ESCAP Expert Paper: New developments in the diagnosis and treatment of adolescent anorexia nervosa—a European perspective

European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

Volumn 24, Issue 10, 2015, Pages 1153-1167

  Herpertz Dahlmann, Beate ^a   van Elburg, Annemarie ^b   Castro Fornieles, Josefina ^c   Schmidt, Ulrike ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL RWTH AACHEN   (Germany)

^b UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^c UNIVERSITY OF BARCELONA   (Spain)

^d KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Adolescence; Anorexia nervosa; European guidelines; Review; Treatment

Indexed keywords

ESTROGEN;

ADOLESCENT; ANOREXIA NERVOSA; BEHAVIOR THERAPY; BODY WEIGHT; CALORIC INTAKE; CARBOHYDRATE INTAKE; CLINICAL PRACTICE; COGNITIVE REMEDIATION THERAPY; COGNITIVE THERAPY; COST CONTROL; DSM-5; DSM-IV; ESTROGEN THERAPY; FAMILY THERAPY; FAT INTAKE; FEMALE; HEALTH CARE COST; HUMAN; ICD-11; MALE; MULTICENTER STUDY (TOPIC); NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENT; ONSET AGE; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREVALENCE; PRIMARY MEDICAL CARE; PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; SOCIAL COMPETENCE; SOCIAL INTERACTION; SOCIAL NEEDS; SOCIAL NETWORK; WEIGHT GAIN; EUROPE; GERMANY; NETHERLANDS; PSYCHOTHERAPY; SPAIN; STANDARDS; UNITED KINGDOM;

ADOLESCENT; ANOREXIA NERVOSA; COGNITIVE THERAPY; EUROPE; FEMALE; GERMANY; HUMANS; MALE; NETHERLANDS; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; PSYCHOTHERAPY; SPAIN; UNITED KINGDOM;

EID: 84943201290     PISSN: 10188827     EISSN: 1435165X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00787-015-0748-7     Document Type: Review

References (126)

