Roots of inequity: How the implementation of REDD+ reinforces past injustices

Land Use Policy

Volumn 50, Issue , 2016, Pages 202-213

  Chomba, Susan ^a   Kariuki, Juliet ^b   Lund, Jens Friis ^a   Sinclair, Fergus ^c,d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

^b UNIVERSITY OF HOHENHEIM   (Germany)

^c WORLD AGROFORESTRY CENTRE ICRAF   (Kenya)

^d BANGOR UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Benefit sharing; Equity; Kenya; Land tenure; REDD+; Small scale farmers

Indexed keywords

DEFORESTATION; EMISSION CONTROL; EQUITY; LAND TENURE; POLICY IMPLEMENTATION;

KENYA;

EID: 84943599406     PISSN: 02648377     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2015.09.021     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. Angelsen A., Brockhaus M. Realising Redd+: National Strategy and Policy Options 2009, CIFOR.
2. Bender B., Winer M. Contested Landscapes 2001, Berg, Oxford.
3. Bernard F., McFatridge S., Minang P.A. The Private Sector in the Redd+ Supply Chain: Trends, Challenges and Opportunities 2012, ASB Partnership for the Tropical Forest Margins and International Institute for Sustainable Development.
4. Bernard F., Minang P.A., Adkins B., Freund J.T. REDD+ projects and national-level Readiness processes: a case study from Kenya. Clim. Policy 2014, 14(6):1-13. (ahead-of-print).
5. Bromley D.W. Formalising property relations in the developing world: the wrong prescription for the wrong malady. Land Use Policy 2009, 26(1):20-27.
6. Brown, D., Seymour, F., Peskett, L., 2008. How do we achieve REDD co-benefits and avoid doing harm. Moving ahead with REDD: issues, options and implications, 107-118.
7. Chomba, S., 2015. REDD+ institutional choices and the implications for local democracy in the Kasigau Corridor, Kenya RFGI Working Paper No. 16. 31 p. (accessed 20.08.2015). http://https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/RFGI-WP-016.pdf.
8. Chomba S.W., Nathan I., Minang P.A., Sinclair F. Illusions of empowerment? Questioning policy and practice of community forestry in Kenya. Ecol. Soc. 2015, 20(3). 10.5751/es-07741-200302.
9. Chomba S., Treue T., Siclair F. The political economy of forest entitlements: can community based forest management reduce vulnerability at the forest margin?. For. Policy Econ. 2014, 58:37-46.
10. Corbera E., Estrada M., May P., Navarro G., Pacheco P. Rights to land, forests and carbon in REDD+: insights from Mexico, Brazil and Costa Rica. Forests 2011, 2(1):301-342.
11. Cotula L., Mayers J. Tenure in REDD: Start-point or Afterthought? 2009, IIED.
12. Cousins B., Weiner D., Amin N. Social differentiation in the communal lands of Zimbabwe. Rev. Afr. Polit. Econ. 1992, 19(53):5-24.
13. Deininger K.W. Land Policies for Growth and Poverty Reduction 2003, World Bank Publications.
14. De Soto H. Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else 2003, Basic books.
15. Di Gregorio M., Brockhaus M., Cronin T., Muharrom E., Santoso L., Mardiah S., Büdenbender M. Equity and REDD+ in the media: a comparative analysis of policy discourses. Ecol. Soc. J. Integr. Sci. Resil. Sustain. 2013, 18(2).
16. Duchelle A.E., Cromberg M., Gebara M.F., Guerra R., Melo T., Larson A., Wunder S. Linking forest tenure reform, environmental compliance, and incentives: lessons from REDD+ initiatives in the Brazilian Amazon. World Dev. 2014, 55:53-67.
17. Fisher B., Lewis S.L., Burgess N.D., Malimbwi R.E., Munishi P.K., Swetnam R.D., Balmford A. Implementation and opportunity costs of reducing deforestation and forest degradation in Tanzania. Nat. Clim. Change 2011, 1(3):161-164.
18. GoK (Government of Kenya), 1968. Land Adjudication Act (CAP 287 of 1968. revised in 2010. Government Printer.
19. GoK (Government of Kenya), 1970. Land (Group Representative Act CAP 287 of 1970 revised in 2012). Government Printer.
20. GoK (Government of Kenya), 2009. Kenya-2009 Kenya Population and Housing Census. Kenya National Bureau of Statistics.
