Part 3: Adult basic life support and automated external defibrillation. 2015 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations

Resuscitation

Volumn 95, Issue , 2015, Pages e43-e69

  Perkins, Gavin D ^a   Travers, Andrew H ^a   Berg, Robert A ^a   Castren, Maaret ^a   Considine, Julie ^a   Escalante, Raffo ^a   Gazmuri, Raul J ^a   Koster, Rudolph W ^a   Lim, Swee Han ^a   Nation, Kevin J ^a   Olasveengen, Theresa M ^a   Sakamoto, Tetsuya ^a   Sayre, Michael R ^a   Sierra, Alfredo ^a   Smyth, Michael A ^a   Stanton, David ^a   Vaillancourt, Christian ^a   Bierens, Joost J L M ^a   Bour don, Emmanuelle ^a   Brugger, Hermann ^a   Buick, Jason E ^a   Charette, Manya L ^a   Chung, Sung Phil ^a   Couper, Keith ^a   Daya, Mohamud R ^a   Drennan, Ian R ^a   Jan Thorsten Grasner ^a   Idris, Ahamed H ^a   Lerner, E Brooke ^a   Lockhat, Husein ^a   Løfgren, Bo ^a   McQueen, Carl ^a   Monsieurs, Koenraad G ^a   Mpotos, Nicolas ^a   Orkin, Aaron M ^a   Quan, Linda ^a   Raffay, Violetta ^a   Reynolds, Joshua C ^a   Ristagno, Giuseppe ^a   Scapigliati, Andrea ^a   Vadebon coeur, Tyler F ^a   Wenzel, Volker ^a   Yeung, Joyce ^a   more..

^a NONE

Author keywords

Arrhythmia; Cardiac arrest; Cardiopulmonary resuscitation; Emergency department; Resuscitation

Indexed keywords

NALOXONE; OPIATE;

ADULT; ARTICLE; COMPRESSION THERAPY; CONSENSUS; DEFIBRILLATION; EMERGENCY CARE; HEART ARREST; HOSPITAL DISCHARGE; HUMAN; INTOXICATION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESPIRATORY ARREST; RESUSCITATION; RETURN OF SPONTANEOUS CIRCULATION; SURVIVAL; CONSENSUS DEVELOPMENT; DEFIBRILLATOR; EMERGENCY HEALTH SERVICE; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; STANDARDS;

ADULT; CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION; CONSENSUS; CONSENSUS DEVELOPMENT CONFERENCES AS TOPIC; DEFIBRILLATORS; EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES; HEART ARREST; HUMANS; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC;

EID: 84944882657     PISSN: 03009572     EISSN: 18731570     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2015.07.041     Document Type: Article

References (194)

1. O'Connor D., Green S., Higgins J.P.T. Chapter 5: Defining the review questions and developing criteria for including studies. The Cochrane Collaboration. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions 2011, Version 5.1.0. http://handbook.cochrane.org/ [accessed 06.05.15]. J.P.T. Higgins, S. Green (Eds.).
2. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation 2005 International consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations. Part 2: Adult basic life support. Resuscitation 2005, 67:187-201.
3. Institute of Medicine Standards for systematic reviews 2011, http://www.iom.edu/Reports/2011/Finding-What-Works-in-Health-Care-Standards-for-Systematic-Reviews/Standards.aspx [accessed 06.05.15].
4. Schünemann H., Brozek J., Guyatt G., Oxman A. GRADE Handbook 2013, http://www.guidelinedevelopment.org/handbook/ [accessed 06.05.15].
5. Higgins J.P.T., Altman D.G., Sterne J.A.C. Chapter 8.5 The cochrane collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions 2011, Version 5.1.0. The Cochrane Collaboration. http://handbook.cochrane.org/ [accessed 06.05.15]. J.P.T. Higgins, S. Green (Eds.).
6. Whiting P.F., Rutjes A.W., Westwood M.E., Mallett S., Deeks J.J., Reitsma J.B., et al. QUADAS-2: a revised tool for the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies. Ann Intern Med 2011, 155:529-536.
7. Schünemann H., Brozek J., Guyatt G., Oxman A. 5.2.1 Study limitations (risk of bias). GRADE Handbook 2013, http://www.guidelinedevelopment.org/handbook/ - h.m9385o5z3li7 [accessed 06.05.15].
8. Evidence Prime Inc GRADEpro Guideline Development Tool 2015, http://www.guidelinedevelopment.org/ [accessed 06.05.15].
9. Schünemann H., Brozek J., Guyatt G., Oxman A. 5. Quality of evidence. GRADE Handbook 2013, http://www.guidelinedevelopment.org/handbook/ - h.9rdbelsnu4iy [accessed 06.05.15].
10. Schünemann H., Brozek J., Guyatt G., Oxman A. 5.1 Factors determining the quality of evidence. GRADE handbook 2013, http://www.guidelinedevelopment.org/handbook/ - h.9rdbelsnu4iy [accessed 06.05.15].
11. Berdowski J., Beekhuis F., Zwinderman A.H., Tijssen J.G., Koster R.W. Importance of the first link: description and recognition of an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in an emergency call. Circulation 2009, 119:2096-2102.
12. Weiser C., van Tulder R., Stöckl M., Schober A., Herkner H., Chwojka C.C., et al. Dispatchers impression plus Medical Priority Dispatch System reduced dispatch centre times in cases of out of hospital cardiac arrest. Pre-alert - a prospective, cluster randomized trial. Resuscitation 2013, 84:883-888.
13. Bohm K., Rosenqvist M., Hollenberg J., Biber B., Engerström L., Svensson L. Dispatcher-assisted telephone-guided cardiopulmonary resuscitation: an underused lifesaving system. Eur J Emerg Med 2007, 14:256-259.
