Testing modern human out-of-Africa dispersal models and implications for modern human origins

Journal of Human Evolution

Volumn 87, Issue , 2015, Pages 95-106

  Reyes Centeno, Hugo ^a   Hubbe, Mark ^b,c   Hanihara, Tsunehiko ^d   Stringer, Chris ^e   Harvati, Katerina ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TÜBINGEN   (Germany)

^b OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DEL NORTE   (Chile)

^d KITASATO UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Japan)

^e DEPARTMENT OF LIFE SCIENCES   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Anatomically modern humans; Anthropogeny; Quantitative genetics

Indexed keywords

ANATOMY; DISPERSAL; FOSSIL RECORD; HOLOCENE; MODELING; PHENOTYPE; POPULATION GENETICS; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS;

AFRICA; LEVANT; MEDITERRANEAN REGION;

CRANIA;

AFRICA; ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY; ASIA; CEPHALOMETRY; EVOLUTION; FOSSIL; GEOGRAPHY; HUMAN; MIDDLE EAST; POPULATION DYNAMICS; SKULL;

AFRICA; ASIA; BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION; CEPHALOMETRY; FOSSILS; GEOGRAPHY; HUMANS; MIDDLE EAST; POPULATION DYNAMICS; SKULL;

EID: 84944159190     PISSN: 00472484     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.06.008     Document Type: Article

References (142)

