compression alone or with rescue breathing. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:423-433. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0908993.
41. Svensson L, Bohm K, Castrèn M, Pettersson H, Engerström L, Herlitz J, Rosenqvist M. Compression-only CPR or standard CPR in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:434-442. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0908991.
42. Bray JE, Deasy C, Walsh J, Bacon A, Currell A, Smith K. Changing EMS dispatcher CPR instructions to 400 compressions before mouth-to-mouth improved bystander CPR rates. Resuscitation. 2011;82:1393-1398. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011.06.018.
43. Culley LL, Clark JJ, Eisenberg MS, Larsen MP. Dispatcher-assisted telephone CPR: common delays and time standards for delivery. Ann Emerg Med. 1991;20:362-366.
44. Rea TD, Eisenberg MS, Culley LL, Becker L. Dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation and survival in cardiac arrest. Circulation. 2001;104:2513-2516.
45. Akahane M, Ogawa T, Tanabe S, Koike S, Horiguchi H, Yasunaga H, Imamura T. Impact of telephone dispatcher assistance on the outcomes of pediatric out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med. 2012;40:1410-1416. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31823e99ae.
46. Goto Y, Maeda T, Goto Y. Impact of dispatcher-assisted bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation on neurological outcomes in children with out-of-hospital cardiac arrests: a prospective, nationwide, population-based cohort study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2014;3:e000499. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.113.000499.
47. Maxwell S, Bigg D, Stanczykiewicz K, Carlberg-Racich S. Prescribing naloxone to actively injecting heroin users: a program to reduce heroin overdose deaths. J Addict Dis. 2006;25:89-96. doi: 10.1300/J069v25n03-11.
48. Walley AY, Xuan Z, Hackman HH, Quinn E, Doe-Simkins M, Sorensen- Alawad A, Ruiz S, Ozonoff A. Opioid overdose rates and implementation of overdose education and nasal naloxone distribution in Massachusetts: interrupted time series analysis. BMJ. 2013;346:f174.
49. Walley AY, Doe-Simkins M, Quinn E, Pierce C, Xuan Z, Ozonoff A. Opioid overdose prevention with intranasal naloxone among people who take methadone. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2013;44:241-247. doi: 10.1016/j.jsat.2012.07.004.
50. Albert S, Brason FW 2nd, Sanford CK, Dasgupta N, Graham J, Lovette B. Project Lazarus: community-based overdose prevention in rural North Carolina. Pain Med. 2011;12 Suppl 2:S77-S85. doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2011.01128.x.
51. Quan L, Mack CD, Schiff MA. Association of water temperature and submersion duration and drowning outcome. Resuscitation. 2014;85:790-794. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2014.02.024.
52. Kieboom JK, Verkade HJ, Burgerhof JG, Bierens JJ, Rheenen PF, Kneyber MC, Albers MJ. Outcome after resuscitation beyond 30 minutes in drowned children with cardiac arrest and hypothermia: Dutch nationwide retrospective cohort study. BMJ. 2015;350:h418.
53. Frates RC Jr. Analysis of predictive factors in the assessment of warmwater near-drowning in children. Am J Dis Child. 1981;135:1006-1008.
54. Nagel FO, Kibel SM, Beatty DW. Childhood near-drowning-factors associated with poor outcome. S Afr Med J. 1990;78:422-425.
55. Quan L, Wentz KR, Gore EJ, Copass MK. Outcome and predictors of outcome in pediatric submersion victims receiving prehospital care in King County, Washington. Pediatrics. 1990;86:586-593.
56. Niu YW, Cherng WS, Lin MT, Tsao LY. An analysis of prognostic factors for submersion accidents in children. Zhonghua Min Guo Xiao Er Ke Yi Xue Hui Za Zhi. 1992;33:81-88.
57. Mizuta R, Fujita H, Osamura T, Kidowaki T, Kiyosawa N. Childhood drownings and near-drownings in Japan. Acta Paediatr Jpn. 1993;35:186-192.
58. Kyriacou DN, Arcinue EL, Peek C, Kraus JF. Effect of immediate resuscitation on children with submersion injury. Pediatrics. 1994;94(2 Pt 1):137-142.
59. Al-Mofadda SM, Nassar A, Al-Turki A, Al-Sallounm AA. Pediatric near drowning: the experience of King Khalid University Hospital. Ann Saudi Med. 2001;21:300-303.
60. Nitta M, Kitamura T, Iwami T, Nadkarni VM, Berg RA, Topjian AA, Okamoto Y, Nishiyama C, Nishiuchi T, Hayashi Y, Nishimoto Y, Takasu A. Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to drowning among children and adults from the Utstein Osaka Project. Resuscitation. 2013;84:1568-1573. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2013.06.017.
61. Blasco Alonso J, Moreno Pérez D, Milano Manso G, Calvo Macías C, Jurado Ortiz A. [Drowning in pediatric patients]. An Pediatr (Barc). 2005;62:20-24.
62. Anderson KC, Roy T, Danzl DF. Submersion incidents: a review of 39 cases and development of the submersion outcome score. J Wilderness Med. 1991;2:27-36.
63. Orlowski JP. Prognostic factors in pediatric cases of drowning and neardrowning. JACEP. 1979;8:176-179.
64. Mosayebi Z, Movahedian AH, Mousavi GA. Drowning in children in Iran: outcomes and prognostic factors. Med J Malaysia. 2011;66:187-190.
