Recent advances in electrospun carbon nanofibers and their application in electrochemical energy storage

Progress in Materials Science

Volumn 76, Issue , 2016, Pages 319-380

  Zhang, Biao ^a,b   Kang, Feiyu ^c   Tarascon, Jean Marie ^b   Kim, Jang Kyo ^a  

^a HONG KONG UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Hong Kong)

^b UMR 8260   (France)

^c TSINGHUA UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

Battery; Carbon nanofiber; Electrospinning; Energy storage

Indexed keywords

CAPACITORS; CARBON NANOFIBERS; CONDUCTIVE MATERIALS; ELECTRIC BATTERIES; ELECTROCHEMICAL ELECTRODES; ELECTRODES; ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITORS; ELECTROSPINNING; ENERGY STORAGE; LITHIUM; METALS; NANOFIBERS; PARTICLE SIZE; PORE SIZE; SECONDARY BATTERIES; SPINNING (FIBERS); STABILITY; STORAGE (MATERIALS); STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION;

ACTIVE ELECTRODE MATERIALS; BATTERY; ELECTROCHEMICAL ENERGY STORAGE; ELECTROCHEMICAL ENERGY STORAGE DEVICES; ELECTROCHEMICAL PERFORMANCE; ELECTROSPUN CARBON NANOFIBERS; STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS; STRUCTURE AND PERFORMANCE;

LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES;

EID: 84945252327     PISSN: 00796425     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2015.08.002     Document Type: Review

References (254)

1. 2 and Li-S batteries with high energy storage Nat Mater 11 2012 19 30
2. J.B. Goodenough Electrochemical energy storage in a sustainable modern society Energy Environ Sci 7 2014 14 18
3. D.S. Su, and R. Schlögl Nanostructured carbon and carbon nanocomposites for electrochemical energy storage applications ChemSusChem 3 2010 136 168
4. E. Frackowiak, and F. Béguin Carbon materials for the electrochemical storage of energy in capacitors Carbon 39 2001 937 950
5. E. Yoo, J. Kim, E. Hosono, H. Zhou, T. Kudo, and I. Honma Large reversible Li storage of graphene nanosheet families for use in rechargeable lithium ion batteries Nano Lett 8 2008 2277 2282
6. 2 batteries Energy Environ Sci 4 2011 2952 2958
7. 12 anodes of Li-ion batteries Nanoscale 5 2013 2100 2106
8. 4/multiwalled carbon nanotubes with high rate capability for lithium ion batteries Electrochem Commun 9 2007 663 666
9. 2 on multiwalled carbon nanotubes: a novel composite with porous-tube structure as anode for lithium batteries Adv Funct Mater 17 2007 2772 2778
10. G. Zheng, Y. Yang, J.J. Cha, S.S. Hong, and Y. Cui Hollow carbon nanofiber-encapsulated sulfur cathodes for high specific capacity rechargeable lithium batteries Nano Lett 11 2011 4462 4467
11. 2/graphene nanoporous electrodes with three-dimensionally delaminated flexible structure Nano Lett 9 2009 2 5
12. X.-M. Liu, Z.D. Huang, S.W. Oh, B. Zhang, P.-C. Ma, M.M.F. Yuen, and et al. Carbon nanotube (CNT)-based composites as electrode material for rechargeable Li-ion batteries: a review Compos Sci Technol 72 2012 121 144
13. J.-H. Lee, G.-S. Kim, Y.-M. Choi, W.I.l. Park, J.a. Rogers, and U. Paik Comparison of multiwalled carbon nanotubes and carbon black as percolative paths in aqueous-based natural graphite negative electrodes with high-rate capability for lithium-ion batteries J Power Sources 184 2008 308 311
14. J. Li, P.C. Ma, W.S. Chow, C.K. To, B.Z. Tang, and J.-K. Kim Correlations between percolation threshold, dispersion state, and aspect ratio of carbon nanotubes Adv Funct Mater 17 2007 3207 3215
15. L. Gan, R. Lv, H. Du, B. Li, and F. Kang High loading of Pt-Ru nanocatalysts by pentagon defects introduced in a bamboo-shaped carbon nanotube support for high performance anode of direct methanol fuel cells Electrochem Commun 11 2009 355 358
16. Y. Wang, M. Wu, Z. Jiao, and J.Y. Lee Sn@CNT and Sn@C@CNT nanostructures for superior reversible lithium ion storage Chem Mater 21 2009 3210 3215
17. 2 and nitrogen-doped carbon nanofiber electrode materials: an asymmetric supercapacitor with high energy and power density Adv Mater 25 2013 4746 4752
18. 2 battery with Ru nanoparticles supported on binder-free multi-walled carbon nanotube paper as cathode Energy Environ Sci 7 2014 1648 1652
19. G.Q. Zhang, J.P. Zheng, R. Liang, C. Zhang, B. Wang, M. Hendrickson, and et al. Lithium-air batteries using SWNT/CNF buckypapers as air electrodes J Electrochem Soc 157 2010 A953 A956
20. C. Yu, C. Masarapu, J. Rong, B. Wei, and H. Jiang Stretchable supercapacitors based on buckled single-walled carbon-nanotube macrofilms Adv Mater 21 2009 4793 4797
21. L. Hu, H. Wu, F. La Mantia, Y. Yang, and Y. Cui Thin, flexible secondary Li-ion paper batteries ACS Nano 4 2010 5843 5848