14. Roppolo L.P., Westfall A., Pepe P.E., Nobel L.L., Cowan J., Kay J.J., et al. Dispatcher assessments for agonal breathing improve detection of cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2009, 80:769-772.
15. Tanaka Y., Taniguchi J., Wato Y., Yoshida Y., Inaba H. The continuous quality improvement project for telephone-assisted instruction of cardiopulmonary resuscitation increased the incidence of bystander CPR and improved the outcomes of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests. Resuscitation 2012, 83:1235-1241.
16. Heward A., Damiani M., Hartley-Sharpe C. Does the use of the Advanced Medical Priority Dispatch System affect cardiac arrest detection?. Emerg Med J 2004, 21:115-118.
17. Eisenberg M.S., Hallstrom A.P., Carter W.B., Cummins R.O., Bergner L., Pierce J. Emergency CPR instruction via telephone. Am J Public Health 1985, 75:47-50.
18. Vaillancourt C., Verma A., Trickett J., Crete D., Beaudoin T., Nesbitt L., et al. Evaluating the effectiveness of dispatch-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation instructions. Acad Emerg Med 2007, 14:877-883.
19. Clawson J., Olola C., Scott G., Heward A., Patterson B. Effect of a Medical Priority Dispatch System key question addition in the seizure/convulsion/fitting protocol to improve recognition of ineffective (agonal) breathing. Resuscitation 2008, 79:257-264.
20. Stipulante S., Tubes R., El Fassi M., Donneau A.F., Van Troyen B., Hartstein G., et al. Implementation of the ALERT algorithm, a new dispatcher-assisted telephone cardiopulmonary resuscitation protocol, in non-Advanced Medical Priority Dispatch System (AMPDS) Emergency Medical Services centres. Resuscitation 2014, 85:177-181.
21. Cairns K.J., Hamilton A.J., Marshall A.H., Moore M.J., Adgey A.A., Kee F. The obstacles to maximising the impact of public access defibrillation: an assessment of the dispatch mechanism for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Heart 2008, 94:349-353.
22. Bång A., Herlitz J., Martinell S. Interaction between emergency medical dispatcher and caller in suspected out-of-hospital cardiac arrest calls with focus on agonal breathing. A review of 100 tape recordings of true cardiac arrest cases. Resuscitation 2003, 56:25-34.
23. Dami F., Fuchs V., Praz L., Vader J.P. Introducing systematic dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation (telephone-CPR) in a non-Advanced Medical Priority Dispatch System (AMPDS): implementation process and costs. Resuscitation 2010, 81:848-852.
24. Hallstrom A.P., Cobb L.A., Johnson E., Copass M.K. Dispatcher assisted CPR: implementation and potential benefit. A 12-year study. Resuscitation 2003, 57:123-129.
25. Nurmi J., Pettilä V., Biber B., Kuisma M., Komulainen R., Castrén M. Effect of protocol compliance to cardiac arrest identification by emergency medical dispatchers. Resuscitation 2006, 70:463-469.
26. Castrén M., Kuisma M., Serlachius J., Skrifvars M. Do health care professionals report sudden cardiac arrest better than laymen?. Resuscitation 2001, 51:265-268.
27. Bång A., Biber B., Isaksson L., Lindqvist J., Herlitz J. Evaluation of dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Eur J Emerg Med 1999, 6:175-183.
28. Clark J.J., Culley L., Eisenberg M., Henwood D.K. Accuracy of determining cardiac arrest by emergency medical dispatchers. Ann Emerg Med 1994, 23:1022-1026.
29. Deakin C.D., Evans S., King P. Evaluation of telephone-cardiopulmonary resuscitation advice for paediatric cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2010, 81:853-856.
30. Flynn J., Archer F., Morgans A. Sensitivity and specificity of the medical priority dispatch system in detecting cardiac arrest emergency calls in Melbourne. Prehosp Disaster Med 2006, 21:72-76.
31. Garza A.G., Gratton M.C., Chen J.J., Carlson B. The accuracy of predicting cardiac arrest by emergency medical services dispatchers: the calling party effect. Acad Emerg Med 2003, 10:955-960.
32. Ma M.H., Lu T.C., Ng J.C., Lin C.H., Chiang W.C., Ko P.C., et al. Evaluation of emergency medical dispatch in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Taipei. Resuscitation 2007, 73:236-245.
33. Lewis M., Stubbs B.A., Eisenberg M.S. Dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation: time to identify cardiac arrest and deliver chest compression instructions. Circulation 2013, 128:1522-1530.
34. Kuisma M., Boyd J., Väyrynen T., Repo J., Nousila-Wiik M., Holmström P. Emergency call processing and survival from out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation. Resuscitation 2005, 67:89-93.
35. Hauff S.R., Rea T.D., Culley L.L., Kerry F., Becker L., Eisenberg M.S. Factors impeding dispatcher-assisted telephone cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Ann Emerg Med 2003, 42:731-737.
36. Clawson J., Barron T., Scott G., Siriwardena A.N., Patterson B., Olola C. Medical Priority Dispatch System breathing problems protocol key question combinations are associated with patient acuity. Prehosp Disaster Med 2012, 27:375-380.
37. Bohm K., Stålhandske B., Rosenqvist M., Ulfvarson J., Hollenberg J., Svensson L. Tuition of emergency medical dispatchers in the recognition of agonal respiration increases the use of telephone assisted CPR. Resuscitation 2009, 80:1025-1028.
38. Hüpfl M., Selig H.F., Nagele P. Chest-compression-only versus standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a meta-analysis. Lancet 2010, 376:1552-1557.