65. Claesson A, Lindqvist J, Ortenwall P, Herlitz J. Characteristics of lifesaving from drowning as reported by the Swedish Fire and Rescue Services 1996-2010. Resuscitation. 2012;83:1072-1077. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2012.05.025.
66. Dyson K, Morgans A, Bray J, Matthews B, Smith K. Drowning related out-of- hospital cardiac arrests: characteristics and outcomes. Resuscitation. 2013;84:1114-1118. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2013.01.020.
67. Claesson A, Lindqvist J, Herlitz J. Cardiac arrest due to drowning- changes over time and factors of importance for survival. Resuscitation. 2014;85:644-648. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2014.02.006.
68. Vähätalo R, Lunetta P, Olkkola KT, Suominen PK. Drowning in children: Utstein style reporting and outcome. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2014;58:604-610. doi: 10.1111/aas.12298.
69. Claesson A, Svensson L, Silfverstolpe J, Herlitz J. Characteristics and outcome among patients suffering out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to drowning. Resuscitation. 2008;76:381-387. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2007.09.003.
70. Forler J, Carsin A, Arlaud K, Bosdure E, Viard L, Paut O, Camboulives J, Dubus JC. [Respiratory complications of accidental drownings in children]. Arch Pediatr. 2010;17:14-18. doi: 10.1016/j.arcped.2009.09.021.
71. Bierens JJ, van der Velde EA, van Berkel M, van Zanten JJ. Submersion in The Netherlands: prognostic indicators and results of resuscitation. Ann Emerg Med. 1990;19:1390-1395.
72. Kruus S, Bergström L, Suutarinen T, Hyvönen R. The prognosis of neardrowned children. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1979;68:315-322.
73. Graf WD, Cummings P, Quan L, Brutocao D. Predicting outcome in pediatric submersion victims. Ann Emerg Med. 1995;26:312-319.
74. Torres SF, Rodríguez M, Iolster T, Siaba Serrate A, Cruz Iturrieta C, Martínez del Valle E, Schnitzler E, Roca Rivarola M. [Near drowning in a pediatric population: epidemiology and prognosis]. Arch Argent Pediatr. 2009;107:234-240. doi: 10.1590/S0325-00752009000300011.
75. Kaukinen L. Clinical course and prognostic signs in near-drowned patients. Ann Chir Gynaecol. 1984;73:34-39.
76. Veenhuizen L, Haasnoot K, van Vught AJ, Bierens JJ, Thunnissen BT, Gemke RJ. [Submersion in children; the role of hypothermia and development of adult respiratory distress syndrome]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 1994;138:906-910.
77. Quan L, Kinder D. Pediatric submersions: prehospital predictors of outcome. Pediatrics. 1992;90:909-913.
78. Suominen PK, Korpela RE, Silfvast TG, Olkkola KT. Does water temperature affect outcome of nearly drowned children. Resuscitation. 1997;35:111-115.
79. Panzino F, Quintillá JM, Luaces C, Pou J. [Unintentional drowning by immersion. Epidemiological profile of victims attended in 21 Spanish emergency departments]. An Pediatr (Barc). 2013;78:178-184. doi: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2012.06.014.
80. Szpilman D, Soares M. In-water resuscitation-is it worthwhile? Resuscitation. 2004;63:25-31. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2004.03.017.
81. Szpilman D. Near-drowning and drowning classification: a proposal to stratify mortality based on the analysis of 1,831 cases. Chest. 1997;112:660-665.
82. Bierens J. Utstein Drowning Meeting. Presented at: 2013 World Congress on Drowning Prevention. October 19, 2013; Potsdam, Germany. http:// www.wcdp2013.org/home. Accessed August 28, 2015.
83. Tipton MJ, Golden FS. A proposed decision-making guide for the search, rescue and resuscitation of submersion (head under) victims based on expert opinion. Resuscitation. 2011;82:819-824. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011.02.021.
84. Wanscher M, Agersnap L, Ravn J, Yndgaard S, Nielsen JF, Danielsen ER, Hassager C, Romner B, Thomsen C, Barnung S, Lorentzen AG, Høgenhaven H, Davis M, Møller JE. Outcome of accidental hypothermia with or without circulatory arrest: experience from the Danish Præstø Fjord boating accident. Resuscitation. 2012;83:1078-1084. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2012.05.009.
85. Marsch S, Tschan F, Semmer NK, Zobrist R, Hunziker PR, Hunziker S. ABC versus CAB for cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a prospective, randomized simulator-based trial. Swiss Med Wkly. 2013;143:w13856. doi: 10.4414/smw.2013.13856.
86. Lubrano R, Cecchetti C, Bellelli E, Gentile I, Loayza Levano H, Orsini F, Bertazzoni G, Messi G, Rugolotto S, Pirozzi N, Elli M. Comparison of times of intervention during pediatric CPR maneuvers using ABC and CAB sequences: a randomized trial. Resuscitation. 2012;83:1473-1477. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2012.04.011.
87. Kobayashi M, Fujiwara A, Morita H, Nishimoto Y, Mishima T, Nitta M, Hayashi T, Hotta T, Hayashi Y, Hachisuka E, Sato K. A manikin-based observational study on cardiopulmonary resuscitation skills at the Osaka Senri medical rally. Resuscitation. 2008;78:333-339. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2008.03.230.