22. 2-graphene-carbon nanotube mixture for anode material with improved rate capacities Carbon 49 2011 4524 4534
23. L. Qie, W.-M. Chen, Z.-H. Wang, Q.-G. Shao, X. Li, L.-X. Yuan, and et al. Nitrogen-doped porous carbon nanofiber webs as anodes for lithium ion batteries with a superhigh capacity and rate capability Adv Mater 24 2012 2047 2050
24. J.B. Donnet Carbon black: science and technology 1993 CRC Press
25. P.C. Ma, N.A. Siddiqui, G. Marom, and J.K. Kim Dispersion and functionalization of carbon nanotubes for polymer-based nanocomposites: a review Compos A: Appl Sci Manuf 41 2010 1345 1367
26. A. Peigney, C. Laurent, E. Flahaut, R.R. Bacsa, and A. Rousset Specific surface area of carbon nanotubes and bundles of carbon nanotubes Carbon 39 2001 507 514
27. N.K. Mahanta, A.R. Abramson, M.L. Lake, D.J. Burton, J.C. Chang, H.K. Mayer, and et al. Thermal conductivity of carbon nanofiber mats Carbon 48 2010 4457 4465
28. E. Mayhew, and V. Prakash Thermal conductivity of individual carbon nanofibers Carbon 62 2013 493 500
29. Y. Zhu, S. Murali, W. Cai, X. Li, J.W. Suk, J.R. Potts, and et al. Graphene and graphene oxide: synthesis, properties, and applications Adv Mater 22 2010 3906 3924
30. a.K. Geim, and K.S. Novoselov The rise of graphene Nat Mater 6 2007 183 191
31. G. Tibbetts, M. Lake, K. Strong, and B. Rice A review of the fabrication and properties of vapor-grown carbon nanofiber/polymer composites Compos Sci Technol 67 2007 1709 1718
32. M. Inagaki, Y. Yang, and F. Kang Carbon nanofibers prepared via electrospinning Adv Mater 24 2012 2547 2566
33. Z. Dong, S.J. Kennedy, and Y. Wu Electrospinning materials for energy-related applications and devices J Power Sources 196 2011 4886 4904
34. I. Martin-Gullon, J. Vera, J.a. Conesa, J.L. González, and C. Merino Differences between carbon nanofibers produced using Fe and Ni catalysts in a floating catalyst reactor Carbon 44 2006 1572 1580
35. B. Zhang, Y. Yu, Z.-L. Xu, S. Abouali, M. Akbari, Y.B. He, and et al. Correlation between atomic structure and electrochemical performance of anodes made from electrospun carbon nanofiber films Adv Energy Mater 4 2014 1301448
36. V. Thavasi, G. Singh, and S. Ramakrishna Electrospun nanofibers in energy and environmental applications Energy Environ Sci 1 2008 205 221
37. S. Ramakrishna, K. Fujihara, W.E. Teo, T. Yong, Z. Ma, and R. Ramaseshan Electrospun nanofibers: solving global issues Mater Today 9 2006 40 50
38. C.J. Luo, S.D. Stoyanov, E. Stride, E. Pelan, and M. Edirisinghe Electrospinning versus fibre production methods: from specifics to technological convergence Chem Soc Rev 41 2012 4708 4735
39. K.P. Jong, and J.W. Geus Carbon nanofibers: catalytic synthesis and applications Catal Rev Sci Eng 42 2000 481 510
40. 12-carbon nanofiber composites for high rate performance anodes in Li-ion batteries J Mater Chem 22 2012 12133
41. Y. Arai Pitch based CNF Nippon Steel Tech Rep 59 1993 65 70
42. X.-G. Dong, C.-G. Wang, and C. Juan Study on the coagulation process of polyacrylonitrile nascent fibers during wet-spinning Polym Bull 58 2006 1005 1012
43. Y. Wang, C. Wang, Y. Bai, and Z. Bo Effect of the drawing process on the wet spinning of polyacrylonitrile fibers in a system of dimethyl sulfoxide and water J Appl Polym Sci 104 2007 1026 1037
44. S.-H. Lee, S.-M. Park, and Y. Kim Effect of the concentration of sodium acetate (SA) on crosslinking of chitosan fiber by epichlorohydrin (ECH) in a wet spinning system Carbohydr Polym 70 2007 53 60
45. H. Fujiwara, M. Shibayama, J.H. Chen, and S. Nomura Preparation of high-strength poly(vinyl alcohol) fibers by crosslinking wet spinning J Appl Polym Sci 37 1989 1403 1414
46. L. Szosland, and G.C. East The dry spinning of dibutyrylchitin fibers J Appl Polym Sci 58 1995 2459 2466
47. X. Zhang, T. Liu, T.V. Sreekumar, S. Kumar, X. Hu, and K. Smith Gel spinning of PVA/SWNT composite fiber Polymer 45 2004 8801 8807
48. M. MInus, and S. Kumar The processing, properties, and structure of carbon fibers JOM 57 2005 52 58
49. 4 nanowire arrays grown on carbon textiles as binder-free flexible electrodes for energy storage Adv Funct Mater 24 2014 2630 2637
50. X. Mao, T. Hatton, and G. Rutledge A review of electrospun carbon fibers as electrode materials for energy storage Curr Org Chem 17 2013 1390 1401
51. L. Persano, A. Camposeo, C. Tekmen, and D. Pisignano Industrial upscaling of electrospinning and applications of polymer nanofibers: a review Macromol Mater Eng 298 2013 504 520