39. Hallstrom A.P. Dispatcher-assisted "phone" cardiopulmonary resuscitation by chest compression alone or with mouth-to-mouth ventilation. Crit Care Med 2000, 28:N190-N192.
40. Rea T.D., Fahrenbruch C., Culley L., Donohoe R.T., Hambly C., Innes J., et al. CPR with chest compression alone or with rescue breathing. N Engl J Med 2010, 363:423-433.
41. Svensson L., Bohm K., Castrèn M., Pettersson H., Engerström L., Herlitz J., et al. Compression-only CPR or standard CPR in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 2010, 363:434-442.
42. Bray J.E., Deasy C., Walsh J., Bacon A., Currell A., Smith K. Changing EMS dispatcher CPR instructions to 400 compressions before mouth-to-mouth improved bystander CPR rates. Resuscitation 2011, 82:1393-1398.
43. Culley L.L., Clark J.J., Eisenberg M.S., Larsen M.P. Dispatcher-assisted telephone CPR: common delays and time standards for delivery. Ann Emerg Med 1991, 20:362-366.
44. Rea T.D., Eisenberg M.S., Culley L.L., Becker L. Dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation and survival in cardiac arrest. Circulation 2001, 104:2513-2516.
45. Akahane M., Ogawa T., Tanabe S., Koike S., Horiguchi H., Yasunaga H., et al. Impact of telephone dispatcher assistance on the outcomes of pediatric out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 2012, 40:1410-1416.
46. Goto Y., Maeda T., Goto Y. Impact of dispatcher-assisted bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation on neurological outcomes in children with out-of-hospital cardiac arrests: a prospective, nationwide, population-based cohort study. J Am Heart Assoc 2014, 3:e000499.
47. Maxwell S., Bigg D., Stanczykiewicz K., Carlberg-Racich S. Prescribing naloxone to actively injecting heroin users: a program to reduce heroin overdose deaths. J Addict Dis 2006, 25:89-96.
48. Walley A.Y., Xuan Z., Hackman H.H., Quinn E., Doe-Simkins M., Sorensen-Alawad A., et al. Opioid overdose rates and implementation of overdose education and nasal naloxone distribution in Massachusetts: interrupted time series analysis. BMJ 2013, 346:f174.
49. Walley A.Y., Doe-Simkins M., Quinn E., Pierce C., Xuan Z., Ozonoff A. Opioid overdose prevention with intranasal naloxone among people who take methadone. J Subst Abuse Treat 2013, 44:241-247.
50. Albert S., Brason F.W., Sanford C.K., Dasgupta N., Graham J., et al. Project Lazarus: community-based overdose prevention in rural North Carolina. Pain Med 2011, 12:S77-S85.
51. Quan L., Mack C.D., Schiff M.A. Association of water temperature and submersion duration and drowning outcome. Resuscitation 2014, 85:790-794.
52. Kieboom J.K., Verkade H.J., Burgerhof J.G., Bierens J.J., Rheenen P.F., Kneyber M.C., et al. Outcome after resuscitation beyond 30minutes in drowned children with cardiac arrest and hypothermia: Dutch nationwide retrospective cohort study. BMJ 2015, 350:h418.
53. Frates R.C. Analysis of predictive factors in the assessment of warm-water near-drowning in children. Am J Dis Child 1981, 135:1006-1008.
54. Nagel F.O., Kibel S.M., Beatty D.W. Childhood near-drowning-factors associated with poor outcome. S Afr Med J 1990, 78:422-425.
55. Quan L., Wentz K.R., Gore E.J., Copass M.K. Outcome and predictors of outcome in pediatric submersion victims receiving prehospital care in King County, Washington. Pediatrics 1990, 86:586-593.
56. Niu Y.W., Cherng W.S., Lin M.T., Tsao L.Y. An analysis of prognostic factors for submersion accidents in children. Zhonghua Min Guo Xiao Er Ke Yi Xue Hui Za Zhi 1992, 33:81-88.
57. Mizuta R., Fujita H., Osamura T., Kidowaki T., Kiyosawa N. Childhood drownings and near-drownings in Japan. Acta Paediatr Jpn 1993, 35:186-192.
58. Kyriacou D.N., Arcinue E.L., Peek C., Kraus J.F. Effect of immediate resuscitation on children with submersion injury. Pediatrics 1994, 94:137-142.
59. Al-Mofadda S.M., Nassar A., Al-Turki A., Al-Sallounm A.A. Pediatric near drowning: the experience of King Khalid University Hospital. Ann Saudi Med 2001, 21:300-303.
60. Nitta M., Kitamura T., Iwami T., Nadkarni V.M., Berg R.A., Topjian A.A., et al. Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to drowning among children and adults from the Utstein Osaka Project. Resuscitation 2013, 84:1568-1573.
61. Blasco Alonso J., Moreno Pérez D., Milano Manso G., Calvo Macías C., Jurado Ortiz A. Drowning in pediatric patients. An Pediatr (Barc) 2005, 62:20-24.
62. Anderson K.C., Roy T., Danzl D.F. Submersion incidents: a review of 39 cases and development of the submersion outcome score. J Wilderness Med 1991, 2:27-36.
63. Orlowski J.P. Prognostic factors in pediatric cases of drowning and near-drowning. JACEP 1979, 8:176-179.
64. Mosayebi Z., Movahedian A.H., Mousavi G.A. Drowning in children in Iran: outcomes and prognostic factors. Med J Malaysia 2011, 66:187-190.
65. Claesson A., Lindqvist J., Ortenwall P., Herlitz J. Characteristics of lifesaving from drowning as reported by the Swedish Fire and Rescue Services 1996-2010. Resuscitation 2012, 83:1072-1077.