88. Sekiguchi H, Kondo Y, Kukita I. Verification of changes in the time taken to initiate chest compressions according to modified basic life support guidelines. Am J Emerg Med. 2013;31:1248-1250. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2013.02.047.
89. American Heart Association in collaboration with International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation. Guidelines 2000 for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care: International Consensus on Science, Part 3: adult basic life support. Circulation. 2000;102(suppl I):I22-I59.
90. Sasson C, Rogers MA, Dahl J, Kellermann AL. Predictors of survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2010;3:63-81. doi: 10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.109.889576.
91. Kitamura T, Iwami T, Kawamura T, Nagao K, Tanaka H, Hiraide A; Implementation Working Group for All-Japan Utstein Registry of the Fire and Disaster Management Agency. Bystander-initiated rescue breathing for out-of-hospital cardiac arrests of noncardiac origin. Circulation. 2010;122:293-299. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.926816.
92. Iwami T, Kawamura T, Hiraide A, Berg RA, Hayashi Y, Nishiuchi T, Kajino K, Yonemoto N, Yukioka H, Sugimoto H, Kakuchi H, Sase K, Yokoyama H, Nonogi H. Effectiveness of bystander-initiated cardiac-only resuscitation for patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation. 2007;116:2900-2907. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.723411.
93. Kitamura T, Iwami T, Kawamura T, Nagao K, Tanaka H, Berg RA, Hiraide A; Implementation Working Group for All-Japan Utstein Registry of the Fire and Disaster Management Agency. Time-dependent effectiveness of chest compression-only and conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest of cardiac origin. Resuscitation. 2011;82:3-9. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.09.468.
94. Ong ME, Ng FS, Anushia P, Tham LP, Leong BS, Ong VY, Tiah L, Lim SH, Anantharaman V. Comparison of chest compression only and standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Singapore. Resuscitation. 2008;78:119-126. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2008.03.012.
95. SOS-KANTO Study Group. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation by bystanders with chest compression only (SOS-KANTO): an observational study. Lancet. 2007;369:920-926.
96. Bobrow BJ, Spaite DW, Berg RA, Stolz U, Sanders AB, Kern KB, Vadeboncoeur TF, Clark LL, Gallagher JV, Stapczynski JS, LoVecchio F, Mullins TJ, Humble WO, Ewy GA. Chest compression-only CPR by lay rescuers and survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA. 2010;304:1447-1454. doi: 10.1001/jama.2010.1392.
97. Olasveengen TM, Wik L, Steen PA. Standard basic life support vs. continuous chest compressions only in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2008;52:914-919. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2008.01723.x.
98. Panchal AR, Bobrow BJ, Spaite DW, Berg RA, Stolz U, Vadeboncoeur TF, Sanders AB, Kern KB, Ewy GA. Chest compression-only cardiopulmonary resuscitation performed by lay rescuers for adult out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to non-cardiac aetiologies. Resuscitation. 2013;84:435-439. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2012.07.038.
99. Bohm K, Rosenqvist M, Herlitz J, Hollenberg J, Svensson L. Survival is similar after standard treatment and chest compression only in out-of-hospital bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Circulation. 2007;116:2908-2912. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.710194.
100. Holmberg M, Holmberg S, Herlitz J; Swedish Cardiac Arrest Registry. Factors modifying the effect of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation on survival in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients in Sweden. Eur Heart J. 2001;22:511-519.
101. Bossaert L, Van Hoeyweghen R. Evaluation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) techniques. The Cerebral Resuscitation Study Group. Resuscitation. 1989;17 Suppl:S99-109; discussion S199.
102. Hallstrom A, Cobb L, Johnson E, Copass M. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation by chest compression alone or with mouth-to-mouth ventilation. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:1546-1553. doi: 10.1056/NEJM200005253422101.
103. Gallagher EJ, Lombardi G, Gennis P. Effectiveness of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation and survival following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA. 1995;274:1922-1925.
104. Mohler MJ, Wendel CS, Mosier J, Itty A, Fain M, Clark L, Bobrow B, Sanders AB. Cardiocerebral resuscitation improves out-of-hospital survival in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011;59:822-826. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03400.x.
105. Koster RW, Sayre MR, Botha M, Cave DM, Cudnik MT, Handley AJ, Hatanaka T, Hazinski MF, Jacobs I, Monsieurs K, Morley PT, Nolan JP, Travers AH. Part 5: Adult basic life support: 2010 International consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations. Resuscitation. 2010;81 Suppl 1:e48-e70. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.08.005.
106. Sayre MR, Koster RW, Botha M, Cave DM, Cudnik MT, Handley AJ, Hatanaka T, Hazinski MF, Jacobs I, Monsieurs K, Morley PT, Nolan JP, Travers AH; Adult Basic Life Support Chapter Collaborators. Part 5: adult basic life support: 2010 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations. Circulation. 2010;122(Suppl 2):S298-S324. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.970996.