21. GoK (Government of Kenya), 2009. The Forest (Charcoal) Regulation 2009. Government Printer.
22. He J., Sikor T. Notions of justice in payments for ecosystem services: insights from China's sloping land conversion program in Yunnan Province. Land Use Policy 2015, 43:207-216.
23. Hughes L. Moving the Maasai: a Colonial Misadventure 2006, Palgrave Macmillan.
24. Kanyinga K. The legacy of the white highlands: land rights, ethnicity and the post-2007 election violence in Kenya. J. Contemp. Afr. Stud. 2009, 27(3):325-344.
25. Kanyinga K. Struggles of Access to Land: The Squatter Question in Coastal Kenya. Working Paper 1998, Danish Insitute for International Studies.
26. Kariuki S. Can negotiated land reforms deliver? The case of Kenya, South Africa and Zimbabwe. S. Afr. J. Int. Aff. 2004, 11(2):117-128.
27. Kariuki, J., Birner, R., 2015. Are Market-Based Conservation Schemes Gender-Blind: A Qualitative Study of Three Cases from Kenya. Society and Natural Resources, (In press).
28. Karsenty A., Vogel A., Castell F. Carbon rights, REDD+ and payments for environmental services. Environ. Sci. Policy 2014, 35:20-29.
29. KCRP (Kasigau Corridor REDD Project), 2009. The Kasigau corridor project phase 1- Rukinga Sanctury PDD for validation using the CCB. (accessed 04.01.13.). http://www.climate-standards.org/2009/09/09/the-kasigau-corridor-redd-project/.
30. KCRP (Kasigau Corridor REDD Project), 2011. The Kasigau corridor project phase II- the community ranches. Project design document version 9 Aril 27th 2011. (accessed 04.01.2013). http://https://s3.amazonaws.com/CCBA/Projects/The_Kasigau_Corridor_REDD_Project_Phase_II-The_Community_Ranches/Kasigau_Corridor_Phase_II_CCB_PDD_v9.pdf.
31. KLC (Kenya Land Commission), 1932. Kenya Land Commission. HL Deb 04 May 1932 vol 84 cc305-20. (accessed 17.12.2014). http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/lords/1932/may/04/kenya-land-commission.
32. KLC (Kenya Land Commission), 1934. Land Commission Evidence Vol iii, Coast Province. Nairobi: Kenya National Archives.
33. Kolmuss A., Zink H., Polycarp C. Making Sense of the Voluntary Carbon Market: A Comparison of Carbon Offset Standards 2008, WWF, Germany.
34. Krause T., Loft L. Benefit distribution and equity in Ecuador's Socio Bosque Program. Soc. Nat. Resour. 2013, 26(10):1170-1184.
35. Larson A.M. Forest tenure reform in the age of climate change: lessons for REDD+. Glob. Environ. Change 2011, 21(2):540-549.
36. Larson A.M., Brockhaus M., Sunderlin W.D., Duchelle A., Babon A., Dokken T., Awono A. Land tenure and REDD+: the good, the bad and the ugly. Glob. Environ. Change 2013, 23(3):678-689.
37. Lawlor K., Weinthal E., Olander L. Institutions and policies to protect rural livelihoods in REDD+ regimes. Glob. Environ. Politics 2010, 10(4):1-11.
38. McDermott M., Mahanty S., Schreckenberg K. Examining equity: a multidimensional framework for assessing equity in payments for ecosystem services. Environ. Sci. Policy 2013, 33:416-427.
39. Minang P.A., van Noordwijk M. Design challenges for achieving reduced emissions from deforestation and forest degradation through conservation: leveraging multiple paradigms at the tropical forest margins. Land Use Policy 2013, 31:61-70.
40. Moore D. Is the land the economy and the economy the land? Primitive accumulation in Zimbabwe. J. Contem. Afr. Stud. 2001, 19(2):253-266.
41. Mosoon J. Agricultural Change in Taita District, Kenya in the Twentieth Century. (MA) 1984, University of California, Los Angeles.
42. Murdiyarso D., Brockhaus M., Sunderlin W.D., Verchot L. Some lessons learned from the first generation of REDD+ activities. Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain. 2012, 4(6):678-685.
43. Mwangi E. Socioeconomic change and land use in Africa: the transformation of property rights in Maasailand. New York 2007, Palgrave Macmillan, NY, USA.