1. Armitage S.J., Jasim S.A., Marks A.E., Parker A.G., Usik V.I., Uerpmann H.-P. The southern route "out of Africa": evidence for an early expansion of modern humans into Arabia. Science 2011, 331:453-456.
2. Atkinson Q.D. Phonemic diversity supports a serial founder effect model of language expansion from Africa. Science 2011, 332:346-349.
3. Barker G., Barton H., Bird M., Daly P., Datan I., Dykes A., Farr L., Gilbertson D., Harrisson B., Hunt C., Higham T., Kealhofer L., Krigbaum J., Lewis H., McLaren S., Paz V., Pike A., Piper P., Pyatt B., Rabett R., Reynolds T., Rose J., Rushworth G., Stephens M., Stringer C., Thompson J., Turney C. The 'human revolution' in lowland tropical Southeast Asia: the antiquity and behavior of anatomically modern humans at Niah Cave (Sarawak, Borneo). J. Hum. Evol. 2007, 52:243-261.
4. Betti L., Balloux F., Amos W., Hanihara T., Manica A. Distance from Africa, not climate, explains within-population phenotypic diversity in humans. Proc. R. Soc. B 2009, 276:809-814.
5. Blome M.W., Cohen A.S., Tryon C.A., Brooks A.S., Russell J. The environmental context for the origins of modern human diversity: a synthesis of regional variability in African climate 150,000-30,000 years ago. J. Hum. Evol. 2012, 62:563-592.
6. Blum M.G.B., Jakobsson M. Deep divergences of human gene trees and models of human origins. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2011, 28:889-898.
7. Boivin N., Fuller D.Q., Dennell R., Allaby R., Petraglia M.D. Human dispersal across diverse environments of Asia during the Upper Pleistocene. Quatern. Int. 2013, 300:32-47.
8. Bowler J.M., Johnston H., Olley J.M., Prescott J.R., Roberts R.G., Shawcross W., Spooner N.A. New ages for human occupation and climatic change at Lake Mungo, Australia. Nature 2003, 421:837-840.
9. Bräuer G. Osteometrie: a. Kraniometrie. Anthropologie: Handbuch der Vergleichenden Biologie des Menschen 1988, 160-232. Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart. R. Knußmann (Ed.).
10. Carson E.A. Maximum likelihood estimation of human craniometric heritabilities. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 2006, 131:169-180.
11. Cooper A., Stringer C.B. Did the Denisovans cross Wallace's Line?. Science 2013, 342:321-323.
12. Crevecoeur I. Etude anthropologique des restes humains de Nazlet Khater (Paléolithique supérieur, Egypte) 2006, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Bordeaux.
13. Crevecoeur I., Rougier H., Grine F., Froment A. Modern human cranial diversity in the Late Pleistocene of Africa and Eurasia: evidence from Nazlet Khater, Peştera cu Oase, and Hofmeyr. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 2009, 140:347-358.
14. Darroch J.N., Mosimann J.E. Canonical and principal components of shape. Biometrika 1985, 72:241-252.
15. DeGiorgio M., Jakobsson M., Rosenberg N.A. Explaining worldwide patterns of human genetic variation using a coalescent-based serial founder model of migration outward from Africa. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2009, 106:16057-16062.
16. Delagnes A., Crassard R., Bertran P., Sitzia L. Cultural and human dynamics in southern Arabia at the end of the Middle Paleolithic. Quatern. Int. 2013, 300:234-243.
17. Demeter F., Shackelford L.L., Bacon A.-M., Duringer P., Westaway K., Sayavongkhamdy T., Braga J., Sichanthongtip P., Khamdalavong P., Ponche J.-L., Wang H., Lundstrom C., Patole-Edoumba E., Karpoff A.-M. Anatomically modern human in Southeast Asia (Laos) by 46 ka. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2012, 109:14375-14380.
18. Deshpande O., Batzoglou S., Feldman M.W., Luca Cavalli-Sforza L. A serial founder effect model for human settlement out of Africa. Proc. R. Soc. B 2009, 276:291-300.
19. Dow M.M., Cheverud J.M. Comparison of distance matrices in studies of population structure and genetic microdifferentiation: quadratic assignment. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 1985, 68:367-373.
20. Eller E. Population substructure and isolation by distance in three continental regions. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 1999, 108:147-159.
21. Endicott P. Revisiting the "Negrito" hypothesis: a transdisciplinary approach to human prehistory in Southeast Asia. Hum. Biol. 2013, 85:7-20.
22. Endicott P., Ho S.Y.W. A Bayesian evaluation of human mitochondrial substitution rates. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2008, 82:895-902.
23. Endicott P., Ho S.Y.W., Metspalu M., Stringer C. Evaluating the mitochondrial timescale of human evolution. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2009, 24:515-521.
24. Ennouchi E. Un crâne d'Homme ancien au Jebel Irhoud (Maroc). C. R. Hebd. Acad. Sci. 1962, 254:4330-4332.