66. Dyson K., Morgans A., Bray J., Matthews B., Smith K. Drowning related out-of-hospital cardiac arrests: characteristics and outcomes. Resuscitation 2013, 84:1114-1118.
67. Claesson A., Lindqvist J., Herlitz J. Cardiac arrest due to drowning - changes over time and factors of importance for survival. Resuscitation 2014, 85:644-648.
68. Vähätalo R., Lunetta P., Olkkola K.T., Suominen P.K. Drowning in children: Utstein style reporting and outcome. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2014, 58:604-610.
69. Claesson A., Svensson L., Silfverstolpe J., Herlitz J. Characteristics and outcome among patients suffering out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to drowning. Resuscitation 2008, 76:381-387.
70. Forler J., Carsin A., Arlaud K., Bosdure E., Viard L., Paut O., et al. Respiratory complications of accidental drownings in children. Arch Pediatr 2010, 17:14-18.
71. Bierens J.J., van der Velde E.A., van Berkel M., van Zanten J.J. Submersion in The Netherlands: prognostic indicators and results of resuscitation. Ann Emerg Med 1990, 19:1390-1395.
72. Kruus S., Bergström L., Suutarinen T., Hyvönen R. The prognosis of near-drowned children. Acta Paediatr Scand 1979, 68:315-322.
73. Graf W.D., Cummings P., Quan L., Brutocao D. Predicting outcome in pediatric submersion victims. Ann Emerg Med 1995, 26:312-319.
74. Torres S.F., Rodríguez M., Iolster T., Siaba Serrate A., Cruz Iturrieta C., Martínez del Valle E., et al. Near drowning in a pediatric population: epidemiology and prognosis. Arch Argent Pediatr 2009, 107:234-240.
75. Kaukinen L. Clinical course and prognostic signs in near-drowned patients. Ann Chir Gynaecol 1984, 73:34-39.
76. Veenhuizen L., Haasnoot K., van Vught A.J., Bierens J.J., Thunnissen B.T., Gemke R.J. Submersion in children; the role of hypothermia and development of adult respiratory distress syndrome. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1994, 138:906-910.
77. Quan L., Kinder D. Pediatric submersions: prehospital predictors of outcome. Pediatrics 1992, 90:909-913.
78. Suominen P.K., Korpela R.E., Silfvast T.G., Olkkola K.T. Does water temperature affect outcome of nearly drowned children. Resuscitation 1997, 35:111-115.
79. Panzino F., Quintillá J.M., Luaces C., Pou J. Unintentional drowning by immersion. Epidemiological profile of victims attended in 21 Spanish emergency departments. An Pediatr (Barc) 2013, 78:178-184.
80. Szpilman D., Soares M. In-water resuscitation - is it worthwhile?. Resuscitation 2004, 63:25-31.
81. Szpilman D. Near-drowning and drowning classification: a proposal to stratify mortality based on the analysis of 1,831 cases. Chest 1997, 112:660-665.
82. Bierens J. Utstein Drowning Meeting. Presented at: 2013 World Congress on Drowning Prevention 2013, http://www.wcdp2013.org/home. [accessed 28.08.15].
83. Tipton M.J., Golden F.S. A proposed decision-making guide for the search, rescue and resuscitation of submersion (head under) victims based on expert opinion. Resuscitation 2011, 82:819-824.
84. Wanscher M., Agersnap L., Ravn J., Yndgaard S., Nielsen J.F., Danielsen E.R., et al. Outcome of accidental hypothermia with or without circulatory arrest: experience from the Danish Præstø Fjord boating accident. Resuscitation 2012, 83:1078-1084.
85. Marsch S., Tschan F., Semmer N.K., Zobrist R., Hunziker P.R., Hunziker S. ABC versus CAB for cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a prospective, randomized simulator-based trial. Swiss Med Wkly 2013, 143:w13856.
86. Lubrano R., Cecchetti C., Bellelli E., Gentile I., Loayza Levano H., Orsini F., et al. Comparison of times of intervention during pediatric CPR maneuvers using ABC and CAB sequences: a randomized trial. Resuscitation 2012, 83:1473-1477.
87. Kobayashi M., Fujiwara A., Morita H., Nishimoto Y., Mishima T., Nitta M., et al. A manikin-based observational study on cardiopulmonary resuscitation skills at the Osaka Senri medical rally. Resuscitation 2008, 78:333-339.
88. Sekiguchi H., Kondo Y., Kukita I. Verification of changes in the time taken to initiate chest compressions according to modified basic life support guidelines. Am J Emerg Med 2013, 31:1248-1250.
89. American Heart Association in collaboration with International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation Guidelines 2000 for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care: International Consensus on Science. Part 3: Adult Basic Life Support. Circulation 2000, 102:I22-I59.
90. Sasson C., Rogers M.A., Dahl J., Kellermann A.L. Predictors of survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2010, 3:63-81.
91. Kitamura T., Iwami T., Kawamura T., Nagao K., Tanaka H., Hiraide A., et al. Bystander-initiated rescue breathing for out-of-hospital cardiac arrests of noncardiac origin. Circulation 2010, 122:293-299.
92. Iwami T., Kawamura T., Hiraide A., Berg R.A., Hayashi Y., Nishiuchi T., et al. Effectiveness of bystander-initiated cardiac-only resuscitation for patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 2007, 116:2900-2907.
93. Kitamura T., Iwami T., Kawamura T., Nagao K., Tanaka H., Berg R.A., et al. Time-dependent effectiveness of chest compression-only and conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest of cardiac origin. Resuscitation 2011, 82:3-9.
94. Ong M.E., Ng F.S., Anushia P., Tham L.P., Leong B.S., Ong V.Y., et al. Comparison of chest compression only and standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Singapore. Resuscitation 2008, 78:119-126.