1. Gonzalez A, Kohn MR, Clarke SD (2007) Eating disorders in adolescents. Aust Fam Physician 36:614–619
2. Hoang U, Goldacre M, James A (2014) Mortality following hospital discharge with a diagnosis of eating disorder: national record linkage study, England, 2001–2009. Int J Eat Disord 47:507–515. doi:10.1002/eat.22249
3. Favaro A, Caregaro L, Tenconi E, Bosello R, Santonastaso P (2009) Time trends in age at onset of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. J Clin Psychiatry 70:1715–1721. doi:10.4088/JCP.09m05176blu
4. Nicholls DE, Lynn R, Viner RM (2011) Childhood eating disorders: British national surveillance study. Br J Psychiatry 198:295–301. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.110.081356
5. Smink FR, van Hoeken D, Hoek HW (2012) Epidemiology of eating disorders: incidence, prevalence and mortality rates. Curr Psychiatry Rep 14:406–414. doi:10.1007/s11920-012-0282-y
6. Lipsman N, Woodside DB, Lozano AM (2014) Trends in anorexia nervosa research: an analysis of the top 100 most cited works. Eur Eat Disord Rev 22:9–14. doi:10.1002/erv.2270
7. American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5). APA, Washington, DC
8. Herpertz S, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Fichter MM, Tuschen-Caffier B, Zeeck A (2011) S3-Leitlinie Diagnostik und Behandlung der Essstörungen. Springer Verlag, Heidelberg
9. Dutch Knowledge Centre for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (2013) http://www.kenniscentrum-kjp.nl/en/professionals/Disorders/Eating-disorders-in-adolescents
10. Catalan Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Research (2009) Clinical practice guideline for eating disorders. Quality Plan for the National Health System of the Ministry of Health and Consumer Affairs
11. NICE (2004) Eating disorders—core interventions in the treatment and management of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and related eating disorders. British Psychological Society, London
12. Watson HJ, Bulik CM (2013) Update on the treatment of anorexia nervosa: review of clinical trials, practice guidelines and emerging interventions. Psychol Med 43:2477–2500. doi:10.1017/s0033291712002620
13. Kass AE, Kolko RP, Wilfley DE (2013) Psychological treatments for eating disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry 26:549–555. doi:10.1097/YCO.0b013e328365a30e
14. Uher R, Rutter M (2012) Classification of feeding and eating disorders: review of evidence and proposals for ICD-11. World Psychiatry 11:80–92
15. Attia E, Roberto CA (2009) Should amenorrhea be a diagnostic criterion for anorexia nervosa? Int J Eat Disord 42:581–589. doi:10.1002/eat.20720
16. Attia E, Becker AE, Bryant-Waugh R, Hoek HW, Kreipe RE, Marcus MD, Mitchell JE, Striegel RH, Walsh BT, Wilson GT, Wolfe BE, Wonderlich S (2013) Feeding and eating disorders in DSM-5. Am J Psychiatry 170:1237–1239. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13030326
17. Lock J, Le Grange D, Agras WS, Moye A, Bryson SW, Jo B (2010) Randomized clinical trial comparing family-based treatment with adolescent-focused individual therapy for adolescents with anorexia nervosa. Arch Gen Psychiatry 67:1025–1032. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.128
18. Focker M, Knoll S, Hebebrand J (2013) Anorexia nervosa. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 22(Suppl 1):S29–S35. doi:10.1007/s00787-012-0358-6
19. Griffiths S, Mond JM, Murray SB, Touyz S (2014) The prevalence and adverse associations of stigmatization in people with eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord. doi:10.1002/eat.22353
20. Maier A, Ernst JP, Muller S, Gross D, Zepf FD, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Hagenah U (2014) Self-perceived stigmatization in female patients with anorexia nervosa—results from an explorative retrospective pilot study of adolescents. Psychopathology 47:127–132. doi:10.1159/000350505
21. American Psychiatric Association (2007) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV-TR. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC
22. Pike KM, Hoek HW, Dunne PE (2014) Cultural trends and eating disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry 27:436–442. doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000100
23. Le Grange D, Crosby RD, Engel SG, Cao L, Ndungu A, Crow SJ, Peterson CB, Mitchell JE, Wonderlich SA (2013) DSM-IV-defined anorexia nervosa versus subthreshold anorexia nervosa (EDNOS-AN). Eur Eat Disord Rev 21:1–7. doi:10.1002/erv.2192
24. Cole TJ, Flegal KM, Nicholls D, Jackson AA (2007) Body mass index cut offs to define thinness in children and adolescents: international survey. BMJ 335:194. doi:10.1136/bmj.39238.399444.55
25. Micali N, Hagberg KW, Petersen I, Treasure JL (2013) The incidence of eating disorders in the UK in 2000–2009: findings from the General Practice Research Database. BMJ Open 3:e002646. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-002646
26. Herpertz-Dahlmann B (2015) Adolescent eating disorders: update on definitions, symptomatology, epidemiology, and comorbidity. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 24:177–196. doi:10.1016/j.chc.2014.08.003
27. van Son GE, van Hoeken D, Bartelds AI, van Furth EF, Hoek HW (2006) Time trends in the incidence of eating disorders: a primary care study in the Netherlands. Int J Eat Disord 39:565–569. doi:10.1002/eat.20316
28. Machado PP, Goncalves S, Hoek HW (2013) DSM-5 reduces the proportion of EDNOS cases: evidence from community samples. Int J Eat Disord 46:60–65. doi:10.1002/eat.22040