25. Eriksson A., Manica A. Effect of ancient population structure on the degree of polymorphism shared between modern human populations and ancient hominins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2012, 109:13956-13960.
26. Eriksson A., Manica A. The doubly-conditioned frequency spectrum does not distinguish between ancient population structure and hybridisation. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2014, 31:1618-1621.
27. Eriksson A., Betti L., Friend A.D., Lycett S.J., Singarayer J.S., von Cramon-Taubadel N., Valdes P.J., Balloux F., Manica A. Late Pleistocene climate change and the global expansion of anatomically modern humans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2012, 109:16089-16094.
28. Fernandes V., Alshamali F., Alves M., Costa Marta D., Pereira Joana B., Silva Nuno M., Cherni L., Harich N., Cerny V., Soares P., Richards Martin B., Pereira L. The Arabian cradle: mitochondrial relicts of the first steps along the southern route out of Africa. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2012, 90:347-355.
29. Fu Q., Meyer M., Gao X., Stenzel U., Burbano H.A., Kelso J., Pääbo S. DNA analysis of an early modern human from Tianyuan Cave, China. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2013, 110:2223-2227.
30. Fu Q., Mittnik A., Johnson P.L.F., Bos K., Lari M., Bollongino R., Sun C., Giemsch L., Schmitz R., Burger J., Ronchitelli A.M., Martini F., Cremonesi R.G., Svoboda J., Bauer P., Caramelli D., Castellano S., Reich D., Pääbo S., Krause J. A revised timescale for human evolution based on ancient mitochondrial genomes. Curr. Biol. 2013, 23:553-559.
31. Fu Q., Li H., Moorjani P., Jay F., Slepchenko S.M., Bondarev A.A., Johnson P.L.F., Aximu-Petri A., Prüfer K., de Filippo C., Meyer M., Zwyns N., Salazar-Garcia D.C., Kuzmin Y.V., Keates S.G., Kosintsev P.A., Razhev D.I., Richards M.P., Peristov N.V., Lachmann M., Douka K., Higham T.F.G., Slatkin M., Hublin J.-J., Reich D., Kelso J., Viola T.B., Pääbo S. Genome sequence of a 45,000-year-old modern human from western Siberia. Nature 2014, 514:445-449.
32. Ghirotto S., Penso-Dolfin L., Barbujani G. Genomic evidence for an African expansion of anatomically-modern humans by a southern route. Hum. Biol. 2011, 83:2.
33. Green R.E., Shapiro B. Human evolution: turning back the clock. Curr. Biol. 2013, 23:R286-R288.
34. Green R.E., Krause J., Briggs A.W., Maricic T., Stenzel U., Kircher M., Patterson N., Li H., Zhai W., Fritz M.H.-Y., Hansen N.F., Durand E.Y., Malaspinas A.-S., Jensen J.D., Marques-Bonet T., Alkan C., Prüfer K., Meyer M., Burbano H.A., Good J.M., Schultz R., Aximu-Petri A., Butthof A., Höber B., Höffner B., Siegemund M., Weihmann A., Nusbaum C., Lander E.S., Russ C., Novod N., Affourtit J., Egholm M., Verna C., Rudan P., Brajkovic D., Kucan Ž., Gušic I., Doronichev V.B., Golovanova L.V., Lalueza-Fox C., de la Rasilla M., Fortea J., Rosas A., Schmitz R.W., Johnson P.L.F., Eichler E.E., Falush D., Birney E., Mullikin J.C., Slatkin M., Nielsen R., Kelso J., Lachmann M., Reich D., Pääbo S. A draft sequence of the Neandertal genome. Science 2010, 328:710-722.
35. Grine F.E., Bailey R., Harvati K., Nathan R., Morris A., Henderson G., Ribot I., Pike A. Late Pleistocene human skull from Hofmeyr, South Africa, and modern human origins. Science 2007, 315:226.
36. Grine F.E., Gunz P., Betti-Nash L., Neubauer S., Morris A.G. Reconstruction of the late Pleistocene human skull from Hofmeyr, South Africa. J. Hum. Evol. 2010, 59:1-15.
37. Grün R., Stringer C.B. Electron spin resonance dating and the evolution of modern humans. Archaeometry 1991, 33:153-199.
38. Grün R., Stringer C., McDermott F., Nathan R., Porat N., Robertson S., Taylor L., Mortimer G., Eggins S., McCulloch M. U-series and ESR analyses of bones and teeth relating to the human burials from Skhul. J. Hum. Evol. 2005, 49:316-334.
39. Gunz P., Bookstein F.L., Mitteroecker P., Stadlmayr A., Seidler H., Weber G.W. Early modern human diversity suggests subdivided population structure and a complex out-of-Africa scenario. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2009, 106:6094-6098.
40. Gutenkunst R.N., Hernandez R.D., Williamson S.H., Bustamante C.D. Inferring the joint demographic history of multiple populations from multidimensional SNP frequency data. PLoS Genet. 2009, 5:e1000695.
41. Hammer M.F., Woerner A.E., Mendez F.L., Watkins J.C., Wall J.D. Genetic evidence for archaic admixture in Africa. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2011, 108:15123-15128.
42. Hanihara T. Negritos, Australian Aborigines, and the "proto-sundadont" dental pattern: the basic populations in East Asia, V. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 1992, 88:183-196.