44. Mwangi E. The puzzle of group ranch subdivision in Kenya's Maasailand. Dev. Change 2007, 38(5):889-910.
45. Naughton-Treves L., Wendland K. Land tenure and tropical forest carbon management. World Dev. 2014, 55:1-6.
46. Nazzaro A.A. Changing Use of the Resource Base Among the Taita of Kenya 1981, Kenya National Archives, Nairobi.
47. Ng'ethe J. roup ranch concept and practice in Kenya with special emphasis on Kajiado District Paper presented at the Future of Livestock Industries in East and Southern Africa. Proceedings of the Workshop Held at the Kadoma ranch Hotel, Zimbabwe 20-23 July 1992.
48. Njogu J. Community-based conservation in an entitlement perspective. Wildlife and forest biodiversity conservation in Taita, Kenya. PhD Dissertation 2004, African Studies Centre, Leiden.
49. Noy C. Sampling knowledge: The hermeneutics of snowball sampling in qualitative research. Int. J. Soc. Res. Methodol. 2008, 11(4):327-344.
50. Peluso N.L., Lund C. New frontiers of land control: introduction. J. Peasant Stud. 2011, 38(4):667-681.
51. Peskett, L., Vickersb, B., Grahama, K., 2011. Equity issues in REDD. Working paper. Available at: (accessed 14.06.2014). http://theredddesk.org/sites/default/files/resources/pdf/2012/equity_issues_in_redd.pdf.
52. Peters P.E. Inequality and social conflict over land in Africa. J. Agrar. Change 2004, 4(3):269-314.
53. Ribot J. Cause and response: vulnerability and climate in the Anthropocene. J. Peasant Stud. 2014, 1-39. (ahead-of-print).
54. Rutten, M.M., 1997. Land reform in Africa: lessons from Kenya. In: Naerssen, T., Rutten, M & Zoomers A. (Eds.). The diversity of development. Assen: The Netherlands.
55. Schroeder H., McDermott C. Beyond Carbon: Enabling Justice and Equity in REDD+ Across Levels of Governance. Ecology and Society 2014, 19(1). 31.
56. Sen A. Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation 1983, Oxford University Press.
57. Shipton P.M. Mortgaging the Ancestors: Ideologies of Attachment in Africa 2009, Yale University Press.
58. Simbizi M.C.D., Bennett R.M., Zevenbergen J. Land tenure security: revisiting and refining the concept for Sub-Saharan Africa's rural poor. Land Use Policy 2014, 36:231-238.
59. Smith J.H. Bewitching Development: Witchcraft and the Reinvention of Development in Neoliberal Kenya 2008, University of Chicago Press.
60. Sunderlin W.D., Larson A.M., Duchelle A.E., Resosudarmo I.A.P., Huynh T.B., Awono A., Dokken T. How are REDD+ proponents addressing tenure problems? Evidence from Brazil, Cameroon, Tanzania, Indonesia, and Vietnam. World Dev. 2014, 55:37-52.
61. UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention and Climate Change, 2007. Report of the Conference of the Parties on its thirteenth session, held in Bali from 3 to 15 December 2007. (accessed 16.12.2014). http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2007/cop13/eng/06a01pdf.
62. UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention and Climate Change), 2011. Report of the Conference of the Parties on its sixteenth session, held in Cancun from 29 November to 10 December 2010.
63. Veit, P., 2011. Rise and Fall of Groups Ranches in Kenya. Focus on Land in Africa, Development Brief. (accessed 20.08.2015). http://www.focusonland.com/countries/rise-and-fall-of-group-ranches-in-kenya/.
64. Verbi, V.V., 1939. Letters to the District Commissioner, Voi, by Rev. V.V. Verbi. Nairobi: Kenya National Archives. DC\TTA\39.
65. Visseren-Hamakers I.J., McDermott C., Vijge M.J., Cashore B. Trade-offs, co-benefits and safeguards: current debates on the breadth of REDD+. Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain. 2012, 4(6):646-653.
66. WW (Wildlife Works), 2014. Free to Roam. (accessed 14.06.2014). http://www.wildlifeworks.com/saveforests/wildlife_kasigau.php.
67. WW (Wildlife Works), 2014. Wildlife Works, About the Founder. (accessed 05.07.2014). http://shop.wildlifeworks.com/pages/about-the-founder.