107. Baker PW, Conway J, Cotton C, Ashby DT, Smyth J, Woodman RJ, Grantham H; Clinical Investigators. Defibrillation or cardiopulmonary resuscitation first for patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrests found by paramedics to be in ventricular fibrillation? A randomised control trial. Resuscitation. 2008;79:424-431. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2008.07.017.
108. Jacobs IG, Finn JC, Oxer HF, Jelinek GA. CPR before defibrillation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a randomized trial. Emerg Med Australas. 2005;17:39-45. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-6723.2005.00694.x.
109. Ma MH, Chiang WC, Ko PC, Yang CW, Wang HC, Chen SY, Chang WT, Huang CH, Chou HC, Lai MS, Chien KL, Lee BC, Hwang CH, Wang YC, Hsiung GH, Hsiao YW, Chang AM, Chen WJ, Chen SC. A randomized trial of compression first or analyze first strategies in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: results from an Asian community. Resuscitation. 2012;83:806-812. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2012.01.009.
110. Stiell IG, Nichol G, Leroux BG, Rea TD, Ornato JP, Powell J, Christenson J, Callaway CW, Kudenchuk PJ, Aufderheide TP, Idris AH, Daya MR, Wang HE, Morrison LJ, Davis D, Andrusiek D, Stephens S, Cheskes S, Schmicker RH, Fowler R, Vaillancourt C, Hostler D, Zive D, Pirrallo RG, Vilke GM, Sopko G, Weisfeldt M; ROC Investigators. Early versus later rhythm analysis in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:787-797. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1010076.
111. Wik L, Hansen TB, Fylling F, Steen T, Vaagenes P, Auestad BH, Steen PA. Delaying defibrillation to give basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation to patients with out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2003;289:1389-1395.
112. Bradley SM, Gabriel EE, Aufderheide TP, Barnes R, Christenson J, Davis DP, Stiell IG, Nichol G; Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium Investigators. Survival increases with CPR by Emergency Medical Services before defibrillation of out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia: observations from the Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium. Resuscitation. 2010;81:155-162. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2009.10.026.
113. Cobb LA, Fahrenbruch CE, Walsh TR, Copass MK, Olsufka M, Breskin M, Hallstrom AP. Influence of cardiopulmonary resuscitation prior to defibrillation in patients with out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation. JAMA. 1999;281:1182-1188.
114. Hayakawa M, Gando S, Okamoto H, Asai Y, Uegaki S, Makise H. Shortening of cardiopulmonary resuscitation time before the defibrillation worsens the outcome in out-of-hospital VF patients. Am J Emerg Med. 2009;27:470-474. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2008.03.043.
115. Koike S, Tanabe S, Ogawa T, Akahane M, Yasunaga H, Horiguchi H, Matsumoto S, Imamura T. Immediate defibrillation or defibrillation after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2011;15:393-400. doi: 10.3109/10903127.2011.569848.
116. Huang Y, He Q, Yang LJ, Liu GJ, Jones A. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) plus delayed defibrillation versus immediate defibrillation for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;9:CD009803. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009803.pub2.
117. Meier P, Baker P, Jost D, Jacobs I, Henzi B, Knapp G, Sasson C. Chest compressions before defibrillation for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. BMC Med. 2010;8:52. doi: 10.1186/1741-7015-8-52.
118. Simpson PM, Goodger MS, Bendall JC. Delayed versus immediate defibrillation for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Resuscitation. 2010;81:925-931. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.04.016.
119. Rea T, Prince D, Morrison L, Callaway C, Aufderheide T, Daya M, Stiell I, Christenson J, Powell J, Warden C, van Ottingham L, Kudenchuk P, Weisfeldt M. Association between survival and early versus later rhythm analysis in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: do agency-level factors influence outcomes? Ann Emerg Med. 2014;64:1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2014.01.014.
120. Chamberlain D, Smith A, Colquhoun M, Handley AJ, Kern KB, Woollard M. Randomised controlled trials of staged teaching for basic life support: 2. Comparison of CPR performance and skill retention using either staged instruction or conventional training. Resuscitation. 2001;50:27-37.
121. Handley AJ. Teaching hand placement for chest compression - A simpler technique. Resuscitation. 2002;53:29-36.
122. Cha KC, Kim HJ, Shin HJ, Kim H, Lee KH, Hwang SO. Hemodynamic effect of external chest compressions at the lower end of the sternum in cardiac arrest patients. J Emerg Med. 2013;44:691-697. doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2012.09.026.
123. Qvigstad E, Kramer-Johansen J, Tømte Ø, Skålhegg T, Sørensen Ø, Sunde K, Olasveengen TM. Clinical pilot study of different hand positions during manual chest compressions monitored with capnography. Resuscitation. 2013;84:1203-1207. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2013.03.010.
124. Orlowski JP. Optimum position for external cardiac compression in infants and young children. Ann Emerg Med. 1986;15:667-673.
125. Idris AH, Guffey D, Pepe PE, Brown SP, Brooks SC, Callaway CW, Christenson J, Davis DP, Daya MR, Gray R, Kudenchuk PJ, Larsen J, Lin S, Menegazzi JJ, Sheehan K, Sopko G, Stiell I, Nichol G, Aufderheide TP; Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium Investigators. Chest compression rates and survival following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med. 2015;43:840-848. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000000824.