43. Hanihara T. Interpretation of craniofacial variation and diversification of East and Southeast Asians. Bioarchaeology of Southeast Asia 2006, 91-111. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. M. Oxenham, N. Tayles (Eds.).
44. Hanihara T., Matsumura H., Kawakubo Y., Coung N.L., Thuy N.K., Oxenham M.F., Dodo Y. Population history of northern Vietnamese inferred from nonmetric cranial trait variation. Anthropol. Sci. 2012, 120:157-165.
45. Harpending H., Rogers A. Genetic perspectives on human origins and differentiation. Annu. Rev. Genomics Hum. Genet. 2000, 1:361-385.
46. Harpending H.C., Ward R.H. Chemical systematics and human populations. Biochemical Aspects of Evolutionary Biology 1982, 213-256. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. M. Nitecki (Ed.).
47. Harvati K., Weaver T. Reliability of cranial morphology in reconstructing Neanderthal phylogeny. Neanderthals Revisited: New Approaches and Perspectives 2006, 239-254. Springer, Dordrecht. K. Harvati, T. Harrison (Eds.).
48. Harvati K., Weaver T.D. Human cranial anatomy and the differential preservation of population history and climate signatures. Anat. Rec. Part A 2006, 288:1225-1233.
49. Harvati K., Stringer C., Grün R., Aubert M., Allsworth-Jones P., Folorunso C.A. The Later Stone Age calvaria from Iwo Eleru, Nigeria: morphology and chronology. PLoS One 2011, 6:e24024.
50. Henshilwood C.S., Marean C.W. The origin of modern human behavior: critique of the models and their test implications. Curr. Anthropol. 2003, 44:627-651.
51. Higham T.F.G., Barton H., Turney C.S.M., Barker G., Ramsey C.B., Brock F. Radiocarbon dating of charcoal from tropical sequences: results from the Niah Great Cave, Sarawak, and their broader implications. J. Quatern. Sci. 2009, 24:189-197.
52. ST. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2009, 10:639-650.
53. Howell F.C. Paleo-demes, species clades, and extinctions in the Pleistocene hominin record. J. Anthropol. Res. 1999, 55:191-243.
54. Howells W.W. Cranial Variation in Man: A Study by Multivariate Analysis of Patterns of Difference Among Recent Human Populations 1973, Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Cambridge.
55. Hubbe M., Hanihara T., Harvati K. Climate signatures in the morphological differentiation of worldwide modern human populations. Anat. Rec. 2009, 292:1720-1733.
56. Hubbe M., Neves W.A., Harvati K. Testing evolutionary and dispersion scenarios for the settlement of the New World. PLoS One 2010, 5:e11105.
57. Hubbe M., Harvati K., Neves W. Paleoamerican morphology in the context of European and East Asian late Pleistocene variation: implications for human dispersion into the New World. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 2011, 144:442-453.
58. Hublin J.J. Northwestern African Middle Pleistocene hominids and their bearing on the emergence of Homo sapiens. Human Roots: Africa and Asia in the Middle Pleistocene 2001, 99-121. Centre for Human Evolutionary Research at the University of Bristol, CHERUB ed. Western Academic & Specialist Press Limited, Bristol. L. Barham, K. Robson-Brown (Eds.).
59. Hudjashov G., Kivisild T., Underhill P.A., Endicott P., Sanchez J.J., Lin A.A., Shen P., Oefner P., Renfrew C., Villems R., Forster P. Revealing the prehistoric settlement of Australia by Y chromosome and mtDNA analysis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2007, 104:8726-8730.
60. Jakobsson M., Scholz S.W., Scheet P., Gibbs J.R., VanLiere J.M., Fung H.-C., Szpiech Z.A., Degnan J.H., Wang K., Guerreiro R., Bras J.M., Schymick J.C., Hernandez D.G., Traynor B.J., Simon-Sanchez J., Matarin M., Britton A., van de Leemput J., Rafferty I., Bucan M., Cann H.M., Hardy J.A., Rosenberg N.A., Singleton A.B. Genotype, haplotype and copy-number variation in worldwide human populations. Nature 2008, 451:998-1003.
61. Jungers W.L., Falsetti A.B., Wall C.E. Shape, relative size, and size-adjustments in morphometrics. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 1995, 38:137-161.
62. Klein R.G. Archeology and the evolution of human behavior. Evol. Anthropol. 2000, 9:17-36.
