Pesticide exposure and hepatocellular carcinoma risk: A case-control study using a geographic information system (GIS) to link SEER-Medicare and California pesticide data

Environmental Research

Volumn 143, Issue , 2015, Pages 68-82

  VoPham, Trang ^a,b,c   Brooks, Maria M ^a   Yuan, Jian Min ^a,d   Talbott, Evelyn O ^a   Ruddell, Darren ^e   Hart, Jaime E ^b,c   Chang, Chung Chou H ^f   Weissfeld, Joel L ^a,d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH GRADUATE SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^b HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^c BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Case control study; Epidemiology; Geographic information system; Liver cancer; Pesticide

Indexed keywords

CARBAMATE PESTICIDE; ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDE; ORGANOPHOSPHATE PESTICIDE; PESTICIDE;

CANCER; CARBAMATE PESTICIDE; CELLS AND CELL COMPONENTS; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); EPIDEMIOLOGY; GIS; HEALTH CARE; HEALTH RISK; ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDE; ORGANOPHOSPHORUS PESTICIDE; PESTICIDE RESIDUE; POLLUTION EXPOSURE;

AGED; AGRICULTURAL LAND; ARTICLE; CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY; CANCER REGISTRY; CANCER RISK; CONTROLLED STUDY; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; FEMALE; GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM; HUMAN; LIVER CELL CARCINOMA; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MEDICARE; POPULATION BASED CASE CONTROL STUDY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RURAL AREA; UNITED STATES; URBAN AREA; ADVERSE EFFECTS; ANALYSIS; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; CALIFORNIA; CARCINOMA, HEPATOCELLULAR; CASE CONTROL STUDY; CHEMICALLY INDUCED; LIVER NEOPLASMS;

CALIFORNIA; UNITED STATES;

AGED; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; CALIFORNIA; CARCINOMA, HEPATOCELLULAR; CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; FEMALE; GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS; HUMANS; LIVER NEOPLASMS; MALE; MEDICARE; PESTICIDES; SEER PROGRAM; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84943425832     PISSN: 00139351     EISSN: 10960953     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.09.027     Document Type: Article

References (91)