126. Idris AH, Guffey D, Aufderheide TP, Brown S, Morrison LJ, Nichols P, Powell J, Daya M, Bigham BL, Atkins DL, Berg R, Davis D, Stiell I, Sopko G, Nichol G; Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium (ROC) Investigators. Relationship between chest compression rates and outcomes from cardiac arrest. Circulation. 2012;125:3004-3012. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.059535.
127. Abella BS, Sandbo N, Vassilatos P, Alvarado JP, O'Hearn N, Wigder HN, Hoffman P, Tynus K, Vanden Hoek TL, Becker LB. Chest compression rates during cardiopulmonary resuscitation are suboptimal: a prospective study during in-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation. 2005;111:428-434. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000153811.84257.59.
128. Ornato JP, Gonzalez ER, Garnett AR, Levine RL, McClung BK. Effect of cardiopulmonary resuscitation compression rate on end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration and arterial pressure in man. Crit Care Med. 1988;16:241-245.
129. Kern KB, Sanders AB, Raife J, Milander MM, Otto CW, Ewy GA. A study of chest compression rates during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in humans. The importance of rate-directed chest compressions. Arch Intern Med. 1992;152:145-149.
130. Vadeboncoeur T, Stolz U, Panchal A, Silver A, Venuti M, Tobin J, Smith G, Nunez M, Karamooz M, Spaite D, Bobrow B. Chest compression depth and survival in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2014;85:182-188. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2013.10.002.
131. Hostler D, Everson-Stewart S, Rea TD, Stiell IG, Callaway CW, Kudenchuk PJ, Sears GK, Emerson SS, Nichol G; Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium Investigators. Effect of real-time feedback during cardiopulmonary resuscitation outside hospital: prospective, clusterrandomised trial. BMJ. 2011;342:d512.
132. Stiell IG, Brown SP, Christenson J, Cheskes S, Nichol G, Powell J, Bigham B, Morrison LJ, Larsen J, Hess E, Vaillancourt C, Davis DP, Callaway CW; Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium (ROC) Investigators. What is the role of chest compression depth during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest resuscitation? Crit Care Med. 2012;40:1192-1198. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31823bc8bb.
133. Stiell IG, Brown SP, Nichol G, Cheskes S, Vaillancourt C, Callaway CW, Morrison LJ, Christenson J, Aufderheide TP, Davis DP, Free C, Hostler D, Stouffer JA, Idris AH; Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium Investigators. What is the optimal chest compression depth during out-of- hospital cardiac arrest resuscitation of adult patients? Circulation. 2014;130:1962-1970. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.008671.
134. Babbs CF, Kemeny AE, Quan W, Freeman G. A new paradigm for human resuscitation research using intelligent devices. Resuscitation. 2008;77:306-315. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2007.12.018.
135. Bohn A, Weber TP, Wecker S, Harding U, Osada N, Van Aken H, Lukas RP. The addition of voice prompts to audiovisual feedback and debriefing does not modify CPR quality or outcomes in out of hospital cardiac arrest - A prospective, randomized trial. Resuscitation. 2011;82:257-262. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.11.006.
136. Edelson DP, Abella BS, Kramer-Johansen J, Wik L, Myklebust H, Barry AM, Merchant RM, Hoek TL, Steen PA, Becker LB. Effects of compression depth and pre-shock pauses predict defibrillation failure during cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2006;71:137-145. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2006.04.008.
137. Edelson DP, Litzinger B, Arora V, Walsh D, Kim S, Lauderdale DS, Vanden Hoek TL, Becker LB, Abella BS. Improving in-hospital cardiac arrest process and outcomes with performance debriefing. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168:1063-1069. doi: 10.1001/archinte.168.10.1063.
138. Kramer-Johansen J, Myklebust H, Wik L, Fellows B, Svensson L, Sørebø H, Steen PA. Quality of out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation with real time automated feedback: a prospective interventional study. Resuscitation. 2006;71:283-292. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2006.05.011.
139. Hellevuo H, Sainio M, Nevalainen R, Huhtala H, Olkkola KT, Tenhunen J, Hoppu S. Deeper chest compression - more complications for cardiac arrest patients? Resuscitation. 2013;84:760-765. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2013.02.015.
140. Zuercher M, Hilwig RW, Ranger-Moore J, Nysaether J, Nadkarni VM, Berg MD, Kern KB, Sutton R, Berg RA. Leaning during chest compressions impairs cardiac output and left ventricular myocardial blood flow in piglet cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med. 2010;38:1141-1146. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181ce1fe2.
141. Niles D, Nysaether J, Sutton R, Nishisaki A, Abella BS, Arbogast K, Maltese MR, Berg RA, Helfaer M, Nadkarni V. Leaning is common during in-hospital pediatric CPR, and decreased with automated corrective feedback. Resuscitation. 2009;80:553-557. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2009.02.012.
142. Fried DA, Leary M, Smith DA, Sutton RM, Niles D, Herzberg DL, Becker LB, Abella BS. The prevalence of chest compression leaning during in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation. 2011;82:1019-1024. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011.02.032.
143. Yannopoulos D, McKnite S, Aufderheide TP, Sigurdsson G, Pirrallo RG, Benditt D, Lurie KG. Effects of incomplete chest wall decompression during cardiopulmonary resuscitation on coronary and cerebral perfusion pressures in a porcine model of cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2005;64:363-372. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2004.10.009.