63. Lazaridis I., Patterson N., Mittnik A., Renaud G., Mallick S., Kirsanow K., Sudmant P.H., Schraiber J.G., Castellano S., Lipson M., Berger B., Economou C., Bollongino R., Fu Q., Bos K.I., Nordenfelt S., Li H., de Filippo C., Prufer K., Sawyer S., Posth C., Haak W., Hallgren F., Fornander E., Rohland N., Delsate D., Francken M., Guinet J.-M., Wahl J., Ayodo G., Babiker H.A., Bailliet G., Balanovska E., Balanovsky O., Barrantes R., Bedoya G., Ben-Ami H., Bene J., Berrada F., Bravi C.M., Brisighelli F., Busby G.B.J., Cali F., Churnosov M., Cole D.E.C., Corach D., Damba L., van Driem G., Dryomov S., Dugoujon J.-M., Fedorova S.A., Gallego Romero I., Gubina M., Hammer M., Henn B.M., Hervig T., Hodoglugil U., Jha A.R., Karachanak-Yankova S., Khusainova R., Khusnutdinova E., Kittles R., Kivisild T., Klitz W., Kucinskas V., Kushniarevich A., Laredj L., Litvinov S., Loukidis T., Mahley R.W., Melegh B., Metspalu E., Molina J., Mountain J., Nakkalajarvi K., Nesheva D., Nyambo T., Osipova L., Parik J., Platonov F., Posukh O., Romano V., Rothhammer F., Rudan I., Ruizbakiev R., Sahakyan H., Sajantila A., Salas A., Starikovskaya E.B., Tarekegn A., Toncheva D., Turdikulova S., Uktveryte I., Utevska O., Vasquez R., Villena M., Voevoda M., Winkler C.A., Yepiskoposyan L., Zalloua P., Zemunik T., Cooper A., Capelli C., Thomas M.G., Ruiz-Linares A., Tishkoff S.A., Singh L., Thangaraj K., Villems R., Comas D., Sukernik R., Metspalu M., Meyer M., Eichler E.E., Burger J., Slatkin M., Paabo S., Kelso J., Reich D., Krause J. Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans. Nature 2014, 513:409-413.
64. Li J.Z., Absher D.M., Tang H., Southwick A.M., Casto A.M., Ramachandran S., Cann H.M., Barsh G.S., Feldman M., Cavalli-Sforza L.L., Myers R.M. Worldwide human relationships inferred from genome-wide patterns of variation. Science 2008, 319:1100-1104.
65. Lippold S., Xu H., Ko A., Li M., Renaud G., Butthof A., Schroder R., Stoneking M. Human paternal and maternal demographic histories: insights from high-resolution Y chromosome and mtDNA sequences. Investigative Genetics 2014, 5:1-17.
66. Liu H., Prugnolle F., Manica A., Balloux F. A geographically explicit genetic model of worldwide human-settlement history. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2006, 79:230-237.
67. Liu W., Jin C.-Z., Zhang Y.-Q., Cai Y.-J., Xing S., Wu X.-J., Cheng H., Edwards R.L., Pan W.-S., Qin D.-G., An Z.-S., Trinkaus E., Wu X.-Z. Human remains from Zhirendong, South China, and modern human emergence in East Asia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2010, 107:19201-19206.
68. Lowery R.K., Uribe G., Jimenez E.B., Weiss M.A., Herrera K.J., Regueiro M., Herrera R.J. Neanderthal and Denisova genetic affinities with contemporary humans: introgression versus common ancestral polymorphisms. Gene 2013, 530:83-94.
69. Macaulay V., Hill C., Achilli A., Rengo C., Clarke D., Meehan W., Blackburn J., Semino O., Scozzari R., Cruciani F., Taha A., Shaari N.K., Raja J.M., Ismail P., Zainuddin Z., Goodwin W., Bulbeck D., Bandelt H.-J., Oppenheimer S., Torroni A., Richards M. Single, rapid coastal settlement of Asia revealed by analysis of complete mitochondrial genomes. Science 2005, 308:1034-1036.
70. MacCurdy G.G. Prehistoric Man in Palestine. Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 1936, 76:523-541.
71. Magori C.C., Day M.H. Laetoli Hominid 18: an early Homo sapiens skull. J. Hum. Evol. 1983, 12:747-753.
72. Manica A., Amos W., Balloux F., Hanihara T. The effect of ancient population bottlenecks on human phenotypic variation. Nature 2007, 448:346-348.
73. Mantel N. The detection of disease clustering and a generalized regression approach. Cancer Res. 1967, 27:209-220.
74. Marean C.W., Bar-Matthews M., Bernatchez J., Fisher E., Goldberg P., Herries A.I.R., Jacobs Z., Jerardino A., Karkanas P., Minichillo T., Nilssen P.J., Thompson E., Watts I., Williams H.M. Early human use of marine resources and pigment in South Africa during the Middle Pleistocene. Nature 2007, 449:905-908.
75. Martínez-Abadías N., Esparza M., Sjøvold T., González-José R., Santos M., Hernández M. Heritability of human cranial dimensions: comparing the evolvability of different cranial regions. J. Anat. 2009, 214:19-35.
76. McCarthy R.C., Lucas L. A morphometric re-assessment of BOU-VP-16/1 from Herto, Ethiopia. J. Hum. Evol. 2014, 74:114-117.
77. McDermott F., Stringer C., Grün R., Williams C.T., Din V.K., Hawkesworth C.J. New Late-Pleistocene uranium-thorium and ESR dates for the Singa hominid (Sudan). J. Hum. Evol. 1996, 31:507-516.
78. McDougall I., Brown F.H., Fleagle J.G. Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia. Nature 2005, 433:733-736.
79. Mellars P. Going east: new genetic and archaeological perspectives on the modern human colonization of Eurasia. Science 2006, 313:796-800.
80. Mellars P., Gori K.C., Carr M., Soares P.A., Richards M.B. Genetic and archaeological perspectives on the initial modern human colonization of southern Asia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2013, 110:10699-10704.
81. Mendez F.L., Krahn T., Schrack B., Krahn A.-M., Veeramah K.R., Woerner A.E., Fomine F.L.M., Bradman N., Thomas M.G., Karafet T.M., Hammer M.F. An African American paternal lineage adds an extremely ancient root to the human Y chromosome phylogenetic tree. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2013, 92:454-459.