1. Alavanja M.C., Hoppin J.A., Kamel F. Health effects of chronic pesticide exposure: cancer and neurotoxicity. Annu. Rev. Public Health 2004, 25:155-197. 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.25.101802.123020.
2. Altekruse S.F., McGlynn K.A., Reichman M.E. Hepatocellular carcinoma incidence, mortality, and survival trends in the United States from 1975 to 2005. J. Clin. Oncol. 2009, 27:1485-1491. 10.1200/JCO.2008.20.7753.
3. Ananthakrishnan A., Gogineni V., Saeian K. Epidemiology of primary and secondary liver cancers. Semin. Intervent Radiol. 2006, 23:47-63. 10.1055/s-2006-939841.
4. Arbuckle T.E. Are there sex and gender differences in acute exposure to chemicals in the same setting?. Environ. Res. 2006, 101:195-204. 10.1016/j.envres.2005.08.015.
5. Austin H., Delzell E., Grufferman S., Levine R., Morrison A.S., Stolley P.D., Cole P. Case-control study of hepatocellular carcinoma, occupation, and chemical exposures. J. Occup. Med. 1987, 29:665-669. PMID: 2821204.
6. Badawi A.F., Michael M.S. Risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma in Egypt: the role of hepatitis-B viral infection and schistosomiasis. Anticancer Res. 1999, 19:4565-4569. PMID: 10650811.
7. Bell E.M., Hertz-Picciotto I., Beaumont J.J. A case-control study of pesticides and fetal death due to congenital anomalies. Epidemiology 2001, 12:148-156. 10.1097/00001648-200103000-00005.
8. Blair A., Ritz B., Wesseling C., Beane Freeman L. Pesticides and human health. Occup. Environ. Med. 2015, 72:81-82. 10.1136/oemed-2014-102454.
9. Brownson R.C., Reif J.S., Chang J.C., Davis J.R. Cancer risks among Missouri farmers. Cancer 1989, 64:2381-2386. 〈http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19891201)64:11<2381::AID-CNCR2820641131>3.0.CO;2-M〉.
10. California Department of Pesticide Regulation, 2008. Use Information And Air Monitoring Recommendations for the Pesticide Active Ingredient Dicofol. 〈 (accessed 02.04.15). http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/pubs/tac/recomm/dicofol_final_recmd_08.pdf.
11. California Department of Pesticide Regulation, 2014. Pesticide Use Reporting (PUR). 〈 (accessed 01.10.14). http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/pur/purmain.htm.
12. California Department of Water Resources, 1993. California's 1987-92 Drought. 〈 (accessed: 22.12.14). http://www.water.ca.gov/waterconditions/docs/2_drought-1987-92.pdf.
13. California Department of Water Resources, 2015. Land Use Survey Overview. 〈 (accessed 10.08.15). http://www.water.ca.gov/landwateruse/lusrvymain.cfm.
14. Carr B.I. Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Diagnosis and Treatment 2010, Humana Press, Philadelphia, PA.
15. CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), 2009. Fourth National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals (accessed 01.10.14).
16. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, 2014. Medicare Savings Programs. 〈 (accessed 01.10.14). http://www.medicare.gov/your-medicare-costs/help-paying-costs/medicare-savings-program/medicare-savings-programs.html.
17. Clary T., Ritz B. Pancreatic cancer mortality and organochlorine pesticide exposure in California, 1989-1996. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2003, 43:306-313. 10.1002/ajim.10188.
18. Cordier S., Le T.B., Verger P., Bard D., Le C.D., Larouze B., Dazza M.C., Hoang T.Q., Abenhaim L. Viral infections and chemical exposures as risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma in Vietnam. Int. J. Cancer 1993, 55:196-201. 10.1002/ijc.2910550205.
19. Davila J.A., Morgan R.O., Shaib Y., McGlynn K.A., El-Serag H.B. Diabetes increases the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States: a population based case control study. Gut 2005, 54:533-539. 10.1136/gut.2004.052167.
20. Dich J., Zahm S.H., Hanberg A., Adami H.O. Pesticides and cancer. Cancer Causes Control 1997, 8:420-443. 10.1023/A:1018413522959.
21. El-Serag H.B. Epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma in USA. Hepatol. Res. 2007, 37(Suppl. 2):S88-S94. 10.1111/j.1872-034X.2007.00168.x.
22. El-Serag H.B. Hepatocellular carcinoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 2011, 365:1118-1127. 10.1056/NEJMra1001683.
23. Engels E.A., Pfeiffer R.M., Ricker W., Wheeler W., Parsons R., Warren J.L. Use of surveillance, epidemiology, and end results-medicare data to conduct case-control studies of cancer among the US elderly. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2011, 174:860-870. 10.1093/aje/kwr146.
24. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency), 2011. Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage: 2006 and 2007 Market Estimates. 〈 (accessed 01.10.14). http://www.epa.gov/opp00001/pestsales/07pestsales/market_estimates2007.pdf.
25. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency), 2013. Recognition and Management of Pesticide Poisonings: 6th edition. 〈 (accessed 01.10.14). http://www2.epa.gov/pesticide-worker-safety/recognition-and-management-pesticide-poisonings.
26. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency), 2014. Pesticides: Reregistration, Agreement to Terminate All Uses of Aldicarb. 〈〉 (accessed 01.10.14). http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/REDs/factsheets/aldicarb_fs.html.
27. Esri, 2012. ArcGIS for Desktop: Release 10.1. Esri, Redlands, CA.
28. Evans A.A., Chen G., Ross E.A., Shen F.M., Lin W.Y., London W.T. Eight-year follow-up of the 90,000-person Haimen City cohort: I. Hepatocellular carcinoma mortality, risk factors, and gender differences. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 2002, 11:369-376. (PMID: 11927497).
29. Ezzat S., Abdel-Hamid M., Eissa S.A., Mokhtar N., Labib N.A., El-Ghorory L., Mikhail N.N., Abdel-Hamid A., Hifnawy T., Strickland G.T., Loffredo C.A. Associations of pesticides, HCV, HBV, and hepatocellular carcinoma in Egypt. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 2005, 208:329-339. 10.1016/j.ijheh.2005.04.003.
30. Ferlay, J., Soerjomataram, I., Ervik, M., Dikshit, R., Eser, S., Mathers, C., Rebelo, M., Parkin, D., Forman, D., Bray, F., 2013. GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.0, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11. 〈〉 (accessed 01.10.14). http://globocan.iarc.fr.
31. Fernandez-Cornejo J., Nehring R., Osteen C., Wechsler S., Martin A., Vialou A. Pesticide Use in U.S. Agriculture: 21 Selected Crops, 1960-2008, EIB-124 2014, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service.
32. Franklin C., Worgan J. Occupational and Residential Exposure Assessment for Pesticides 2005, Wiley, Hoboken, NJ.
33. Fritz A., Percy C., Shanmugaratnam K., Sobin L., Parkin D.M., Whelan S. International Classification of Diseases for Oncology: ICD-O 2000, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
34. Fuller R., Brown N. A CORINE map of Great Britain by automated means. Techniques for automatic generalization of the Land Cover Map of Great Britain. Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Syst. 1996, 10:937-953. 10.1080/02693799608902118.
35. Gomaa A.I., Khan S.A., Toledano M.B., Waked I., Taylor-Robinson S.D. Hepatocellular carcinoma: epidemiology, risk factors and pathogenesis. World J. Gastroenterol. 2008, 14:4300-4308. 10.3748/wjg.14.4300.
36. Grubesic T.H. Zip codes and spatial analysis: problems and prospects. Socio-Econ. Plan. Sci. 2008, 42:129-149. 10.1016/j.seps.2006.09.001.
37. Grubesic T.H., Matisziw T.C. On the use of ZIP codes and ZIP code tabulation areas (ZCTAs) for the spatial analysis of epidemiological data. Int. J. Health Geogr. 2006, 5:58. 10.1186/1476-072X-5-58.
38. Gunier R.B., Harnly M.E., Reynolds P., Hertz A., Von Behren J. Agricultural pesticide use in California: pesticide prioritization, use densities, and population distributions for a childhood cancer study. Environ. Health Perspect. 2001, 109:1071-1078. (PMID: 11689348).
39. Gunier R.B., Ward M.H., Airola M., Bell E.M., Colt J., Nishioka M., Buffler P.A., Reynolds P., Rull R.P., Hertz A., Metayer C., Nuckols J.R. Determinants of agricultural pesticide concentrations in carpet dust. Environ. Health Perspect. 2011, 119:970-976. 10.1289/ehp.1002532.
40. Hardell L., Bengtsson N.O., Jonsson U., Eriksson S., Larsson L.G. Aetiological aspects on primary liver cancer with special regard to alcohol, organic solvents and acute intermittent porphyria-an epidemiological investigation. Br. J. Cancer 1984, 50:389-397. 10.1038/bjc.1984.188.
41. Heinemann K., Willich S.N., Heinemann L.A., DoMinh T., Mohner M., Heuchert G.E. Occupational exposure and liver cancer in women: results of the Multicentre International Liver Tumour Study (MILTS). Occup. Med. 2000, 50:422-429. 10.1093/occmed/50.6.422.
42. Homer, C.H., Fry, J.A., Barnes, C.A., 2012. The National Land Cover Database, U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2012-3020. 4 p.
43. Jaga K. What are the implications of the interaction between DDT and estrogen receptors in the body?. Med. Hypotheses 2000, 54:18-25. 10.1054/mehy.1998.0811.
44. Jemal A., Bray F., Center M.M., Ferlay J., Ward E., Forman D. Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2011, 61:69-90. 10.3322/caac.20107.
45. Kauppinen T., Riala R., Seitsamo J., Hernberg S. Primary liver cancer and occupational exposure. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 1992, 18:18-25. 10.5271/sjweh.1616.
46. LaDochy S., Medina R., Patzert W. Recent California climate variability: spatial and temporal patterns in temperature trends. Clim. Res. 2007, 33:159-169. 10.3354/cr033159.
47. London W.T., Evans A.A., McGlynn K., Buetow K., An P., Gao L., Lustbader E., Ross E., Chen G., Shen F. Viral, host and environmental risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective study in Haimen City, China. Intervirology 1995, 38:155-161. (PMID: 8682610).