95. SOS-KANTO Study Group Cardiopulmonary resuscitation by bystanders with chest compression only (SOS-KANTO): an observational study. Lancet 2007, 369:920-926.
96. Bobrow B.J., Spaite D.W., Berg R.A., Stolz U., Sanders A.B., Kern K.B., et al. Chest compression-only CPR by lay rescuers and survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA 2010, 304:1447-1454.
97. Olasveengen T.M., Wik L., Steen P.A. Standard basic life support vs. continuous chest compressions only in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2008, 52:914-919.
98. Panchal A.R., Bobrow B.J., Spaite D.W., Berg R.A., Stolz U., Vadeboncoeur T.F., et al. Chest compression-only cardiopulmonary resuscitation performed by lay rescuers for adult out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to non-cardiac aetiologies. Resuscitation 2013, 84:435-439.
99. Bohm K., Rosenqvist M., Herlitz J., Hollenberg J., Svensson L. Survival is similar after standard treatment and chest compression only in out-of-hospital bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Circulation 2007, 116:2908-2912.
100. Holmberg M., Holmberg S., Herlitz J. Factors modifying the effect of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation on survival in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients in Sweden. Eur Heart J 2001, 22:511-519. Swedish Cardiac Arrest Registry.
101. Bossaert L., Van Hoeyweghen R. Evaluation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) techniques. The Cerebral Resuscitation Study Group. Resuscitation 1989, 17:S99-S109. discussion S199.
102. Hallstrom A., Cobb L., Johnson E., Copass M. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation by chest compression alone or with mouth-to-mouth ventilation. N Engl J Med 2000, 342:1546-1553.
103. Gallagher E.J., Lombardi G., Gennis P. Effectiveness of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation and survival following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA 1995, 274:1922-1925.
104. Mohler M.J., Wendel C.S., Mosier J., Itty A., Fain M., Clark L., et al. Cardiocerebral resuscitation improves out-of-hospital survival in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2011, 59:822-826.
105. Koster R.W., Sayre M.R., Botha M., Cave D.M., Cudnik M.T., Handley A.J., et al. Part 5: Adult basic life support: 2010 International consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations. Resuscitation 2010, 81:e48-e70.
106. Sayre M.R., Koster R.W., Botha M., Cave D.M., Cudnik M.T., Handley A.J., et al. Part 5: Adult basic life support: 2010 International consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations. Circulation 2010, 122:S298-S324.
107. Baker P.W., Conway J., Cotton C., Ashby D.T., Smyth J., Woodman R.J., et al. Defibrillation or cardiopulmonary resuscitation first for patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrests found by paramedics to be in ventricular fibrillation? A randomised control trial. Resuscitation 2008, 79:424-431.
108. Jacobs I.G., Finn J.C., Oxer H.F., Jelinek G.A. CPR before defibrillation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a randomized trial. Emerg Med Australas 2005, 17:39-45.
109. Ma M.H., Chiang W.C., Ko P.C., Yang C.W., Wang H.C., Chen S.Y., et al. A randomized trial of compression first or analyze first strategies in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: results from an Asian community. Resuscitation 2012, 83:806-812.
110. Stiell I.G., Nichol G., Leroux B.G., Rea T.D., Ornato J.P., Powell J., et al. Early versus later rhythm analysis in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 2011, 365:787-797.
111. Wik L., Hansen T.B., Fylling F., Steen T., Vaagenes P., Auestad B.H., et al. Delaying defibrillation to give basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation to patients with out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation: a randomized trial. JAMA 2003, 289:1389-1395.
112. Bradley S.M., Gabriel E.E., Aufderheide T.P., Barnes R., Christenson J., Davis D.P., et al. Survival increases with CPR by Emergency Medical Services before defibrillation of out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia: observations from the Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium. Resuscitation 2010, 81:155-162.
113. Cobb L.A., Fahrenbruch C.E., Walsh T.R., Copass M.K., Olsufka M., Breskin M., et al. Influence of cardiopulmonary resuscitation prior to defibrillation in patients with out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation. JAMA 1999, 281:1182-1188.
114. Hayakawa M., Gando S., Okamoto H., Asai Y., Uegaki S., Makise H. Shortening of cardiopulmonary resuscitation time before the defibrillation worsens the outcome in out-of-hospital VF patients. Am J Emerg Med 2009, 27:470-474.
115. Koike S., Tanabe S., Ogawa T., Akahane M., Yasunaga H., Horiguchi H., et al. Immediate defibrillation or defibrillation after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Prehosp Emerg Care 2011, 15:393-400.
116. Huang Y., He Q., Yang L.J., Liu G.J., Jones A. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) plus delayed defibrillation versus immediate defibrillation for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014, 9:CD009803.
117. Meier P., Baker P., Jost D., Jacobs I., Henzi B., Knapp G., et al. Chest compressions before defibrillation for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. BMC Med 2010, 8:52.
118. Simpson P.M., Goodger M.S., Bendall J.C. Delayed versus immediate defibrillation for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Resuscitation 2010, 81:925-931.
119. Rea T., Prince D., Morrison L., Callaway C., Aufderheide T., Daya M., et al. Association between survival and early versus later rhythm analysis in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: do agency-level factors influence outcomes?. Ann Emerg Med 2014, 64:1-8.
120. Chamberlain D., Smith A., Colquhoun M., Handley A.J., Kern K.B., Woollard M. Randomised controlled trials of staged teaching for basic life support: 2 Comparison of CPR performance and skill retention using either staged instruction or conventional training. Resuscitation 2001, 50:27-37.