144. Glatz AC, Nishisaki A, Niles DE, Hanna BD, Eilevstjonn J, Diaz LK, Gillespie MJ, Rome JJ, Sutton RM, Berg RA, Nadkarni VM. Sternal wall pressure comparable to leaning during CPR impacts intrathoracic pressure and haemodynamics in anaesthetized children during cardiac catheterization. Resuscitation. 2013;84:1674-1679. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2013.07.010.
145. Beesems SG, Wijmans L, Tijssen JG, Koster RW. Duration of ventilations during cardiopulmonary resuscitation by lay rescuers and first responders: relationship between delivering chest compressions and outcomes. Circulation. 2013;127:1585-1590. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.000841.
146. Jost D, Degrange H, Verret C, Hersan O, Banville IL, Chapman FW, Lank P, Petit JL, Fuilla C, Migliani R, Carpentier JP; DEFI 2005 Work Group. DEFI 2005: a randomized controlled trial of the effect of automated external defibrillator cardiopulmonary resuscitation protocol on outcome from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation. 2010;121:1614-1622. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.878389.
147. Cheskes S, Schmicker RH, Christenson J, Salcido DD, Rea T, Powell J, Edelson DP, Sell R, May S, Menegazzi JJ, Van Ottingham L, Olsufka M, Pennington S, Simonini J, Berg RA, Stiell I, Idris A, Bigham B, Morrison L; Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium (ROC) Investigators. Perishock pause: an independent predictor of survival from out-of-hospital shockable cardiac arrest. Circulation. 2011;124:58-66. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.010736.
148. Cheskes S, Schmicker RH, Verbeek PR, Salcido DD, Brown SP, Brooks S, Menegazzi JJ, Vaillancourt C, Powell J, May S, Berg RA, Sell R, Idris A, Kampp M, Schmidt T, Christenson J; Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium (ROC) investigators. The impact of peri-shock pause on survival from out-of-hospital shockable cardiac arrest during the Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium PRIMED trial. Resuscitation. 2014;85:336-342. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2013.10.014.
149. Christenson J, Andrusiek D, Everson-Stewart S, Kudenchuk P, Hostler D, Powell J, Callaway CW, Bishop D, Vaillancourt C, Davis D, Aufderheide TP, Idris A, Stouffer JA, Stiell I, Berg R; Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium Investigators. Chest compression fraction determines survival in patients with out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation. Circulation. 2009;120:1241-1247. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.852202.
150. Sell RE, Sarno R, Lawrence B, Castillo EM, Fisher R, Brainard C, Dunford JV, Davis DP. Minimizing pre- and post-defibrillation pauses increases the likelihood of return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Resuscitation. 2010;81:822-825. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.03.013.
151. Vaillancourt C, Everson-Stewart S, Christenson J, Andrusiek D, Powell J, Nichol G, Cheskes S, Aufderheide TP, Berg R, Stiell IG; Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium Investigators. The impact of increased chest compression fraction on return of spontaneous circulation for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients not in ventricular fibrillation. Resuscitation. 2011;82:1501-1507. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011.07.011.
152. Hinchey PR, Myers JB, Lewis R, De Maio VJ, Reyer E, Licatese D, Zalkin J, Snyder G; Capital County Research Consortium. Improved out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survival after the sequential implementation of 2005 AHA guidelines for compressions, ventilations, and induced hypothermia: the Wake County experience. Ann Emerg Med. 2010;56:348-357. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2010.01.036.
153. Olasveengen TM, Vik E, Kuzovlev A, Sunde K. Effect of implementation of new resuscitation guidelines on quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation and survival. Resuscitation. 2009;80:407-411. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2008.12.005.
154. Sayre MR, Cantrell SA, White LJ, Hiestand BC, Keseg DP, Koser S. Impact of the 2005 American Heart Association cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care guidelines on out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survival. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2009;13:469-477. doi: 10.1080/10903120903144965.
155. Steinmetz J, Barnung S, Nielsen SL, Risom M, Rasmussen LS. Improved survival after an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest using new guidelines. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2008;52:908-913. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2008.01657.x.
156. Hostler D, Rittenberger JC, Roth R, Callaway CW. Increased chest compression to ventilation ratio improves delivery of CPR. Resuscitation. 2007;74:446-452. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2007.01.022.
157. Abella BS, Edelson DP, Kim S, Retzer E, Myklebust H, Barry AM, O'Hearn N, Hoek TL, Becker LB. CPR quality improvement during inhospital cardiac arrest using a real-time audiovisual feedback system. Resuscitation. 2007;73:54-61. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2006.10.027.
158. Berg RA, Sanders AB, Milander M, Tellez D, Liu P, Beyda D. Efficacy of audio-prompted rate guidance in improving resuscitator performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation on children. Acad Emerg Med. 1994;1:35-40.
159. Bobrow BJ, Vadeboncoeur TF, Stolz U, Silver AE, Tobin JM, Crawford SA, Mason TK, Schirmer J, Smith GA, Spaite DW. The influence of scenario-based training and real-time audiovisual feedback on out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation quality and survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med. 2013;62:47-56.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2012.12.020.