48. Longnecker M.P., Rogan W.J., Lucier G. The human health effects of DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) and PCBS (polychlorinated biphenyls) and an overview of organochlorines in public health. Annu. Rev. Public Health 1997, 18:211-244. 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.18.1.211.
49. McCall-Hosenfeld J.S., Mukherjee S., Lehman E.B. The prevalence and correlates of lifetime psychiatric disorders and trauma exposures in urban and rural settings: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). PloS One 2014, 9:e112416. 10.1371/journal.pone.0112416.
50. McGlynn K.A., Abnet C.C., Zhang M., Sun X.D., Fan J.H., O'Brien T.R., Wei W.Q., Ortiz-Conde B.A., Dawsey S.M., Weber J.P., Taylor P.R., Katki H., Mark S.D., Qiao Y.L. Serum concentrations of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDE) and risk of primary liver cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2006, 98:1005-1010. 10.1093/jnci/djj266.
51. National Cancer Institute, 2014a. Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program 〈〉 SEER*Stat Database: Incidence-SEER 18 Regs Research Data+Hurricane Katrina Impacted Louisiana Cases, Nov 2013 Sub (2000-2011) 〈Katrina/Rita Population Adjustment〉 - Linked To County Attributes - Total U.S., 1969-2012 Counties, National Cancer Institute, DCCPS, Surveillance Research Program, Surveillance Systems Branch, released April 2014 (updated 5/7/2014), based on the November 2013 submission. http://www.seer.cancer.gov.
52. National Cancer Institute, 2014b. Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program 〈〉 SEER*Stat Database: Incidence-SEER 18 Regs Research Data+Hurricane Katrina Impacted Louisiana Cases, Nov 2013 Sub (1973-2011 varying) - Linked To County Attributes - Total U.S., 1969-2012 Counties, National Cancer Institute, DCCPS, Surveillance Research Program, Surveillance Systems Branch, released April 2014 (updated 5/7/2014), based on the November 2013 submission. http://www.seer.cancer.gov.
53. National Cancer Institute, 2014c. SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Liver and Intrahepatic Bile Duct Cancer. (accessed 01.10.14). http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/livibd.html.
54. National Cancer Institute, 2014d. SEER-Medicare Linked Database. (accessed 05.01.15). http://appliedresearch.cancer.gov/seermedicare/.
55. National Cancer Institute, 2015. Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. 〈〉 (accessed 05.01.15). http://seer.cancer.gov/.
56. National Park Service, 2015. California Parks. (accessed 05.01.15). http://www.nps.gov/state/ca/index.htm.
57. O'Sullivan D., Unwin D. Geographic Information Analysis 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.
58. Persson E.C., Graubard B.I., Evans A.A., London W.T., Weber J.P., Leblanc A., Chen G., Lin W., McGlynn K.A. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Int. J. Cancer. 2012, 131:2078-2084. 10.1002/ijc.27459.
59. Porru S., Placidi D., Carta A., Gelatti U., Ribero M.L., Tagger A., Boffetta P., Donato F. Primary liver cancer and occupation in men: a case-control study in a high-incidence area in Northern Italy. Int. J. Cancer. 2001, 94:878-883. 10.1002/ijc.1538.
60. Reynolds P., Hurley S.E., Goldberg D.E., Yerabati S., Gunier R.B., Hertz A., Anton-Culver H., Bernstein L., Deapen D., Horn-Ross P.L. Residential proximity to agricultural pesticide use and incidence of breast cancer in the California Teachers Study cohort. Environ. Res. 2004, 96:206-218. 10.1016/j.envres.2004.03.001.
61. Reynolds P., Von Behren J., Gunier R.B., Goldberg D.E., Harnly M., Hertz A. Agricultural pesticide use and childhood cancer in California. Epidemiology 2005, 16:93-100. 10.1097/01.ede.0000147119.32704.5c.
62. Rignell-Hydbom A., Lidfeldt J., Kiviranta H., Rantakokko P., Samsioe G., Agardh C.D., Rylander L. Exposure to p,p'-DDE: a risk factor for type 2 diabetes. PloS One 2009, 4:e7503. 10.1371/journal.pone.0007503.
63. Ritchie J.M., Vial S.L., Fuortes L.J., Guo H., Reedy V.E., Smith E.M. Organochlorines and risk of prostate cancer. J. Occup. Environ. Med./Am. Coll. Occup. Environ. Med. 2003, 45:692-702. 10.1097/01.jom.0000071510.96740.0b.
64. Ritz B., Rull R.P. Assessment of environmental exposures from agricultural pesticides in childhood leukaemia studies: challenges and opportunities. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 2008, 132:148-155. 10.1093/rpd/ncn268.
65. Ritz B.R., Manthripragada A.D., Costello S., Lincoln S.J., Farrer M.J., Cockburn M., Bronstein J. Dopamine transporter genetic variants and pesticides in Parkinson's disease. Environ. Health Perspect. 2009, 117:964-969. 10.1289/ehp.0800277.
66. Rossi L., Barbieri O., Sanguineti M., Cabral J.R., Bruzzi P., Santi L. Carcinogenicity study with technical-grade dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene in hamsters. Cancer Res. 1983, 43:776-781. (PMID: 6848191).