121. Handley A.J. Teaching hand placement for chest compression - a simpler technique. Resuscitation 2002, 53:29-36.
122. Cha K.C., Kim H.J., Shin H.J., Kim H., Lee K.H., Hwang S.O. Hemodynamic effect of external chest compressions at the lower end of the sternum in cardiac arrest patients. J Emerg Med 2013, 44:691-697.
123. Qvigstad E., Kramer-Johansen J., Tømte Ø., Skålhegg T., Sørensen Ø., Sunde K., et al. Clinical pilot study of different hand positions during manual chest compressions monitored with capnography. Resuscitation 2013, 84:1203-1207.
124. Orlowski J.P. Optimum position for external cardiac compression in infants and young children. Ann Emerg Med 1986, 15:667-673.
125. Idris A.H., Guffey D., Pepe P.E., Brown S.P., Brooks S.C., Callaway C.W., et al. Chest compression rates and survival following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 2015, 43:840-848.
126. Idris A.H., Guffey D., Aufderheide T.P., Brown S., Morrison L.J., Nichols P., et al. Relationship between chest compression rates and outcomes from cardiac arrest. Circulation 2012, 125:3004-3012.
127. Abella B.S., Sandbo N., Vassilatos P., Alvarado J.P., O'Hearn N., Wigder H.N., et al. Chest compression rates during cardiopulmonary resuscitation are suboptimal: a prospective study during in-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 2005, 111:428-434.
128. Ornato J.P., Gonzalez E.R., Garnett A.R., Levine R.L., McClung B.K. Effect of cardiopulmonary resuscitation compression rate on end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration and arterial pressure in man. Crit Care Med 1988, 16:241-245.
129. Kern K.B., Sanders A.B., Raife J., Milander M.M., Otto C.W., Ewy G.A. A study of chest compression rates during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in humans. The importance of rate-directed chest compressions. Arch Intern Med 1992, 152:145-149.
130. Vadeboncoeur T., Stolz U., Panchal A., Silver A., Venuti M., Tobin J., et al. Chest compression depth and survival in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2014, 85:182-188.
131. Hostler D., Everson-Stewart S., Rea T.D., Stiell I.G., Callaway C.W., Kudenchuk P.J., et al. Effect of real-time feedback during cardiopulmonary resuscitation outside hospital: prospective, cluster-randomised trial. BMJ 2011, 342:d512.
132. Stiell I.G., Brown S.P., Christenson J., Cheskes S., Nichol G., Powell J., et al. What is the role of chest compression depth during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest resuscitation?. Crit Care Med 2012, 40:1192-1198.
133. Stiell I.G., Brown S.P., Nichol G., Cheskes S., Vaillancourt C., Callaway C.W., et al. What is the optimal chest compression depth during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest resuscitation of adult patients?. Circulation 2014, 130:1962-1970.
134. Babbs C.F., Kemeny A.E., Quan W., Freeman G. A new paradigm for human resuscitation research using intelligent devices. Resuscitation 2008, 77:306-315.
135. Bohn A., Weber T.P., Wecker S., Harding U., Osada N., Van Aken H., et al. The addition of voice prompts to audiovisual feedback and debriefing does not modify CPR quality or outcomes in out of hospital cardiac arrest - a prospective, randomized trial. Resuscitation 2011, 82:257-262.
136. Edelson D.P., Abella B.S., Kramer-Johansen J., Wik L., Myklebust H., Barry A.M., et al. Effects of compression depth and pre-shock pauses predict defibrillation failure during cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2006, 71:137-145.
137. Edelson D.P., Litzinger B., Arora V., Walsh D., Kim S., Lauderdale D.S., et al. Improving in-hospital cardiac arrest process and outcomes with performance debriefing. Arch Intern Med 2008, 168:1063-1069.
138. Kramer-Johansen J., Myklebust H., Wik L., Fellows B., Svensson L., Sørebø H., et al. Quality of out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation with real time automated feedback: a prospective interventional study. Resuscitation 2006, 71:283-292.
139. Hellevuo H., Sainio M., Nevalainen R., Huhtala H., Olkkola K.T., Tenhunen J., et al. Deeper chest compression - more complications for cardiac arrest patients?. Resuscitation 2013, 84:760-765.
140. Zuercher M., Hilwig R.W., Ranger-Moore J., Nysaether J., Nadkarni V.M., Berg M.D., et al. Leaning during chest compressions impairs cardiac output and left ventricular myocardial blood flow in piglet cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 2010, 38:1141-1146.
141. Niles D., Nysaether J., Sutton R., Nishisaki A., Abella B.S., Arbogast K., et al. Leaning is common during in-hospital pediatric CPR, and decreased with automated corrective feedback. Resuscitation 2009, 80:553-557.
142. Fried D.A., Leary M., Smith D.A., Sutton R.M., Niles D., Herzberg D.L., et al. The prevalence of chest compression leaning during in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 2011, 82:1019-1024.
143. Yannopoulos D., McKnite S., Aufderheide T.P., Sigurdsson G., Pirrallo R.G., Benditt D., et al. Effects of incomplete chest wall decompression during cardiopulmonary resuscitation on coronary and cerebral perfusion pressures in a porcine model of cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2005, 64:363-372.
144. Glatz A.C., Nishisaki A., Niles D.E., Hanna B.D., Eilevstjonn J., Diaz L.K., et al. Sternal wall pressure comparable to leaning during CPR impacts intrathoracic pressure and haemodynamics in anaesthetized children during cardiac catheterization. Resuscitation 2013, 84:1674-1679.
145. Beesems S.G., Wijmans L., Tijssen J.G., Koster R.W. Duration of ventilations during cardiopulmonary resuscitation by lay rescuers and first responders: relationship between delivering chest compressions and outcomes. Circulation 2013, 127:1585-1590.