160. Chiang WC, Chen WJ, Chen SY, Ko PC, Lin CH, Tsai MS, Chang WT, Chen SC, Tsan CY, Ma MH. Better adherence to the guidelines during cardiopulmonary resuscitation through the provision of audio-prompts. Resuscitation. 2005;64:297-301. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2004.09.010.
161. Lukas RP, Gräsner JT, Seewald S, Lefering R, Weber TP, Van Aken H, Fischer M, Bohn A. Chest compression quality management and return of spontaneous circulation: a matched-pair registry study. Resuscitation. 2012;83:1212-1218. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2012.03.027.
162. Sainio M, Kämäräinen A, Huhtala H, Aaltonen P, Tenhunen J, Olkkola KT, Hoppu S. Real-time audiovisual feedback system in a physicianstaffed helicopter emergency medical service in Finland: the quality results and barriers to implementation. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2013;21:50. doi: 10.1186/1757-7241-21-50.
163. Sutton RM, Niles D, French B, Maltese MR, Leffelman J, Eilevstjønn J, Wolfe H, Nishisaki A, Meaney PA, Berg RA, Nadkarni VM. First quantitative analysis of cardiopulmonary resuscitation quality during inhospital cardiac arrests of young children. Resuscitation. 2014;85:70-74. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2013.08.014.
164. Kellum MJ, Kennedy KW, Barney R, Keilhauer FA, Bellino M, Zuercher M, Ewy GA. Cardiocerebral resuscitation improves neurologically intact survival of patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med. 2008;52:244-252. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2008.02.006.
165. Kellum MJ, Kennedy KW, Ewy GA. Cardiocerebral resuscitation improves survival of patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Am J Med. 2006;119:335-340. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.11.014.
166. Bobrow BJ, Ewy GA, Clark L, Chikani V, Berg RA, Sanders AB, Vadeboncoeur TF, Hilwig RW, Kern KB. Passive oxygen insufflation is superior to bag-valve-mask ventilation for witnessed ventricular fibrillation out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med. 2009;54:656-662. e1. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2009.06.011.
167. Mosier J, Itty A, Sanders A, Mohler J, Wendel C, Poulsen J, Shellenberger J, Clark L, Bobrow B. Cardiocerebral resuscitation is associated with improved survival and neurologic outcome from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in elders. Acad Emerg Med. 2010;17:269-275. doi: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2010.00689.x.
168. Bobrow BJ, Clark LL, Ewy GA, Chikani V, Sanders AB, Berg RA, Richman PB, Kern KB. Minimally interrupted cardiac resuscitation by emergency medical services for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA. 2008;299:1158-1165. doi: 10.1001/jama.299.10.1158.
169. Saïssy JM, Boussignac G, Cheptel E, Rouvin B, Fontaine D, Bargues L, Levecque JP, Michel A, Brochard L. Efficacy of continuous insufflation of oxygen combined with active cardiac compression-decompression during out-of-hospital cardiorespiratory arrest. Anesthesiology. 2000;92:1523-1530.
170. Bertrand C, Hemery F, Carli P, Goldstein P, Espesson C, Rüttimann M, Macher JM, Raffy B, Fuster P, Dolveck F, Rozenberg A, Lecarpentier E, Duvaldestin P, Saissy JM, Boussignac G, Brochard L; Boussignac Study Group. Constant flow insufflation of oxygen as the sole mode of ventilation during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Intensive Care Med. 2006;32:843-851. doi: 10.1007/s00134-006-0137-2.
171. White L, Rogers J, Bloomingdale M, Fahrenbruch C, Culley L, Subido C, Eisenberg M, Rea T. Dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation: risks for patients not in cardiac arrest. Circulation. 2010;121:91-97. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.872366.
172. Haley KB, Lerner EB, Pirrallo RG, Croft H, Johnson A, Uihlein M. The frequency and consequences of cardiopulmonary resuscitation performed by bystanders on patients who are not in cardiac arrest. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2011;15:282-287. doi: 10.3109/10903127 .2010.541981.
173. Moriwaki Y, Sugiyama M, Tahara Y, Iwashita M, Kosuge T, Harunari N, Arata S, Suzuki N. Complications of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation for unconscious patients without cardiopulmonary arrest. J Emerg Trauma Shock. 2012;5:3-6. doi: 10.4103/0974-2700.93094.
174. Tanaka Y, Nishi T, Takase K, Yoshita Y, Wato Y, Taniguchi J, Hamada Y, Inaba H. Survey of a protocol to increase appropriate implementation of dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation. 2014;129:1751-1760. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.004409.
175. Cappato R, Curnis A, Marzollo P, Mascioli G, Bordonali T, Beretti S, Scalfi F, Bontempi L, Carolei A, Bardy G, De Ambroggi L, Dei Cas L. Prospective assessment of integrating the existing emergency medical system with automated external defibrillators fully operated by volunteers and laypersons for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: the Brescia Early Defibrillation Study (BEDS). Eur Heart J. 2006;27:553-561. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehi654.
176. Kitamura T, Iwami T, Kawamura T, Nagao K, Tanaka H, Hiraide A; Implementation Working Group for the All-Japan Utstein Registry of the Fire and Disaster Management Agency. Nationwide public-access defibrillation in Japan. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:994-1004. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0906644.