67. Rothman K.J., Greenland S., Lash T.L. Modern Epidemiology 2008, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA.
68. Rull R.P., Ritz B. Historical pesticide exposure in California using pesticide use reports and land-use surveys: an assessment of misclassification error and bias. Environ. Health Perspect. 2003, 111:1582-1589. (PMID: 14527836).
69. Sanyal A.J., Yoon S.K., Lencioni R. The etiology of hepatocellular carcinoma and consequences for treatment. Oncologist 2010, 15(Suppl. 4):S14-S22. 10.1634/theoncologist.2010-S4-14.
70. Shi L., Feng Y., Lin H., Ma R., Cai X. Role of estrogen in hepatocellular carcinoma: is inflammation the key?. J. Transl. Med. 2014, 12:93. 10.1186/1479-5876-12-93.
71. Social Security Administration, 2014. Disability Evaluation Under Social Security. (accessed 30.11.14). http://www.ssa.gov/disability/professionals/bluebook/.
72. Soliman A.S., Hung C.W., Tsodikov A., Seifeldin I.A., Ramadan M., Al-Gamal D., Schiefelbein E.L., Thummalapally P., Dey S., Ismail K. Epidemiologic risk factors of hepatocellular carcinoma in a rural region of Egypt. Hepatol. Int. 2010, 4:681-690. 10.1007/s12072-010-9187-1.
73. Stemhagen A., Slade J., Altman R., Bill J. Occupational risk factors and liver cancer. A retrospective case-control study of primary liver cancer in New Jersey. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1983, 117:443-454. (PMID: 11745492).
74. Stow D., Burns B., Hope A. Mapping Arctic tundra vegetation types using digital SPOT/HRV-XS data: a preliminary assessment. Int. J. Remote Sens. 1989, 10:1451-1457. 10.1080/01431168908903981.
75. Suarez L., Weiss N.S., Martin J. Primary liver cancer death and occupation in Texas. Am. J. Ind. Med. 1989, 15:167-175. 10.1002/ajim.4700150205.
76. The Kaiser Family Foundation, 2007. State Health Facts, Data Source: Medicare Enrollment Reports, MA State/County Penetration Files. Medicare Prescription Drug Plans: Stand Alone PDP Enrollment (accessed 28.10.14).
77. Turusov V.S., Day N.E., Tomatis L., Gati E., Charles R.T. Tumors in CF-1 mice exposed for six consecutive generations to DDT. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1973, 51:983-997. 10.1093/jnci/51.3.983.
78. U.S. Census Bureau, 2000. Census 2000 TIGER/Line® Files [Machine-readable Data Files]/prepared by the U.S. Census Bureau-Washington, D.C.
79. U.S. Census Bureau, 2002. Census 2000 Summary File 3-[California]/Prepared by U.S. Census Bureau.
80. U.S. Census Bureau, 2013. American Community Survey, 2013 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates, Table B24010. Generated by T VoPham using American FactFinder (accessed 01.02.15). http://factfinder2.census.gov.
81. U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2010. Agricultural Productivity in the U.S. (accessed 01.10.14). http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/agricultural-productivity-in-the-us.aspx.
82. U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2013. Rural-Urban Continuum Codes. (accessed 22.12.14). http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/rural-urban-continuum-codes.aspx.
83. Wang A., Costello S., Cockburn M., Zhang X., Bronstein J., Ritz B. Parkinson's disease risk from ambient exposure to pesticides. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 2011, 26:547-555. 10.1007/s10654-011-9574-5.
84. Ward M.H., Nuckols J.R., Weigel S.J., Maxwell S.K., Cantor K.P., Miller R.S. Identifying populations potentially exposed to agricultural pesticides using remote sensing and a Geographic Information System. Environ. Health Perspect. 2000, 108:5-12. PMID: 10622770.
85. Warren J., Smalley K.B. Rural Public Health: Best Practices and Preventive Models 2014, Springer Publishing Company.
86. Warren J.L., Klabunde C.N., Schrag D., Bach P.B., Riley G.F. Overview of the SEER-Medicare data: content, research applications, and generalizability to the United States elderly population. Med. Care 2002, 40:IV-3-IV-18,. (PMID: 12187163).
87. Wells J. Pesticide Use Trends in California Agriculture 2011, Environmental Solutions Group.
88. Welzel T.M., Graubard B.I., Quraishi S., Zeuzem S., Davila J.A., El-Serag H.B., McGlynn K.A. Population-attributable fractions of risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2013, 10.1038/ajg.2013.160.
89. Welzel T.M., Graubard B.I., Zeuzem S., El-Serag H.B., Davila J.A., McGlynn K.A. Metabolic syndrome increases the risk of primary liver cancer in the United States: a study in the SEER-Medicare database. Hepatology 2011, 54:463-471. 10.1002/hep.24397.
90. Yu M.C., Yuan J.M. Environmental factors and risk for hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2004, 127:S72-S78. 10.1016/j.gastro.2004.09.018.
91. Zhao B., Shen H., Liu F., Liu S., Niu J., Guo F., Sun X. Exposure to organochlorine pesticides is an independent risk factor of hepatocellular carcinoma: a case-control study. J. Exp. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. 2011, 22:541-548. 10.1038/jes.2011.29.