29. Smink FR, van Hoeken D, Oldehinkel AJ, Hoek HW (2014) Prevalence and severity of DSM-5 eating disorders in a community cohort of adolescents. Int J Eat Disord 47:610–619. doi:10.1002/eat.22316
30. American Psychiatric Association (2006) Treatment of patients with eating disorders, third edition. American Psychiatric Association. Am J Psychiatry 163:4–54
31. German Institute for Federal Statistics (2013) Diagnosedaten der Krankenhäuser ab 2000. www.statis.de, www.gbe-bund.de
32. Bardach NS, Coker TR, Zima BT, Murphy JM, Knapp P, Richardson LP, Edwall G, Mangione-Smith R (2014) Common and costly hospitalizations for pediatric mental health disorders. Pediatrics 133:602–609. doi:10.1542/peds.2013-3165
33. Sly R, Bamford B (2011) Why are we waiting? The relationship between low admission weight and end of treatment weight outcomes. Eur Eat Disord Rev 19:407–410. doi:10.1002/erv.1061
34. Goddard E, Hibbs R, Raenker S, Salerno L, Arcelus J, Boughton N, Connan F, Goss K, Laszlo B, Morgan J, Moore K, Robertson D, Saeidi S, Schreiber-Kounine C, Sharma S, Whitehead L, Schmidt U, Treasure J (2013) A multi-centre cohort study of short term outcomes of hospital treatment for anorexia nervosa in the UK. BMC Psychiatry 13:287. doi:10.1186/1471-244x-13-287
35. Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Schwarte R, Krei M, Egberts K, Warnke A, Wewetzer C, Pfeiffer E, Fleischhaker C, Scherag A, Holtkamp K, Hagenah U, Buhren K, Konrad K, Schmidt U, Schade-Brittinger C, Timmesfeld N, Dempfle A (2014) Day-patient treatment after short inpatient care versus continued inpatient treatment in adolescents with anorexia nervosa (ANDI): a multicentre, randomised, open-label, non-inferiority trial. Lancet. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)62411-3
36. Buhren K, von Ribbeck L, Schwarte R, Egberts K, Pfeiffer E, Fleischhaker C, Wewetzer C, Kennes LN, Dempfle A, Herpertz-Dahlmann B (2013) Body mass index in adolescent anorexia nervosa patients in relation to age, time point and site of admission. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 22:395–400. doi:10.1007/s00787-013-0376-z
37. Gowers SG, Clark A, Roberts C, Griffiths A, Edwards V, Bryan C, Smethurst N, Byford S, Barrett B (2007) Clinical effectiveness of treatments for anorexia nervosa in adolescents: randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry 191:427–435. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.107.036764
38. Madden S, Miskovic-Wheatley J, Wallis A, Kohn M, Lock J, Le Grange D, Jo B, Clarke S, Rhodes P, Hay P, Touyz S (2014) A randomized controlled trial of in-patient treatment for anorexia nervosa in medically unstable adolescents. Psychol Med 14:1–13. doi:10.1017/s0033291714001573
39. Castro-Fornieles J, Casula V, Saura B, Martinez E, Lazaro L, Vila M, Plana MT, Toro J (2007) Predictors of weight maintenance after hospital discharge in adolescent anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 40:129–135. doi:10.1002/eat.20340
40. Forman SF, McKenzie N, Hehn R, Monge MC, Kapphahn CJ, Mammel KA, Callahan ST, Sigel EJ, Bravender T, Romano M, Rome ES, Robinson KA, Fisher M, Malizio JB, Rosen DS, Hergenroeder AC, Buckelew SM, Jay MS, Lindenbaum J, Rickert VI, Garber A, Golden NH, Woods ER (2014) Predictors of outcome at 1 year in adolescents with DSM-5 restrictive eating disorders: report of the national eating disorders quality improvement collaborative. J Adolesc Health 55:750–756. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.06.014
41. Strober M, Johnson C (2012) The need for complex ideas in anorexia nervosa: why biology, environment, and psyche all matter, why therapists make mistakes, and why clinical benchmarks are needed for managing weight correction. Int J Eat Disord 45:155–178. doi:10.1002/eat.22005
42. Guarda AS, Pinto AM, Coughlin JW, Hussain S, Haug NA, Heinberg LJ (2007) Perceived coercion and change in perceived need for admission in patients hospitalized for eating disorders. Am J Psychiatry 164:108–114. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.164.1.108
43. Godart NT, Rein Z, Perdereau F, Curt F, Jeammet P (2005) Predictors of premature termination of anorexia nervosa treatment. Am J Psychiatry 162:2398–2399; author reply 2399. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.12.2398
44. Hubert T, Pioggiosi P, Huas C, Wallier J, Maria AS, Apfel A, Curt F, Falissard B, Godart N (2013) Drop-out from adolescent and young adult inpatient treatment for anorexia nervosa. Psychiatry Res 209:632–637. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.03.034
45. Bulik CM, Berkman ND, Brownley KA, Sedway JA, Lohr KN (2007) Anorexia nervosa treatment: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Int J Eat Disord 40:310–320. doi:10.1002/eat.20367
46. le Grange D, Eisler I (2009) Family interventions in adolescent anorexia nervosa. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 18:159–173. doi:10.1016/j.chc.2008.07.004
47. Krug I, Penelo E, Fernandez-Aranda F, Anderluh M, Bellodi L, Cellini E, di Bernardo M, Granero R, Karwautz A, Nacmias B, Ricca V, Sorbi S, Tchanturia K, Wagner G, Collier D, Treasure J (2013) Low social interactions in eating disorder patients in childhood and adulthood: a multi-centre European case control study. J Health Psychol 18:26–37. doi:10.1177/1359105311435946
48. Ornstein RM, Lane-Loney SE, Hollenbeak CS (2012) Clinical outcomes of a novel, family-centered partial hospitalization program for young patients with eating disorders. Eat Weight Disord 17:e170–e177