52. Cooley JF. US patent No. 692631.
53. Morton JM. US patent No. 0,705,691.
54. W.E. Teo, and S. Ramakrishna A review on electrospinning design and nanofibre assemblies Nanotechnology 17 2006 89 106
55. A. Baji, Y.-W. Mai, S.-C. Wong, M. Abtahi, and P. Chen Electrospinning of polymer nanofibers: effects on oriented morphology, structures and tensile properties Compos Sci Technol 70 2010 703 718
56. G.I. Taylor Electrically driven jets Proc R Soc Lond A 313 1969 453 475
57. M.M. Hohman, M. Shin, G. Rutledge, and M.P. Brenner Electrospinning and electrically forced jets. II. Applications Phys Fluids 13 2001 2221
58. a.L. Yarin, S. Koombhongse, and D.H. Reneker Bending instability in electrospinning of nanofibers J Appl Phys 89 2001 3018 3026
59. Z.-M. Huang, Y.-Z. Zhang, M. Kotaki, and S. Ramakrishna A review on polymer nanofibers by electrospinning and their applications in nanocomposites Compos Sci Technol 63 2003 2223 2253
60. S. Rafiei, S. Maghsoodloo, B. Noroozi, V. Mottaghitalab, and A.K. Haghi Mathematic modeling in electrospinning process of nanofibers: a detailed review Cellulose Chem Technol 47 2013 323 338
61. D. Li, and Y. Xia Electrospinning of nanofibers: reinventing the wheel? Adv Mater 16 2004 1151 1170
62. D. Li, J.T. McCann, Y. Xia, and M. Marquez Electrospinning: a simple and versatile technique for producing ceramic nanofibers and nanotubes J Am Ceram Soc 89 2006 1861 1869
63. L. Zou, L. Gan, F. Kang, M. Wang, W. Shen, and Z. Huang Sn/C non-woven film prepared by electrospinning as anode materials for lithium ion batteries J Power Sources 195 2010 1216 1220
64. R.J. Kuriger, M.K. Alam, D.P. Anderson, and R.L. Jacobsen Processing and characterization of aligned vapor grown carbon fiber reinforced polypropylene Compos A: Appl Sci Manuf 33 2002 53 62
65. K. Fu, O. Yildiz, H. Bhanushali, Y. Wang, K. Stano, L. Xue, and et al. Aligned carbon nanotube-silicon sheets: a novel nano-architecture for flexible lithium ion battery electrodes Adv Mater 25 2013 5109 5114
66. J.A. Matthews, G.E. Wnek, D.G. Simpson, and G.L. Bowlin Electrospinning of collagen nanofibers Biomacromolecules 3 2002 232 238
67. S.F. Fennessey, and R.J. Farris Fabrication of aligned and molecularly oriented electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofibers and the mechanical behavior of their twisted yarns Polymer 45 2004 4217 4225
68. S.Y. Chew, J. Wen, E.K.F. Yim, and K.W. Leong Sustained release of proteins from electrospun biodegradable fibers Biomacromolecules 6 2005 2017 2024
69. H. Search, C. Journals, A. Contact, M. Iopscience, and I.P. Address Electrostatic field-assisted alignment of electrospun nanofibers Nanotechnology 12 2001 384 390
70. Z. Zhou, C. Lai, L. Zhang, Y. Qian, H. Hou, D.H. Reneker, and et al. Development of carbon nanofibers from aligned electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofiber bundles and characterization of their microstructural, electrical, and mechanical properties Polymer 50 2009 2999 3006
71. P. Katta, M. Alessandro, R.D. Ramsier, and G.G. Chase Continuous electrospinning of aligned polymer nanofibers onto a wire drum collector Nano Lett 4 2004 2215 2218
72. D. Li, Y. Wang, and Y. Xia Electrospinning of polymeric and ceramic nanofibers as uniaxially aligned arrays Nano Lett 3 2003 1167 1171
73. R. Jalili, M. Morshed, and S.A.H. Ravandi Fundamental parameters affecting electrospinning of PAN nanofibers as uniaxially aligned fibers J Appl Polym Sci 101 2006 4350 4357
74. Z. Sun, E. Zussman, A.L. Yarin, J.H. Wendorff, and A. Greiner Compound core-shell polymer nanofibers by co-electrospinning Adv Mater 15 2003 1929 1932
75. D. Li, A. Babel, S.a. Jenekhe, and Y. Xia Nanofibers of conjugated polymers prepared by electrospinning with a two-capillary spinneret Adv Mater 16 2004 2062 2066
76. E. Zussman, a.L. Yarin, a.V. Bazilevsky, R. Avrahami, and M. Feldman Electrospun polyacrylonitrile/poly(methyl methacrylate)-derived turbostratic carbon micro-/nanotubes Adv Mater 18 2006 348 353
77. D. Li, and Y. Xia Direct fabrication of composite and ceramic hollow nanofibers by electrospinning Nano Lett 4 2004 933 938
78. D. Li, J.T. McCann, and Y. Xia Use of electrospinning to directly fabricate hollow nanofibers with functionalized inner and outer surfaces Small 1 2005 83 86
79. Y. Yu, L. Gu, C. Wang, A. Dhanabalan, P.a. van Aken, and J. Maier Encapsulation of Sn @ carbon nanoparticles in bamboo-like hollow carbon nanofibers as an anode material in lithium-based batteries Angew Chem Int Ed 48 2009 6485 6489
80. T.H. Hwang, Y.M. Lee, B.-S. Kong, J.-S. Seo, and J.W. Choi Electrospun core-shell fibers for robust silicon nanoparticle-based lithium ion battery anodes Nano Lett 12 2012 802 807
81. T.-H. Cho, M. Tanaka, H. Onishi, Y. Kondo, T. Nakamura, H. Yamazaki, and et al. Battery performances and thermal stability of polyacrylonitrile nano-fiber-based nonwoven separators for Li-ion battery J Power Sources 181 2008 155 160
82. M.S.a. Rahaman, A.F. Ismail, and A. Mustafa A review of heat treatment on polyacrylonitrile fiber Polym Degrad Stab 92 2007 1421 1432
83. D. Zhu, C. Xu, N. Nakura, and M. Matsuo Study of carbon films from PAN/VGCF composites by gelation/crystallization from solution Carbon 40 2002 363 373
84. L. Laffont, M. Monthioux, V. Serin, R.B. Mathur, C. Guimon, and M.F. Guimon An EELS study of the structural and chemical transformation of PAN polymer to solid carbon Carbon 42 2004 2485 2494
