Personal and environmental risk factors significantly associated with elevated blood lead levels in rural Thai children

Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health

Volumn 45, Issue 6, 2014, Pages 1492-1502

  Swaddiwudhipong, Witaya ^a   Kavinum, Suporn ^b   Papwijitsil, Ratchadaporn ^c   Tontiwattanasap, Worawit ^c   Khunyotying, Wanlee ^c   Umpan, Jiraporn ^d   Boonthum, Ratchaneekorn ^d   Kaewnate, Yingyot ^a   Boonmee, Sasis ^a   Thongchub, Winai ^e   Rodsung, Thassanee ^b  

^a MAE SOT GENERAL HOSPITAL   (Thailand)

^b Tak Provincial Health Office   (Thailand)

^c Umphang Hospital   (Thailand)

^d Regional Medical Sciences Center   (Thailand)

^e Office of Disease Prevention and Control Region 9   (Thailand)

Author keywords

Blood lead level; Environmental lead exposure; Lead; Lead acid battery; Metal cooking pot; Thai children

Indexed keywords

DRINKING WATER; LEAD;

ADOLESCENT; ANALYSIS; BLOOD; CHILD; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; FEMALE; HUMAN; INFANT; LEAD POISONING; MALE; PRESCHOOL CHILD; RISK FACTOR; RURAL POPULATION; STANDARDS; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; THAILAND; WATER SUPPLY;

ADOLESCENT; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; DRINKING WATER; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; FEMALE; HUMANS; INFANT; LEAD; LEAD POISONING; MALE; RISK FACTORS; RURAL POPULATION; THAILAND; WATER SUPPLY;