177. Kitamura T, Iwami T, Kawamura T, Nitta M, Nagao K, Nonogi H, Yonemoto N, Kimura T; Japanese Circulation Society Resuscitation Science Study Group. Nationwide improvements in survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Japan. Circulation. 2012;126:2834-2843. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.109496.
178. Mitani Y, Ohta K, Yodoya N, Otsuki S, Ohashi H, Sawada H, Nagashima M, Sumitomo N, Komada Y. Public access defibrillation improved the outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in school-age children: a nationwide, population-based, Utstein registry study in Japan. Europace. 2013;15:1259-1266. doi: 10.1093/europace/eut053.
179. Hallstrom AP, Ornato JP, Weisfeldt M, Travers A, Christenson J, McBurnie MA, Zalenski R, Becker LB, Schron EB, Proschan M; Public Access Defibrillation Trial Investigators. Public-access defibrillation and survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:637-646. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa040566.
180. Berdowski J, Blom MT, Bardai A, Tan HL, Tijssen JG, Koster RW. Impact of onsite or dispatched automated external defibrillator use on survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation. 2011;124: 2225-2232. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.015545.
181. Capucci A, Aschieri D, Piepoli MF, Bardy GH, Iconomu E, Arvedi M. Tripling survival from sudden cardiac arrest via early defibrillation without traditional education in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Circulation. 2002;106:1065-1070.
182. Kuisma M, Castrén M, Nurminen K. Public access defibrillation in Helsinki-costs and potential benefits from a community-based pilot study. Resuscitation. 2003;56:149-152.
183. Iwami T, Kitamura T, Kawamura T, Mitamura H, Nagao K, Takayama M, Seino Y, Tanaka H, Nonogi H, Yonemoto N, Kimura T; Japanese Circulation Society Resuscitation Science Study (JCS-ReSS) Group. Chest compression-only cardiopulmonary resuscitation for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with public-access defibrillation: a nationwide cohort study. Circulation. 2012;126:2844-2851. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.109504.
184. Culley LL, Rea TD, Murray JA, Welles B, Fahrenbruch CE, Olsufka M, Eisenberg MS, Copass MK. Public access defibrillation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a community-based study. Circulation. 2004;109: 1859-1863. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000124721.83385.B2.
185. Fleischhackl R, Roessler B, Domanovits H, Singer F, Fleischhackl S, Foitik G, Czech G, Mittlboeck M, Malzer R, Eisenburger P, Hoerauf K. Results from Austria's nationwide public access defibrillation (ANPAD) programme collected over 2 years. Resuscitation. 2008;77:195-200. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2007.11.019.
186. Rea TD, Olsufka M, Bemis B, White L, Yin L, Becker L, Copass M, Eisenberg M, Cobb L. A population-based investigation of public access defibrillation: role of emergency medical services care. Resuscitation. 2010;81:163-167. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2009.10.025.
187. Swor R, Grace H, McGovern H, Weiner M, Walton E. Cardiac arrests in schools: assessing use of automated external defibrillators (AED) on school campuses. Resuscitation. 2013;84:426-429. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2012.09.014.
188. Weisfeldt ML, Sitlani CM, Ornato JP, Rea T, Aufderheide TP, Davis D, Dreyer J, Hess EP, Jui J, Maloney J, Sopko G, Powell J, Nichol G, Morrison LJ; ROC Investigators. Survival after application of automatic external defibrillators before arrival of the emergency medical system: evaluation in the resuscitation outcomes consortium population of 21 million. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55:1713-1720. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.11.077.
189. Weisfeldt ML, Everson-Stewart S, Sitlani C, Rea T, Aufderheide TP, Atkins DL, Bigham B, Brooks SC, Foerster C, Gray R, Ornato JP, Powell J, Kudenchuk PJ, Morrison LJ; Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium Investigators. Ventricular tachyarrhythmias after cardiac arrest in public versus at home. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:313-321. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1010663.
190. Rea TD, Helbock M, Perry S, Garcia M, Cloyd D, Becker L, Eisenberg M. Increasing use of cardiopulmonary resuscitation during out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation arrest: survival implications of guideline changes. Circulation. 2006;114:2760-2765. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.654715.
191. Berdowski J, Tijssen JG, Koster RW. Chest compressions cause recurrence of ventricular fibrillation after the first successful conversion by defibrillation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2010;3:72-78. doi: 10.1161/CIRCEP.109.902114.
192. Koster RW, Sayre MR, Botha M, Cave DM, Cudnik MT, Handley AJ, Hatanaka T, Hazinski MF, Jacobs I, Monsieurs K, Morley PT, Nolan JP, Travers AH. Part 5: adult basic life support: 2010 International consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations. Resuscitation. 2010;81 Suppl 1:e48-e70. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.08.005.
193. Sayre MR, Koster RW, Botha M, Cave DM, Cudnik MT, Handley AJ, Hatanaka T, Hazinski MF, Jacobs I, Monsieurs K, Morley PT, Nolan JP, Travers AH; Adult Basic Life Support Chapter Collaborators. Part 5: adult basic life support: 2010 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations. Circulation. 2010;122(Suppl 2):S298-S324. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.970996.
194. 2005 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations. Part 4: adult basic life support. Circulation. 2005;112:IV-18-IV-34.
195. 2005 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations. Part 4: advanced life support. Resuscitation. 2005;67:213-247.