85. S.H. Park, C. Kim, Y.O. Choi, and K.S. Yang Preparations of pitch-based CF/ACF webs by electrospinning Carbon 41 2003 2655 2657
86. B. Kim, N. Bui, K. Yang, M.E. Cruz, and J.P. Ferraris Electrochemical properties of activated polyacrylonitrile/pitch carbon fibers produced using electrospinning Bull Korean Chem Soc 30 2009 1967 1972
87. S.H. Park, C. Kim, and K.S. Yang Preparation of carbonized fiber web from electrospinning of isotropic pitch Synth Met 143 2004 175 179
88. C. Lai, Z. Zhou, L. Zhang, X. Wang, Q. Zhou, Y. Zhao, and et al. Free-standing and mechanically flexible mats consisting of electrospun carbon nanofibers made from a natural product of alkali lignin as binder-free electrodes for high-performance supercapacitors J Power Sources 247 2014 134 141
89. S.-X. Wang, L. Yang, L.P. Stubbs, X. Li, and C. He Lignin-derived fused electrospun carbon fibrous mats as high performance anode materials for lithium ion batteries ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 5 2013 12275 12282
90. M. Ago, K. Okajima, J.E. Jakes, S. Park, and O.J. Rojas Lignin-based electrospun nanofibers reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals Biomacromolecules 13 2012 918 926
91. R. Ruiz-Rosas, J. Bedia, M. Lallave, I.G. Loscertales, A. Barrero, J. Rodríguez-Mirasol, and et al. The production of submicron diameter carbon fibers by the electrospinning of lignin Carbon 48 2010 696 705
92. X.-F. Li, Q. Xu, Y. Fu, and Q.-X. Guo Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from Kraft lignin via KOH activation Environ Prog Sustain Energy 33 2014 519 526
93. Y.-E. Miao, G.-N. Zhu, H. Hou, Y.-Y. Xia, and T. Liu Electrospun polyimide nanofiber-based nonwoven separators for lithium-ion batteries J Power Sources 226 2013 82 86
94. N.T. Xuyen, E.J. Ra, H.-Z. Geng, K.K. Kim, K.H. An, and Y.H. Lee Enhancement of conductivity by diameter control of polyimide-based electrospun carbon nanofibers J Phys Chem B 111 2007 11350 11353
95. C. Kim, Y.-O. Choi, W.-J. Lee, and K.-S. Yang Supercapacitor performances of activated carbon fiber webs prepared by electrospinning of PMDA-ODA poly(amic acid) solutions Electrochim Acta 50 2004 883 887
96. H. Yan, N.K. Mahanta, B. Wang, S. Wang, A.R. Abramson, and M. Cakmak Structural evolution in graphitization of nanofibers and mats from electrospun polyimide-mesophase pitch blends Carbon 71 2014 303 318
97. K.S. Yang, D.D. Edie, D.Y. Lim, Y.M. Kim, and Y.O. Choi Preparation of carbon fiber web from electrostatic spinning of PMDA-ODA poly(amic acid) solution Carbon 41 2003 2039 2046
98. S.W. Choi, J.R. Kim, Y.R. Ahn, S.M. Jo, and E.J. Cairns Characterization of electrospun PVDF fiber-based polymer electrolytes Chem Mater 19 2007 104 115
99. J.R. Kim, S.W. Choi, S.M. Jo, W.S. Lee, and B.C. Kim Electrospun PVDF-based fibrous polymer electrolytes for lithium ion polymer batteries Electrochim Acta 50 2004 69 75
100. K. Gao, X. Hu, C. Dai, and T. Yi Crystal structures of electrospun PVDF membranes and its separator application for rechargeable lithium metal cells Mater Sci Eng B 131 2006 100 105
101. R. Prasanth, N. Shubha, H.H. Hng, and M. Srinivasan Effect of poly(ethylene oxide) on ionic conductivity and electrochemical properties of poly(vinylidenefluoride) based polymer gel electrolytes prepared by electrospinning for lithium ion batteries J Power Sources 245 2014 283 291
102. 2 composite membranes prepared by electrospinning and their excellent properties for nonwoven separators for lithium-ion batteries J Power Sources 251 2014 423 431
103. Y. Yang, A. Centrone, L. Chen, F. Simeon, T. Alan Hatton, and G.C. Rutledge Highly porous electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)-based carbon fiber Carbon 49 2011 3395 3403
104. K. Uemura, and Y. Gotoh Fabrication of carbon fibers from electrospun poly(vinyl alcohol) nanofibers Text Res J 81 2010 659 672
105. 2 separation AIChE J 58 2012 17 20
106. 3 nanorods as a stable, high capacity anode material for Li-ion batteries J Mater Chem 22 2012 12198
107. 3/C nanofibers composite as a high performance cathode material for lithium-ion battery J Power Sources 234 2013 197 200
108. Y. Yu, L. Gu, C. Zhu, P.a. van Aken, and J. Maier Tin nanoparticles encapsulated in porous multichannel carbon microtubes: preparation by single-nozzle electrospinning and application as anode material for high-performance Li-based batteries J Am Chem Soc 131 2009 15984 15985
109. 2-graphene composite nanofibers as a highly durable insertion anode for lithium ion batteries J Phys Chem C 116 2012 14780 14788
110. J.A. Lewis Binder removal from ceramics Annu Rev Mater Sci 27 1997 147 173
111. P. Gupta, C. Elkins, T.E. Long, and G.L. Wilkes Electrospinning of linear homopolymers of poly(methyl methacrylate): exploring relationships between fiber formation, viscosity, molecular weight and concentration in a good solvent Polymer 46 2005 4799 4810
112. T. Uyar, and F. Besenbacher Electrospinning of uniform polystyrene fibers: the effect of solvent conductivity Polymer 49 2008 5336 5343
113. H. Fong, I. Chun, and D.H. Reneker Beaded nanofibers formed during electrospinning Polymer 40 1999 4585 4592
114. J. Fang, H. Wang, H. Niu, T. Lin, and X. Wang Evolution of fiber morphology during electrospinning J Appl Polym Sci 118 2010 2553 2561
115. C. Wang, C.-H. Hsu, and J.-H. Lin Scaling laws in electrospinning of polystyrene solutions Macromolecules 39 2006 7662 7672