82. Migliano A.B., Romero I.G., Metspalu M., Leavesley M., Pagani L., Antao T., Huang D.-W., Sherman B.T., Siddle K., Scholes C., Hudjashov G., Kaitokai E., Babalu A., Belatti M., Cagan A., Hopkinshaw B., Shaw C., Nelis M., Metspalu E., Magi R., Lempicki R.A., Villems R., Mirazón Lahr M., Kivisild T. Evolution of the pygmy phenotype: evidence of positive selection fro genome-wide scans in African, Asian, and Melanesian pygmies. Hum. Biol. 2013, 85:251-284.
83. Mirazón Lahr M. The Evolution of Modern Human Diversity: A Study of Cranial Variation 1996, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
84. Mirazón Lahr M., Foley R. Multiple dispersals and modern human origins. Evol. Anthropol. 1994, 3:48-60.
85. Moodley Y., Linz B., Yamaoka Y., Windsor H.M., Breurec S., Wu J.-Y., Maady A., Bernhöft S., Thiberge J.-M., Phuanukoonnon S., Jobb G., Siba P., Graham D.Y., Marshall B.J., Achtman M. The peopling of the pacific from a bacterial perspective. Science 2009, 323:527-530.
86. Moodley Y., Linz B., Bond R.P., Nieuwoudt M., Soodyall H., Schlebusch C.M., Bernhöft S., Hale J., Suerbaum S., Mugisha L., van der Merwe S.W., Achtman M. Age of the association between Helicobacter pylori and man. PLoS Path. 2012, 8:e1002693.
87. Oppenheimer S. Out-of-Africa, the peopling of continents and islands: tracing uniparental gene trees across the map. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 2012, 367:770-784.
88. Petraglia M.D., Haslam M., Fuller D.Q., Boivin N., Clarkson C. Out of Africa: new hypotheses and evidence for the dispersal of Homo sapiens along the Indian Ocean rim. Annals Hum. Biol. 2010, 37:288-311.
89. Pinhasi R., von Cramon-Taubadel N. Craniometric data supports demic diffusion model for the spread of agriculture into Europe. PLoS One 2009, 4:e6747.
90. Poznik G.D., Henn B.M., Yee M.-C., Sliwerska E., Euskirchen G.M., Lin A.A., Snyder M., Quintana-Murci L., Kidd J.M., Underhill P.A., Bustamante C.D. Sequencing Y chromosomes resolves discrepancy in time to common ancestor of males versus females. Science 2013, 341:562-565.
91. Prüfer K., Racimo F., Patterson N., Jay F., Sankararaman S., Sawyer S., Heinze A., Renaud G., Sudmant P.H., de Filippo C., Li H., Mallick S., Dannemann M., Fu Q., Kircher M., Kuhlwilm M., Lachmann M., Meyer M., Ongyerth M., Siebauer M., Theunert C., Tandon A., Moorjani P., Pickrell J., Mullikin J.C., Vohr S.H., Green R.E., Hellmann I., Johnson P.L.F., Blanche H., Cann H., Kitzman J.O., Shendure J., Eichler E.E., Lein E.S., Bakken T.E., Golovanova L.V., Doronichev V.B., Shunkov M.V., Derevianko A.P., Viola B., Slatkin M., Reich D., Kelso J., Pääbo S. The complete genome sequence of a Neanderthal from the Altai Mountains. Nature 2014, 505:43-49.
92. Prugnolle F., Manica A., Balloux F. Geography predicts neutral genetic diversity of human populations. Curr. Biol. 2005, 15:R159-R160.
93. Pugach I., Delfin F., Gunnarsdóttir E., Kayser M., Stoneking M. Genome-wide data substantiate Holocene gene flow from India to Australia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2013, 110:1803-1808.
94. Raghavan M., Skoglund P., Graf K.E., Metspalu M., Albrechtsen A., Moltke I., Rasmussen S., Stafford T.W., Orlando L., Metspalu E., Karmin M., Tambets K., Rootsi S., Magi R., Campos P.F., Balanovska E., Balanovsky O., Khusnutdinova E., Litvinov S., Osipova L.P., Fedorova S.A., Voevoda M.I., DeGiorgio M., Sicheritz-Ponten T., Brunak S., Demeshchenko S., Kivisild T., Villems R., Nielsen R., Jakobsson M., Willerslev E. Upper Palaeolithic Siberian genome reveals dual ancestry of Native Americans. Nature 2014, 505:87-91.
95. Ramachandran S., Rosenberg N.A. A test of the influence of continental axes of orientation on patterns of human gene flow. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 2011, 146:515-529.
96. Ramachandran S., Deshpande O., Roseman C.C., Rosenberg N.A., Feldman M.W., Cavalli-Sforza L.L. Support from the relationship of genetic and geographic distance in human populations for a serial founder effect originating in Africa. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2005, 102:15942-15947.
97. Rasmussen M., Guo X., Wang Y., Lohmueller K.E., Rasmussen S., Albrechtsen A., Skotte L., Lindgreen S., Metspalu M., Jombart T., Kivisild T., Zhai W., Eriksson A., Manica A., Orlando L., De La Vega F.M., Tridico S., Metspalu E., Nielsen K., Ávila-Arcos M.C., Moreno-Mayar J.V., Muller C., Dortch J., Gilbert M.T.P., Lund O., Wesolowska A., Karmin M., Weinert L.A., Wang B., Li J., Tai S., Xiao F., Hanihara T., van Driem G., Jha A.R., Ricaut F.-X., de Knijff P., Migliano A.B., Gallego Romero I., Kristiansen K., Lambert D.M., Brunak S., Forster P., Brinkmann B., Nehlich O., Bunce M., Richards M., Gupta R., Bustamante C.D., Krogh A., Foley R.A., Mirazón Lahr M., Balloux F., Sicheritz-Pontén T., Villems R., Nielsen R., Wang J., Willerslev E. An aboriginal Australian genome reveals separate human dispersals into Asia. Science 2011, 334:94-98.