EID: 84944878214     PISSN: 01251562     EISSN: 26975718     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). Toxicological profile for lead. Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, 2007.
2. American Academy of Pediatrics. Lead exposure in children: prevention, detection, and management. Pediatrics 2005; 116: 1036-46.
3. Bellinger DC. Lead. Pediatrics 2004; 113 (suppl): 1016-22.
4. Bellinger DC. The protean toxicities of lead: new chapters in a familiar story. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2011; 8: 2593-628.
5. Bradman A, Eskenazi B, Sutton P, Athanasoulis M, Goldman LR. Iron deficiency associated with higher blood lead in children living in contaminated environments. Environ Health Perspect 2001; 109: 1079-84.
6. Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Managing elevated blood levels among young children: recommendations from the Advisory Committee on Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention. Nutritional interventions. Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2002.
7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Preventing lead poisoning in young children. Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2005.
8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). CDC response to Advisory Committee on Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention recommendations in “Low level lead exposure harms children: a renewed call for primary prevention.” Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012.
9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Blood lead levels in children aged 1-5 years–Unites States, 1999-2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2013; 62: 245-8.
10. Chomchai C, Padungtod C, Chomchai S. Predictors of elevated blood lead level in Thai children: a pilot study using risk assessment questionnaire. J Med Assoc Thai 2005; 88 (suppl): 53-9.
11. Codex Alimentarius Commission. Codex general standard for contaminants and toxins in food and feed (Codex Stan 193-1995). Geneva: Joint Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)/World Health Organization (WHO), 2010.
12. Department of Health, Thailand Ministry of Public Health. Maternal and child health records: growth standards for weight and height for Thai children. Nonthaburi: Ministry of Public Health, 2011.
13. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Identification of dangerous levels of lead-final rule, 40 CFRPart 745. Fed Regist 2001; 66: 1206-40.
14. Etchevers A, Bretin P, Lecoffre C, et al. Blood lead levels and risk factors in young children in France, 2008-2009. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2014; 217: 528-37.
15. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Action levels for poisonous or deleterious substances in human food and animal feed. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, 2000.
16. Flanagan PR, Chamberlain MJ, Valberg LS. The relationship between iron and lead absorption in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 1982; 36: 823-9.
17. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Summaries and evaluation: inorganic and organic lead compounds. In: IARC Monographs for the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Lyon: IARC, 2006: 87.
18. Iriani DU, Matsukawa T, Tadjudin MK, Itoh H, Yokoyama K. Cross-sectional study on the effects of socioeconomic factors on lead exposure in children by gender in Serpong, Indonesia. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2012; 9: 4135-49.
19. Levin R, Brown MJ, Kashtock ME, et al. Lead exposures in U.S. children, 2008: implications for prevention. Environ Health Perspect 2008; 116: 1285-93.
20. Liu J, McCauley L, Compher C, et al. Regular breakfast and blood lead levels among preschool children. Environ Health 2011; 10: 28.
21. Lynch R, Elledge B, Peters C. An assessment of lead leach ability from lead-glazed ceramic cooking vessels. J Environ Health 2008; 70: 36-40, 53.
22. Mahaffey KR. Nutrition and lead: strategies for public health. Environ Health Perspect 1995; 103 (suppl): 191-6.
23. Mitchell T, Jentes E, Ortega L, et al. Lead poisoning in United States-bound refugee children: Thailand-Burma border, 2009. Pediatrics 2012; 129: e392-9.
24. Naicker N, Richter L, Mathee A, Becker P, Norris SA. Environmental lead exposure and socio-behavioural adjustment in the early teens: the birth to twenty cohort. Sci Total Environ 2012; 414: 120-5.
25. Neesanan N, Kasemsup R, Ratanachuaeg S, Kojaranjit P, Sakulnoom K, Padungtod C. Preliminary study on assessment of lead exposure in Thai children aged between 3-7 years old who live in Umphang district, Tak Province. J Med Assoc Thai 2011; 94 (suppl): 113-20.
26. Office of Disease Prevention and Control 9. Lead concentrations in soil, locally grown crops and vegetables in Umphang District, Tak Province. Phitsanulok: Department of Disease Control, Thailand Ministry of Public Health, 2013.
27. Pusapukdepob J, Sawangwong P, Pulket C, Satraphat D, Saowakontha S, Panutrakul, S. Health risk assessment of villagers who live near a lead mining area: a case study of Klity village, Kanchanaburi Province, Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2007; 38: 168-77.
28. Rabinowitz MB, Kopple JD, Wetherill GW. Effect of food intake and fasting on gastrointestinal lead absorption in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 1980; 33: 1784-8.
29. Rahbar MH, White F, Agboatwalla M, Hozhabri S, Luby S. Factors associated with elevated blood lead concentrations in children in Karachi, Pakistan. Bull World Health Organ 2002; 80: 769-75.
30. Rojas-López M, Santos-Burgoa C, Ríos C, Hernández-Avila M, Romieu I. Use of lead-glazed ceramics is the main factor associated to high lead in blood levels in two Mexican rural communities. J Toxicol Environ Health 1994; 42: 45-52.
31. Ros C, Mwanri L. Lead exposure, interactions and toxicity: food for thought. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2003; 12: 388-95.
32. Rothenberg SJ, Schnaas L, Perroni E, Hernández RM, Ortega JF. Blood lead secular trend in a cohort of children in Mexico City. II. 1990-1995. Arch Environ Health 2000; 55: 245-9.
33. Ruangkanchanasetr S, Suepiantham J. Risk factors of high lead level in Bangkok children. J Med Assoc Thai 2002; 85 (suppl): 1049-58.
34. Schnaas L, Rothenberg SJ, Flores MF, et al. Blood lead secular trend in a cohort of children in Mexico City (1987-2002). Environ Health Perspect 2004; 112: 1110-5.
35. Swaddiwudhipong W, Tontiwattanasap W, Khunyotying W, Sanreun C. Increased blood lead levels among rural Thai children exposed to lead-acid batteries of solar energy conversion systems. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2013; 44: 1079-87.
36. Thailand Ministry of Public Health. Standards for food products. R Thai Govern Gaz 2013; 130: 88-92.
37. Villalobos M, Merino-Sánchez C, Hall C, Grieshop J, Gutiérrez-Ruiz ME, Handley MA. Lead (II) detection and contamination routes in environmental sources, cookware and home-prepared foods from Zimatlán, Oaxaca, Mexico. Sci Total Environ 2009; 407: 2836-44.
38. Wang JD, Jang CS, Hwang, YH, Chen ZS. Lead contamination around a kindergarten near a battery recycling plant. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 1992; 49: 23-30.
39. Warniment C, Tsang K, Galazka SS. Lead poisoning in children. Am Fam Physician 2010; 81: 751-7.
40. World Health Organization (WHO). Worldwide prevalence of anemia, 1993-2005. Geneva: WHO, 2008.
41. World Health Organization (WHO). Exposure to lead: a major public health concern. Geneva: WHO, 2010a.
42. World Health Organization (WHO). Childhood lead poisoning. Geneva: WHO, 2010b.
43. World Health Organization (WHO). Guidelines for drinking-water quality, 4th ed. Geneva: WHO, 2011.
44. Wright RO, Shannon MW, Wright RJ, Hu H. Association between iron deficiency and low-level lead poisoning in an urban primary care clinic. Am J Public Health 1999; 89: 1049-53.
45. Wright RO, Tsaih SW, Schwartz J, Wright RJ, Hu H. Association between iron deficiency and blood lead level in a longitudinal analysis of children followed in an urban primary care clinic. J Pediatr 2003; 142: 9-14.