116. S.Y. Gu, J. Ren, and G.J. Vancso Process optimization and empirical modeling for electrospun polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofiber precursor of carbon nanofibers Eur Polym J 41 2005 2559 2568
117. C.J. Angammana, S. Member, and S.H. Jayaram Analysis of the effects of solution conductivity on electrospinning process and fiber morphology IEEE Trans Ind Appl 47 2011 1109 1117
118. C.L. Casper, J.S. Stephens, N.G. Tassi, D.B. Chase, and J.F. Rabolt Controlling surface morphology of electrospun polystyrene fibers: effect of humidity and molecular weight in the electrospinning process Macromolecules 37 2004 573 578
119. S. Fridrikh, J. Yu, M. Brenner, and G. Rutledge Controlling the fiber diameter during electrospinning Phys Rev Lett 90 2003 144502
120. C.J. Thompson, G.G. Chase, A.L. Yarin, and D.H. Reneker Effects of parameters on nanofiber diameter determined from electrospinning model Polymer 48 2007 6913 6922
121. X. Yan, and M. Gevelber Investigation of electrospun fiber diameter distribution and process variations J Electrostat 68 2010 458 464
122. J.M. Ital, O.P. Bahi, and R.B. Mathur Single step carbonization and graphitization of highly stabilized PAN fibers Carbon 35 1997 1196 1197
123. F. Sun, J. Wang, H. Chen, W. Li, W. Qiao, D. Long, and et al. Immobilization of sulfur on nitrogen-enriched mesoporous carbons for Li-S batteries ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 5 2013 5630 5638
124. 2 batteries Adv Mater 26 2014 1378 1386
125. 2 nanofibers as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries J Phys Chem C 117 2013 8092 8098
126. X. Yan, Y. Liu, X. Fan, X. Jia, Y. Yu, and X. Yang Nitrogen/phosphorus co-doped nonporous carbon nanofibers for high-performance supercapacitors J Power Sources 248 2014 745 751
127. B. Zhang, Z. Xu, Y. He, S. Abouali, M. Akbari Garakani, E. Kamali Heidari, and et al. Exceptional rate performance of functionalized carbon nano fiber anodes containing nanopores created by (Fe) sacrificial catalyst Nano Energy 4 2014 88 96
128. B.-H. Kim, and K.S. Yang Enhanced electrical capacitance of tetraethyl orthosilicate-derived porous carbon nanofibers produced via electrospinning J Electroanal Chem 714-715 2014 92 96
129. x particles Energy Environ Sci 5 2012 9895
130. Y. Yu, Q. Yang, D. Teng, X. Yang, and S. Ryu Reticular Sn nanoparticle-dispersed PAN-based carbon nanofibers for anode material in rechargeable lithium-ion batteries Electrochem Commun 12 2010 1187 1190
131. Y. Chen, Z. Lu, L. Zhou, Y.-W. Mai, and H. Huang Triple-coaxial electrospun amorphous carbon nanotubes with hollow graphitic carbon nanospheres for high-performance Li ion batteries Energy Environ Sci 5 2012 7898 7902
132. Y.-W. Ju, G.-R. Choi, H.-R. Jung, and W.-J. Lee Electrochemical properties of electrospun PAN/MWCNT carbon nanofibers electrodes coated with polypyrrole Electrochim Acta 53 2008 5796 5803
133. Y. Li, G. Xu, L. Xue, S. Zhang, Y. Yao, Y. Lu, and et al. Enhanced rate capability by employing carbon nanotube-loaded electrospun Si/C composite nanofibers as binder-free anodes J Electrochem Soc 160 2013 A528 A534
134. Q. Guo, X. Zhou, X. Li, S. Chen, A. Seema, A. Greiner, and et al. Supercapacitors based on hybrid carbon nanofibers containing multiwalled carbon nanotubes J Mater Chem 19 2009 2810 2816
135. Z. Zhou, X.-F. Wu, and H. Hou Electrospun carbon nanofibers surface-grown with carbon nanotubes and polyaniline for use as high-performance electrode materials of supercapacitors RSC Adv 4 2014 23622 23629
136. Y. Chen, X. Li, X. Zhou, H. Yao, H. Huang, Y.-W. Mai, and et al. Hollow-tunneled graphitic carbon nanofibers through Ni-diffusion-induced graphitization as high-performance anode materials Energy Environ Sci 7 2014 2689 2696
137. Z. Tai, X. Yan, J. Lang, and Q. Xue Enhancement of capacitance performance of flexible carbon nanofiber paper by adding graphene nanosheets J Power Sources 199 2012 373 378
138. Z. Zhou, and X.-F. Wu Graphene-beaded carbon nanofibers for use in supercapacitor electrodes: synthesis and electrochemical characterization J Power Sources 222 2013 410 416
139. X. Zhou, and Y.-G. Guo A PEO-assisted electrospun silicon-graphene composite as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries J Mater Chem A 1 2013 9019
140. 12 for lithium-ion batteries Electrochim Acta 55 2010 5813 5818
141. x electrode performance anodes for lithium-ion batteries Nanoscale 5 2013 5499 5505
142. 2 hybrids as an improved anode for lithium-ion batteries Electrochem Commun 34 2013 52 55
143. L. Ji, and X. Zhang Fabrication of porous carbon nanofibers and their application as anode materials for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries Nanotechnology 20 2009 155705
144. B. Lee, S. Son, K. Park, G. Lee, K.H. Oh, S. Lee, and et al. Effect of pores in hollow carbon nanofibers on their negative electrode properties for a lithium rechargeable battery ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 4 2012 6702 6710
145. C. Tran, and V. Kalra Fabrication of porous carbon nanofibers with adjustable pore sizes as electrodes for supercapacitors J Power Sources 235 2013 289 296
146. C. Liang, Z. Li, and S. Dai Mesoporous carbon materials: synthesis and modification Angew Chem Int Ed 47 2008 3696 3717
147. x nanoparticles in the pores and its electrochemical performance as an anode material for lithium ion batteries Carbon 49 2011 89 95
148. C. Kim, and K.S. Yang Electrochemical properties of carbon nanofiber web as an electrode for supercapacitor prepared by electrospinning Appl Phys Lett 83 2003 1216