98. Reich D., Green R.E., Kircher M., Krause J., Patterson N., Durand E.Y., Viola B., Briggs A.W., Stenzel U., Johnson P.L.F., Maricic T., Good J.M., Marques-Bonet T., Alkan C., Fu Q., Mallick S., Li H., Meyer M., Eichler E.E., Stoneking M., Richards M., Talamo S., Shunkov M.V., Derevianko A.P., Hublin J.-J., Kelso J., Slatkin M., Paabo S. Genetic history of an archaic hominin group from Denisova Cave in Siberia. Nature 2010, 468:1053-1060.
99. Reich D., Patterson N., Kircher M., Delfin F., Nandineni Madhusudan R., Pugach I., Ko Albert M.-S., Ko Y.-C., Jinam Timothy A., Phipps Maude E., Saitou N., Wollstein A., Kayser M., Pääbo S., Stoneking M. Denisova admixture and the first modern human dispersals into Southeast Asia and Oceania. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2011, 89:516-528.
100. Relethford J.H., Blangero J. Detection of differential gene flow from patterns of quantitative variation. Hum. Biol. 1990, 62:5-25.
101. Relethford J.H., Harpending H.C. Craniometric variation, genetic theory, and modern human origins. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 1994, 95:249-270.
102. Relethford J.H., Crawford M.H., Blangero J. Genetic drift and gene flow in post-famine Ireland. Hum. Biol. 1997, 443-465.
103. Reyes-Centeno H., Ghirotto S., Détroit F., Grimaud-Hervé D., Barbujani G., Harvati K. Genomic and cranial phenotype data support multiple modern human dispersals from Africa and a southern route into Asia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2014, 111:7248-7253.
104. Rieux A., Eriksson A., Li M., Sobkowiak B., Weinert L.A., Warmuth V., Ruiz-Linares A., Manica A., Balloux F. Improved calibration of the human mitochondrial clock using ancient genomes. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2014, 31:2780-2792.
105. Roach J.C., Glusman G., Smit A.F.A., Huff C.D., Hubley R., Shannon P.T., Rowen L., Pant K.P., Goodman N., Bamshad M., Shendure J., Drmanac R., Jorde L.B., Hood L., Galas D.J. Analysis of genetic inheritance in a family quartet by whole-genome sequencing. Science 2010, 328:636-639.
106. Rohling E.J., Grant K.M., Roberts A.P., Larrasoaña J.-C. Paleoclimate variability in the Mediterranean and Red Sea regions during the last 500,000 years: implications for hominin migrations. Curr. Anthropol 2013, 54:S183-S201.
107. Rogers Ackermann R. Phenotypic traits of primate hybrids: recognizing admixture in the fossil record. Evol. Anthropol. 2010, 19:258-270.
108. Rogers Ackermann R., Cheverud J.M. Detecting genetic drift versus selection in human evolution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2004, 101:17946-17951.
109. Rose J.I., Usik V.I., Marks A.E., Hilbert Y.H., Galletti C.S., Parton A., Geiling J.M., Černý V., Morley M.W., Roberts R.G. The Nubian complex of Dhofar, Oman: an African Middle Stone Age industry in Southern Arabia. PLoS One 2011, 6:e28239.
110. Roseman C.C. Detecting interregionally diversifying natural selection on modern human cranial form by using matched molecular and morphometric data. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2004, 101:12824-12829.
111. Roseman C.C., Weaver T.D. Molecules versus morphology? Not for the human cranium. Bioessays 2007, 29:1185-1188.
112. Rosenberg M.S., Anderson C.D. PASSaGE: pattern analysis, spatial statistics and geographic exegesis. Version 2. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 2011, 2:229-232.
113. Sankararaman S., Patterson N., Li H., Pääbo S., Reich D. The date of interbreeding between Neandertals and modern humans. PLoS Genet. 2012, 8:e1002947.
114. Sankararaman S., Mallick S., Dannemann M., Prüfer K., Kelso J., Pääbo S., Patterson N., Reich D. The genomic landscape of Neanderthal ancestry in present-day humans. Nature 2014, 507:354-357.
115. Scally A., Durbin R. Revising the human mutation rate: implications for understanding human evolution. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2012, 13:745-753.
116. Schillaci M.A. Human cranial diversity and evidence for an ancient lineage of modern humans. J. Hum. Evol. 2008, 54:814-826.
117. Schwarcz H.P., Grün R., Vandermeersch B., Bar-Yosef O., Valladas H., Tchernov E. ESR dates for the hominid burial site of Qafzeh in Israel. J. Hum. Evol. 1988, 17:733-737.