146. Jost D., Degrange H., Verret C., Hersan O., Banville I.L., Chapman F.W., et al. DEFI 2005 a randomized controlled trial of the effect of automated external defibrillator cardiopulmonary resuscitation protocol on outcome from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 2010, 121:1614-1622.
147. Cheskes S., Schmicker R.H., Christenson J., Salcido D.D., Rea T., Powell J., et al. Perishock pause: an independent predictor of survival from out-of-hospital shockable cardiac arrest. Circulation 2011, 124:58-66.
148. Cheskes S., Schmicker R.H., Verbeek P.R., Salcido D.D., Brown S.P., Brooks S., et al. The impact of peri-shock pause on survival from out-of-hospital shockable cardiac arrest during the Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium PRIMED trial. Resuscitation 2014, 85:336-342.
149. Christenson J., Andrusiek D., Everson-Stewart S., Kudenchuk P., Hostler D., Powell J., et al. Chest compression fraction determines survival in patients with out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation. Circulation 2009, 120:1241-1247.
150. Sell R.E., Sarno R., Lawrence B., Castillo E.M., Fisher R., Brainard C., et al. Minimizing pre- and post-defibrillation pauses increases the likelihood of return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Resuscitation 2010, 81:822-825.
151. Vaillancourt C., Everson-Stewart S., Christenson J., Andrusiek D., Powell J., Nichol G., et al. The impact of increased chest compression fraction on return of spontaneous circulation for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients not in ventricular fibrillation. Resuscitation 2011, 82:1501-1507.
152. Hinchey P.R., Myers J.B., Lewis R., De Maio V.J., Reyer E., Licatese D., et al. Improved out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survival after the sequential implementation of 2005 AHA guidelines for compressions, ventilations, and induced hypothermia: the Wake County experience. Ann Emerg Med 2010, 56:348-357.
153. Olasveengen T.M., Vik E., Kuzovlev A., Sunde K. Effect of implementation of new resuscitation guidelines on quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation and survival. Resuscitation 2009, 80:407-411.
154. Sayre M.R., Cantrell S.A., White L.J., Hiestand B.C., Keseg D.P., Koser S. Impact of the 2005 American Heart Association cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care guidelines on out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survival. Prehosp Emerg Care 2009, 13:469-477.
155. Steinmetz J., Barnung S., Nielsen S.L., Risom M., Rasmussen L.S. Improved survival after an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest using new guidelines. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2008, 52:908-913.
156. Hostler D., Rittenberger J.C., Roth R., Callaway C.W. Increased chest compression to ventilation ratio improves delivery of CPR. Resuscitation 2007, 74:446-452.
157. Abella B.S., Edelson D.P., Kim S., Retzer E., Myklebust H., Barry A.M., et al. CPR quality improvement during in-hospital cardiac arrest using a real-time audiovisual feedback system. Resuscitation 2007, 73:54-61.
158. Berg R.A., Sanders A.B., Milander M., Tellez D., Liu P., Beyda D. Efficacy of audio-prompted rate guidance in improving resuscitator performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation on children. Acad Emerg Med 1994, 1:35-40.
159. Bobrow B.J., Vadeboncoeur T.F., Stolz U., Silver A.E., Tobin J.M., Crawford S.A., et al. The influence of scenario-based training and real-time audiovisual feedback on out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation quality and survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med 2013, 62. 47.e1-56.e1.
160. Chiang W.C., Chen W.J., Chen S.Y., Ko P.C., Lin C.H., Tsai M.S., et al. Better adherence to the guidelines during cardiopulmonary resuscitation through the provision of audio-prompts. Resuscitation 2005, 64:297-301.
161. Lukas R.P., Gräsner J.T., Seewald S., Lefering R., Weber T.P., Van Aken H., et al. Chest compression quality management and return of spontaneous circulation: a matched-pair registry study. Resuscitation 2012, 83:1212-1218.
162. Sainio M., Kämäräinen A., Huhtala H., Aaltonen P., Tenhunen J., Olkkola K.T., et al. Real-time audiovisual feedback system in a physician-staffed helicopter emergency medical service in Finland: the quality results and barriers to implementation. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2013, 21:50.
163. Sutton R.M., Niles D., French B., Maltese M.R., Leffelman J., Eilevstjønn J., et al. First quantitative analysis of cardiopulmonary resuscitation quality during in-hospital cardiac arrests of young children. Resuscitation 2014, 85:70-74.
164. Kellum M.J., Kennedy K.W., Barney R., Keilhauer F.A., Bellino M., Zuercher M., et al. Cardiocerebral resuscitation improves neurologically intact survival of patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med 2008, 52:244-252.
165. Kellum M.J., Kennedy K.W., Ewy G.A. Cardiocerebral resuscitation improves survival of patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Am J Med 2006, 119:335-340.
166. Bobrow B.J., Ewy G.A., Clark L., Chikani V., Berg R.A., Sanders A.B., et al. Passive oxygen insufflation is superior to bag-valve-mask ventilation for witnessed ventricular fibrillation out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med 2009, 54. 656.e1-662.e1.
167. Mosier J., Itty A., Sanders A., Mohler J., Wendel C., Poulsen J., et al. Cardiocerebral resuscitation is associated with improved survival and neurologic outcome from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in elders. Acad Emerg Med 2010, 17:269-275.
168. Bobrow B.J., Clark L.L., Ewy G.A., Chikani V., Sanders A.B., Berg R.A., et al. Minimally interrupted cardiac resuscitation by emergency medical services for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA 2008, 299:1158-1165.