149. Y. Chen, X. Li, K. Park, J. Song, J. Hong, L. Zhou, and et al. Hollow carbon-nanotube/carbon-nanofiber hybrid anodes for Li-ion batteries J Am Chem Soc 135 2013 16280 16283
150. C. Kim, B.T.N. Ngoc, K.S. Yang, M. Kojima, Y.a. Kim, Y.J. Kim, and et al. Self-sustained thin webs consisting of porous carbon nanofibers for supercapacitors via the electrospinning of polyacrylonitrile solutions containing zinc chloride Adv Mater 19 2007 2341 2346
151. 2+ cations Appl Surf Sci 255 2009 3723 3730
152. B.-H. Kim, K.S. Yang, H.-G. Woo, and K. Oshida Supercapacitor performance of porous carbon nanofiber composites prepared by electrospinning polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS)/polyacrylonitrile (PAN) blend solutions Synth Met 161 2011 1211 1216
153. H. Nishihara, H. Itoi, T. Kogure, P.-X. Hou, H. Touhara, F. Okino, and et al. Investigation of the ion storage/transfer behavior in an electrical double-layer capacitor by using ordered microporous carbons as model materials Chemistry 15 2009 5355 5363
154. C. Largeot, C. Portet, J. Chmiola, P. Taberna, Y. Gogotsi, and P. Simon Relation between the ion size and pore size for an electric double-layer capacitor J Am Chem Soc 2008 2730 2731
155. Y. Kim, Y. Horie, S. Ozaki, Y. Matsuzawa, H. Suezaki, C. Kim, and et al. Correlation between the pore and solvated ion size on capacitance uptake of PVDC-based carbons Carbon 42 2004 1491 1500
156. a.G. Pandolfo, and A.F. Hollenkamp Carbon properties and their role in supercapacitors J Power Sources 157 2006 11 27
157. Z.-L. Xu, B. Zhang, and J.-K. Kim Electrospun carbon nanofiber anodes containing monodispersed Si nanoparticles and graphene oxide with exceptional high rate capacities Nano Energy 6 2014 27 35
158. 4 hollow nanoparticles as self-supported electrodes for electrochemical capacitors Adv Funct Mater 23 2013 3909 3915
159. 2 embedded in carbon nanofibers with excellent electrochemical performance for lithium and sodium storage Angew Chem Int Ed 53 2014 2152 2156
160. 2 nanocomposites as freestanding electrodes for high-performance electrochemical capacitors Electrochim Acta 56 2011 9240 9247
161. K. Fu, L. Xue, O. Yildiz, S. Li, H. Lee, Y. Li, and et al. Effect of CVD carbon coatings on Si@CNF composite as anode for lithium-ion batteries Nano Energy 2 2013 976 986
162. 3/carbon nanofiber composites for high performance freestanding anodes in Li-ion batteries RSC Adv 4 2014 12298
163. 4/porous electrospun carbon nanofibers as anodes for high performance Li-ion batteries J Mater Chem A 2 2014 16939 16944
164. B. Dunn, H. Kamath, and J.-M. Tarascon Electrical energy storage for the grid: a battery of choices Science 334 2011 928 935
165. W.-J. Zhang A review of the electrochemical performance of alloy anodes for lithium-ion batteries J Power Sources 196 2011 13 24
166. 4-C composite microspheres with a hierarchical conductive architecture as a high performance cathode for lithium ion batteries J Mater Chem 22 2012 19643
167. 4 cathode material for lithium ion batteries Electrochem Commun 8 2006 1553 1557
168. 4 nanorod cathodes by the polyol method J Mater Chem 22 2012 17215 17221
169. C. Kim, K.S. Yang, M. Kojima, K. Yoshida, Y.J. Kim, Y.a. Kim, and et al. Fabrication of electrospinning-derived carbon nanofiber webs for the anode material of lithium-ion secondary batteries Adv Funct Mater 16 2006 2393 2397
170. S.H. Park, B.K. Kim, and W.J. Lee Electrospun activated carbon nanofibers with hollow core/highly mesoporous shell structure as counter electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells J Power Sources 239 2013 122 127
171. L. Ji, and X. Zhang Generation of activated carbon nanofibers from electrospun polyacrylonitrile-zinc chloride composites for use as anodes in lithium-ion batteries Electrochem Commun 11 2009 684 687
172. Z. Yang, D. Choi, S. Kerisit, K.M. Rosso, D. Wang, J. Zhang, and et al. Nanostructures and lithium electrochemical reactivity of lithium titanites and titanium oxides: a review J Power Sources 192 2009 588 598
173. 12 as anode materials in Li-ion battery Electrochem Solid-State Lett 13 2010 A36
174. 12 porous electrodes for Li-ion batteries J Power Sources 196 2011 10692 10697
175. 2(B)-based battery electrode with superior power rate and ultralong cycle life Adv Mater 25 2013 3462 3467
176. 2 nanotubes connected with a carbon nanofiber matrix for fast energy storage J Mater Chem A 1 2013 12310
177. R. Qing, and W. Sigmund Morphological and crystallite size impact on electrochemical performance of electrospun rutile and rutile/multiwall carbon nanotube nanofibers for lithium ion batteries Ceram Int 40 2014 5665 5669
178. X. Yang, D. Teng, B. Liu, Y. Yu, and X. Yang Nanosized anatase titanium dioxide loaded porous carbon nanofiber webs as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries Electrochem Commun 13 2011 1098 1101
179. 12/carbon composite nanofibers for high rate lithium ion batteries J Electrochem Soc 159 2012 A426
180. y layer as an anode material for high power Li-ion batteries J Power Sources 244 2013 726 730
181. P. Poizot, S. Laruelle, S. Grugeon, L. Dupont, and J.M. Tarascon Nano-sized transition-metal oxides as negative-electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries Nature 407 2000 496 499
182. H. Bin Wu, J.S. Chen, H.H. Hng, and X.W.D. Lou Nanostructured metal oxide-based materials as advanced anodes for lithium-ion batteries Nanoscale 4 2012 2526 2542