118. Scozzari R., Massaia A., Trombetta B., Bellusci G., Myres N.M., Novelletto A., Cruciani F. An unbiased resource of novel SNP markers provides a new chronology for the human Y chromosome and reveals a deep phylogenetic structure in Africa. Genome Res. 2014, 24:535-544.
119. Seguin-Orlando A., Korneliussen T.S., Sikora M., Malaspinas A.-S., Manica A., Moltke I., Albrechtsen A., Ko A., Margaryan A., Moiseyev V., Goebel T., Westaway M., Lambert D., Khartanovich V., Wall J.D., Nigst P.R., Foley R.A., Mirazón Lahr M., Nielsen R., Orlando L., Willerslev E. Genomic structure in Europeans dating back at least 36,200 years. Science 2014, 346:1113-1118.
120. Skoglund P., Jakobsson M. Archaic human ancestry in East Asia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2011, 108:18301-18306.
121. Smith F.H., Falsetti A.B., Donnelly S.M. Modern human origins. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 1989, 32:35-68.
122. Smith F.H., Janković I., Karavanić I. The assimilation model, modern human origins in Europe, and the extinction of Neandertals. Quatern. Int. 2005, 137:7-19.
123. Smith H.F. Which cranial regions reflect molecular distances reliably in humans? Evidence from three-dimensional morphology. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 2009, 21:36-47.
124. Smith H.F., Ritzman T., Otárola-Castillo E., Terhune C.E. A 3-D geometric morphometric study of intraspecific variation in the ontogeny of the temporal bone in modern Homo sapiens. J. Hum. Evol. 2013, 65:479-489.
125. Stock J.T., Mirazón Lahr M., Kulatilake S. Cranial diversity in South Asia relative to modern human dispersals and global patterns of human variation. The Evolution and History of Human Populations in South Asia: Inter-disciplinary Studies in Archaeology, Biological Anthropology, Linguistics and Genetics 2007, 245-268. Springer, Dordrecht. M.D. Petraglia, B. Allchin (Eds.).
126. Storm P., Aziz F., de Vos J., Kosasih D., Baskoro S., Ngaliman, van den Hoek Ostende L.W. Late Pleistocene Homo sapiens in a tropical rainforest fauna in East Java. J. Hum. Evol. 2005, 49:536-545.
127. Stringer C. Population relationships of later Pleistocene hominids: a multivariate study of available crania. J. Archaeol. Sci. 1974, 1:317-342.
128. Stringer C. A re-evaluation of the fossil human calvaria from Singa, Sudan. Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist. 1979, 32:77-83.
129. Stringer C. Reconstructing recent human evolution. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 1992, 337:217-224.
130. Stringer C. Palaeoanthropology: coasting out of Africa. Nature 2000, 405:24-27.
131. Sequence variants in SLC16A11 are a common risk factor for type 2 diabetes in Mexico. Nature 2014, 506:97-101. The Sigma Type 2 Diabetes Consortium.
132. Vandermeersch B. Les Hommes Fossiles de Qafzeh (Israël) 1981, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris.
133. Varki A., Geschwind D.H., Eichler E.E. Human uniqueness: genome interactions with environment, behaviour and culture. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2008, 9:749-763.
134. Vernot B., Akey J.M. Resurrecting surviving Neandertal lineages from modern human genomes. Science 2014, 343:1017-1021.
135. von Cramon-Taubadel N. Congruence of individual cranial bone morphology and neutral molecular affinity patterns in modern humans. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 2009, 140:205-215.
136. von Cramon-Taubadel N., Lycett S.J. Brief communication: human cranial variation fits iterative founder effect model with African origin. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 2008, 136:108-113.
137. Weaver T.D. Tracing the paths of modern humans from Africa. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2014, 111:7170-7171.
138. Weaver T.D., Roseman C.C., Stringer C.B. Were neandertal and modern human cranial differences produced by natural selection or genetic drift?. J. Hum. Evol. 2007, 53:135-145.
139. Westaway K.E., Morwood M.J., Roberts R.G., Rokus A.D., Zhao J.x., Storm P., Aziz F., van den Bergh G., Hadi P., Jatmiko, de Vos J. Age and biostratigraphic significance of the Punung Rainforest Fauna, East Java, Indonesia, and implications for Pongo and Homo. J. Hum. Evol. 2007, 53:709-717.
140. White T.D., Asfaw B., DeGusta D., Gilbert H., Richards G.D., Suwa G., Clark Howell F. Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia. Nature 2003, 423:742-747.
141. Wollstein A., Lao O., Becker C., Brauer S., Trent R.J., Nürnberg P., Stoneking M., Kayser M. Demographic history of Oceania inferred from genome-wide data. Curr. Biol. 2010, 20:1983-1992.
142. Xing J., Watkins W.S., Hu Y., Huff C., Sabo A., Muzny D., Bamshad M., Gibbs R., Jorde L., Yu F. Genetic diversity in India and the inference of Eurasian population expansion. Genome Biol. 2010, 11:R113.