169. Saïssy J.M., Boussignac G., Cheptel E., Rouvin B., Fontaine D., Bargues L., et al. Efficacy of continuous insufflation of oxygen combined with active cardiac compression-decompression during out-of-hospital cardiorespiratory arrest. Anesthesiology 2000, 92:1523-1530.
170. Bertrand C., Hemery F., Carli P., Goldstein P., Espesson C., Rüttimann M., et al. Constant flow insufflation of oxygen as the sole mode of ventilation during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Intensive Care Med 2006, 32:843-851.
171. White L., Rogers J., Bloomingdale M., Fahrenbruch C., Culley L., Subido C., et al. Dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation: risks for patients not in cardiac arrest. Circulation 2010, 121:91-97.
172. Haley K.B., Lerner E.B., Pirrallo R.G., Croft H., Johnson A., Uihlein M. The frequency and consequences of cardiopulmonary resuscitation performed by bystanders on patients who are not in cardiac arrest. Prehosp Emerg Care 2011, 15:282-287.
173. Moriwaki Y., Sugiyama M., Tahara Y., Iwashita M., Kosuge T., Harunari N., et al. Complications of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation for unconscious patients without cardiopulmonary arrest. J Emerg Trauma Shock 2012, 5:3-6.
174. Tanaka Y., Nishi T., Takase K., Yoshita Y., Wato Y., Taniguchi J., et al. Survey of a protocol to increase appropriate implementation of dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 2014, 129:1751-1760.
175. Cappato R., Curnis A., Marzollo P., Mascioli G., Bordonali T., Beretti S., et al. Prospective assessment of integrating the existing emergency medical system with automated external defibrillators fully operated by volunteers and laypersons for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: the Brescia Early Defibrillation Study (BEDS). Eur Heart J 2006, 27:553-561.
176. Kitamura T., Iwami T., Kawamura T., Nagao K., Tanaka H., Hiraide A., et al. Nationwide public-access defibrillation in Japan. N Engl J Med 2010, 362:994-1004.
177. Kitamura T., Iwami T., Kawamura T., Nitta M., Nagao K., Nonogi H., et al. Nationwide improvements in survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Japan. Circulation 2012, 126:2834-2843.
178. Mitani Y., Ohta K., Yodoya N., Otsuki S., Ohashi H., Sawada H., et al. Public access defibrillation improved the outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in school-age children: a nationwide, population-based, Utstein registry study in Japan. Europace 2013, 15:1259-1266.
179. Hallstrom A.P., Ornato J.P., Weisfeldt M., Travers A., Christenson J., McBurnie M.A., et al. Public-access defibrillation and survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 2004, 351:637-646.
180. Berdowski J., Blom M.T., Bardai A., Tan H.L., Tijssen J.G., Koster R.W. Impact of onsite or dispatched automated external defibrillator use on survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 2011, 124:2225-2232.
181. Capucci A., Aschieri D., Piepoli M.F., Bardy G.H., Iconomu E., Arvedi M. Tripling survival from sudden cardiac arrest via early defibrillation without traditional education in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Circulation 2002, 106:1065-1070.
182. Kuisma M., Castrén M., Nurminen K. Public access defibrillation in Helsinki-costs and potential benefits from a community-based pilot study. Resuscitation 2003, 56:149-152.
183. Iwami T., Kitamura T., Kawamura T., Mitamura H., Nagao K., Takayama M., et al. Chest compression-only cardiopulmonary resuscitation for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with public-access defibrillation: a nationwide cohort study. Circulation 2012, 126:2844-2851.
184. Culley L.L., Rea T.D., Murray J.A., Welles B., Fahrenbruch C.E., Olsufka M., et al. Public access defibrillation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a community-based study. Circulation 2004, 109:1859-1863.
185. Fleischhackl R., Roessler B., Domanovits H., Singer F., Fleischhackl S., Foitik G., et al. Results from Austria's nationwide public access defibrillation (ANPAD) programme collected over 2 years. Resuscitation 2008, 77:195-200.
186. Rea T.D., Olsufka M., Bemis B., White L., Yin L., Becker L., et al. A population-based investigation of public access defibrillation: role of emergency medical services care. Resuscitation 2010, 81:163-167.
187. Swor R., Grace H., McGovern H., Weiner M., Walton E. Cardiac arrests in schools: assessing use of automated external defibrillators (AED) on school campuses. Resuscitation 2013, 84:426-429.
188. Weisfeldt M.L., Sitlani C.M., Ornato J.P., Rea T., Aufderheide T.P., Davis D., et al. Survival after application of automatic external defibrillators before arrival of the emergency medical system: evaluation in the resuscitation outcomes consortium population of 21 million. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010, 55:1713-1720.
189. Weisfeldt M.L., Everson-Stewart S., Sitlani C., Rea T., Aufderheide T.P., Atkins D.L., et al. Ventricular tachyarrhythmias after cardiac arrest in public versus at home. N Engl J Med 2011, 364:313-321.
190. Rea T.D., Helbock M., Perry S., Garcia M., Cloyd D., Becker L., et al. Increasing use of cardiopulmonary resuscitation during out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation arrest: survival implications of guideline changes. Circulation 2006, 114:2760-2765.
191. Berdowski J., Tijssen J.G., Koster R.W. Chest compressions cause recurrence of ventricular fibrillation after the first successful conversion by defibrillation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2010, 3:72-78.
192. Sayre M.R., Koster R.W., Botha M., Cave D.M., Cudnik M.T., Handley A.J., et al. Part 5: adult basic life support: 2010 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations. Circulation 2010, 122:S298-S324.
193. 2005 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations. Part 4: adult basic life support. Circulation 2005, 112:IV-18-IV-34.
194. 2005 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations. Part 4: advanced life support. Resuscitation 2005, 67:213-247.