183. 4 composite nanofibers and their application for high performance lithium-ion batteries J Power Sources 183 2008 717 723
184. 4|MnO@carbon nanofiber as anode material for lithium batteries J Power Sources 216 2012 353 362
185. L. Ji, and X. Zhang Manganese oxide nanoparticle-loaded porous carbon nanofibers as anode materials for high-performance lithium-ion batteries Electrochem Commun 11 2009 795 798
186. 4/carbon composite nanowires and their electrochemical properties J Power Sources 196 2011 6987 6991
187. Y. Wu, P. Zhu, M.V. Reddy, B.V.R. Chowdari, and S. Ramakrishna Maghemite nanoparticles on electrospun CNFs template as prospective lithium-ion battery anode ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 6 2014 1951 1958
188. M. Zhang, F. Yan, X. Tang, Q. Li, T. Wang, and G. Cao Flexible CoO-graphene-carbon nanofiber mats as binder-free anodes for lithium-ion batteries with superior rate capacity and cyclic stability J Mater Chem A 2 2014 5890
189. Y. Chen, Z. Lu, L. Zhou, Y.-W. Mai, and H. Huang In situ formation of hollow graphitic carbon nanospheres in electrospun amorphous carbon nanofibers for high-performance Li-based batteries Nanoscale 4 2012 6800 6805
190. N. Scotia Electrochemical and in situ X-ray diffraction studies of the reaction of lithium with tin oxide composites J Electrochem Soc 144 1997 2045 2052
191. H. Wu, G. Zheng, N. Liu, T.J. Carney, Y. Yang, and Y. Cui Engineering empty space between Si nanoparticles for lithium-ion battery anodes Nano Lett 12 2012 904 909
192. Y. Idota, T. Kubota, A. Matsufuji, Y. Maekawa, and T. Miyasaka Tin-based amorphous oxide: a high-capacity lithium-ion-storage material Science 276 1997 1395 1397
193. x-embedded carbon nanofibers anode for lithium ion battery with EXAFS analysis J Electroanal Chem 662 2011 334 342
194. 2 electrode for Li-secondary battery Chem Mater 2005 3297 3301
195. x/carbon nanohybrids toward advanced lithium-ion battery anodes Adv Mater 26 2014 3943 3949
196. L. Ji, K.-H. Jung, A.J. Medford, and X. Zhang Electrospun polyacrylonitrile fibers with dispersed Si nanoparticles and their electrochemical behaviors after carbonization J Mater Chem 19 2009 4992
197. Z.-L. Xu, B. Zhang, Z.Q. Zhou, S. Abouali, M. Akbari Garakani, J. Huang, and et al. Carbon nanofibers containing Si nanoparticles and graphene-covered Ni for high performance anodes in Li ion batteries RSC Adv 4 2014 22359
198. Y. Lee, Y.-U. Heo, D. Song, D.W. Shin, and Y.M. Kang Si-carbon composite nanofibers with good scalability and favorable architecture for highly reversible lithium storage and superb kinetics Electrochim Acta 118 2014 100 105
199. H. Wu, G. Chan, J.W. Choi, I. Ryu, Y. Yao, M.T. McDowell, and et al. Stable cycling of double-walled silicon nanotube battery anodes through solid-electrolyte interphase control Nat Nanotechnol 7 2012 310 315
200. L. Ji, and X. Zhang Fabrication of porous carbon/Si composite nanofibers as high-capacity battery electrodes Electrochem Commun 11 2009 1146 1149
201. Z.-L. Xu, B. Zhang, S. Abouali, M. Akbari Garakani, J. Huang, J.Q. Huang, and et al. Nanocavity-engineered Si/multi-functional carbon nanofiber composite anodes with exceptional high-rate capacities J Mater Chem A 2 2014 17944 17951
202. 4/carbon composite fibers for lithium-ion batteries J Power Sources 196 2011 7692 7699
203. 4 nanowires Angew Chem Int Ed 50 2011 6278 6282
204. 4/carbon composite nanofibers as stable and binder-free cathodes for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 4 2012 1273 1280
205. 4 nanowire with a VGCF core column and a carbon shell through the electrospinning method ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2 2010 212 218
206. 4/C/Ag composite hollow nanofibers J Mater Sci Mater Electron 24 2013 4718 4724
207. 4/C as a cathode material for lithium ion batteries prepared by electrospinning method J Electroceram 31 2013 204 209
208. 4/carbon composite nanofiber cathodes for lithium-ion batteries J Power Sources 213 2012 10 15
209. 2 nanotubes as high capacity anode materials for lithium ion batteries Electrochem Commun 12 2010 1383 1386
210. 2 fibers as cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries J Phys Chem B 109 2005 17901 17906
211. 4 hollow nanofibers by electrospinning with extraordinary lithium storage properties Chem Commun 49 2013 6677 6679
212. Z.D. Huang, B. Zhang, R. Liang, Q.B. Zheng, S.W. Oh, X.Y. Lin, and et al. Effects of reduction process and carbon nanotube content on the supercapacitive performance of flexible graphene oxide papers Carbon 50 2012 4239 4251
213. Z.D. Huang, B. Zhang, S.-W. Oh, Q.-B. Zheng, X.-Y. Lin, N. Yousefi, and et al. Self-assembled reduced graphene oxide/carbon nanotube thin films as electrodes for supercapacitors J Mater Chem 22 2012 3591
214. C. Kim, S.-H. Park, W.-J. Lee, and K.-S. Yang Characteristics of supercapacitor electrodes of PBI-based carbon nanofiber web prepared by electrospinning Electrochim Acta 50 2004 877 881
215. B.-H. Kim, and K.S. Yang Enhanced electrical capacitance of porous carbon nanofibers derived from polyacrylonitrile and boron trioxide Electrochim Acta 88 2013 597 603
216. 2 coaxial nano-cables for high energy and power density supercapacitors J Power Sources 208 2012 345 353
217. Y.W. Ju, G.R. Choi, H.-R. Jung, C. Kim, K.-S. Yang, and W.-J. Lee A hydrous ruthenium oxide-carbon nanofibers composite electrodes prepared by electrospinning J Electrochem Soc 154 2007 A192
218. Z.D. Huang, R. Liang, B. Zhang, Y.-B. He, and J.-K. Kim Evolution of flexible 3D graphene oxide/carbon nanotube/polyaniline composite papers and their supercapacitive performance Compos Sci Technol 88 2013 126 133
219. G.a. Snook, P. Kao, and A.S. Best Conducting-polymer-based supercapacitor devices and electrodes J Power Sources 196 2011 1 12
220. 2/conducting polypyrrole@carbon nanofiber triaxial nano-cables for high-performance supercapacitors J Mater Chem 22 2012 16943 16949
221. M.D. Slater, D. Kim, E. Lee, and C.S. Johnson Sodium-ion batteries Adv Funct Mater 23 2013 947 958
222. D.A. Stevens, and J.R. Dahn The mechanisms of lithium and sodium insertion in carbon materials J Electrochem Soc 148 2001 A803
223. T. Chen, Y. Liu, L. Pan, T. Lu, Y. Yao, Z. Sun, and et al. Electrospun carbon nanofibers as anode materials for sodium ion batteries with excellent cycle performance J Mater Chem A 2 2014 4117 4121
224. W. Li, L. Zeng, Z. Yang, L. Gu, J. Wang, X. Liu, and et al. Free-standing and binder-free sodium-ion electrodes with ultralong cycle life and high rate performance based on porous carbon nanofibers Nanoscale 6 2014 693 698
225. Y. Zhu, X. Han, Y. Xu, Y. Liu, S. Zheng, K. Xu, and et al. Electrospun Sb/C fibers for a stable and fast sodium-ion battery anode ACS Nano 7 2013 6378 6386
226. L. Wu, X. Hu, J. Qian, F. Pei, F. Wu, R. Mao, and et al. Sb-C nanofibers with long cycle life as an anode material for high-performance sodium-ion batteries Energy Environ Sci 7 2014 323 328
227. L. Ji, M. Gu, Y. Shao, X. Li, M.H. Engelhard, B.W. Arey, and et al. Controlling SEI formation on SnSb-porous carbon nanofibers for improved Na ion storage Adv Mater 26 2014 2901 2908
228. 3/C nanofibers as stable cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries Nanoscale 6 2014 5081 5086
229. 3 nanotubes as a highly efficient electrocatalyst for rechargeable lithium-oxygen batteries Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 52 2013 3887 3890
230. 2 battery Science 337 2012 563 566
231. C. Tran, X.-Q. Yang, and D. Qu Investigation of the gas-diffusion-electrode used as lithium/air cathode in non-aqueous electrolyte and the importance of carbon material porosity J Power Sources 195 2010 2057 2063
232. M.G. Nanosheet Li-air rechargeable battery based on metal-free graphene nanosheet catalysts ACS Nano 2011 3020 3026
233. 2 cell J Electrochem Soc 160 2013 A1112 A1117
234. K.-N. Jung, J.-I. Lee, S. Yoon, S.-H. Yeon, W. Chang, K.-H. Shin, and et al. Manganese oxide/carbon composite nanofibers: electrospinning preparation and application as a bi-functional cathode for rechargeable lithium-oxygen J Mater Chem 22 2012 21845 21848
235. 2 battery applications J Phys Chem C 2012 2 7
236. 2 batteries J Mater Chem A 2 2014 10634 10638
237. 2 cells J Am Chem Soc 135 2013 494 500
238. 2 batteries Nano Lett 13 2013 4190 4197
239. D.M. Itkis, D.a. Semenenko, E.Y. Kataev, A.I. Belova, V.S. Neudachina, A.P. Sirotina, and et al. Reactivity of carbon in lithium-oxygen battery positive electrodes Nano Lett 13 2013 4697 4701
240. X. Ji, K.T. Lee, and L.F. Nazar A highly ordered nanostructured carbon-sulphur cathode for lithium-sulphur batteries Nat Mater 8 2009 500 506
241. L. Ji, M. Rao, S. Aloni, L. Wang, E.J. Cairns, and Y. Zhang Porous carbon nanofiber-sulfur composite electrodes for lithium/sulfur cells Energy Environ Sci 4 2011 5053 5059
242. Y. Wu, M. Gao, X. Li, Y. Liu, and H. Pan Preparation of mesohollow and microporous carbon nanofiber and its application in cathode material for lithium-sulfur batteries J Alloys Compd 608 2014 220 228
243. M. Rao, X. Geng, X. Li, S. Hu, and W. Li Lithium-sulfur cell with combining carbon nanofibers-sulfur cathode and gel polymer electrolyte J Power Sources 212 2012 179 185
244. Y. Chen, X. Li, K.-S. Park, J. Hong, J. Song, L. Zhou, and et al. Sulfur encapsulated in porous hollow CNTs@CNFs for high-performance lithium-sulfur batteries J Mater Chem A 2 2014 10126 10130
245. 2 yolk-shell nanoarchitecture with internal void space for long-cycle lithium-sulphur batteries Nat Commun 4 2013 1331
246. X. Ji, S. Evers, R. Black, and L.F. Nazar Stabilizing lithium-sulphur cathodes using polysulphide reservoirs Nat Commun 2 2011 325
247. Y.-S. Su, Y. Fu, T. Cochell, and A. Manthiram A strategic approach to recharging lithium-sulphur batteries for long cycle life Nat Commun 4 2013 2985
248. 3C/carbon nanofiber webs for high performance lithium-sulfur batteries J Power Sources 285 2015 43 50
249. M.W. Forney, M.J. Ganter, J.W. Staub, R.D. Ridgley, and B.J. Landi Prelithiation of silicon-carbon nanotube anodes for lithium ion batteries by stabilized lithium metal powder (SLMP) Nano Lett 13 2013 4158 4163
250. J. Chmiola, G. Yushin, Y. Gogotsi, C. Portet, P. Simon, and P.L. Taberna Anomalous increase in carbon capacitance at pore sizes less than 1 nanometer Science 313 2006 1760 1763
251. S.B. Ma, D.J. Lee, V. Roev, D. Im, and S.-G. Doo Effect of porosity on electrochemical properties of carbon materials as cathode for lithium-oxygen battery J Power Sources 244 2013 494 498
252. U.S. Department of Energy. Annual progress report for the energy storage research and development vehicle technologies program, Washington, DC; 2008.
253. x embedded in carbon nanofiber/carbon nanotube composites for Li-ion and Na-ion batteries Adv Funct Mater 25 2015 5222 5228
254. G. Zhou, F. Li, and H.-M. Cheng Progress in flexible lithium batteries and future prospects Energy Environ Sci 7 2014 1307 1338