49. Goldstein M, Peters L, Baillie A, McVeagh P, Minshall G, Fitzjames D (2011) The effectiveness of a day program for the treatment of adolescent anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 44:29–38. doi:10.1002/eat.20789
50. Morgan HG, Hayward AE (1988) Clinical assessment of anorexia nervosa. The Morgan-Russell outcome assessment schedule. Br J Psychiatry 152:367–371
51. Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Dempfle A, Konrad K, Klasen F, Ravens-Sieberer U (2014) Eating disorder symptoms do not just disappear: the implications of adolescent eating-disordered behaviour for body weight and mental health in young adulthood. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. doi:10.1007/s00787-014-0610-3
52. Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Salbach-Andrae H (2009) Overview of treatment modalities in adolescent anorexia nervosa. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 18:131–145. doi:10.1016/j.chc.2008.07.010
53. Steinhausen HC, Grigoroiu-Serbanescu M, Boyadjieva S, Neumarker KJ, Metzke CW (2009) The relevance of body weight in the medium-term to long-term course of adolescent anorexia nervosa. Findings from a multisite study. Int J Eat Disord 42:19–25. doi:10.1002/eat.20577
54. Kaplan AS, Walsh BT, Olmsted M, Attia E, Carter JC, Devlin MJ, Pike KM, Woodside B, Rockert W, Roberto CA, Parides M (2009) The slippery slope: prediction of successful weight maintenance in anorexia nervosa. Psychol Med 39:1037–1045. doi:10.1017/s003329170800442x
55. Lock J, Agras WS, Le Grange D, Couturier J, Safer D, Bryson SW (2013) Do end of treatment assessments predict outcome at follow-up in eating disorders? Int J Eat Disord 46:771–778. doi:10.1002/eat.22175
56. Accurso EC, Ciao AC, Fitzsimmons-Craft EE, Lock JD, Le Grange D (2014) Is weight gain really a catalyst for broader recovery? The impact of weight gain on psychological symptoms in the treatment of adolescent anorexia nervosa. Behav Res Ther 56:1–6. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.02.006
57. Roots P, Hawker J, Gowers SG (2006) The use of target weights in the inpatient treatment of adolescent anorexia nervosa. Eur Eat Disord Rev 14:323–328
58. Dempfle A, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Timmesfeld N, Schwarte R, Egberts KM, Pfeiffer E, Fleischhaker C, Wewetzer C, Buhren K (2013) Predictors of the resumption of menses in adolescent anorexia nervosa. BMC Psychiatry 13:308. doi:10.1186/1471-244x-13-308
59. Golden NH, Jacobson MS, Sterling WM, Hertz S (2008) Treatment goal weight in adolescents with anorexia nervosa: use of BMI percentiles. Int J Eat Disord 41:301–306. doi:10.1002/eat.20503
60. Faust JP, Goldschmidt AB, Anderson KE, Glunz C, Brown M, Loeb KL, Katzman DK, Le Grange D (2013) Resumption of menses in anorexia nervosa during a course of family-based treatment. J Eat Disord 1:12. doi:10.1186/2050-2974-1-12
61. Focker M, Buhren K, Timmesfeld N, Dempfle A, Knoll S, Schwarte R, Egberts KM, Pfeiffer E, Fleischhaker C, Wewetzer C, Hebebrand J, Herpertz-Dahlmann B (2014) The relationship between premorbid body weight and weight at referral, at discharge and at 1-year follow-up in anorexia nervosa. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. doi:10.1007/s00787-014-0605-0
62. Dei M, Seravalli V, Bruni V, Balzi D, Pasqua A (2008) Predictors of recovery of ovarian function after weight gain in subjects with amenorrhea related to restrictive eating disorders. Gynecol Endocrinol 24:459–464. doi:10.1080/09513590802246141
63. van Elburg AA, Eijkemans MJ, Kas MJ, Themmen AP, de Jong FH, van Engeland H, Fauser BC (2007) Predictors of recovery of ovarian function during weight gain in anorexia nervosa. Fertil Steril 87:902–908. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.11.004
64. Le Grange D, Accurso EC, Lock J, Agras S, Bryson SW (2014) Early weight gain predicts outcome in two treatments for adolescent anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 47:124–129. doi:10.1002/eat.22221
65. Marzola E, Nasser JA, Hashim SA, Shih PA, Kaye WH (2013) Nutritional rehabilitation in anorexia nervosa: review of the literature and implications for treatment. BMC Psychiatry 13:290. doi:10.1186/1471-244x-13-290
66. Redgrave GW, Coughlin JW, Schreyer CC, Martin LM, Leonpacher AK, Seide M, Verdi AM, Pletch A, Guarda AS (2015) Refeeding and weight restoration outcomes in anorexia nervosa: challenging current guidelines. Int J Eat Disord. doi:10.1002/eat.22390
67. Rocks T, Pelly F, Wilkinson P (2014) Nutrition therapy during initiation of refeeding in underweight children and adolescent inpatients with anorexia nervosa: a systematic review of the evidence. J Acad Nutr Diet 114:897–907. doi:10.1016/j.jand.2013.11.022
68. Golden NH, Keane-Miller C, Sainani KL, Kapphahn CJ (2013) Higher caloric intake in hospitalized adolescents with anorexia nervosa is associated with reduced length of stay and no increased rate of refeeding syndrome. J Adolesc Health 53:573–578. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.05.014
69. Whitelaw M, Gilbertson H, Lam PY, Sawyer SM (2010) Does aggressive refeeding in hospitalized adolescents with anorexia nervosa result in increased hypophosphatemia? J Adolesc Health 46:577–582. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.11.207
70. O’Connor G, Nicholls D (2013) Refeeding hypophosphatemia in adolescents with anorexia nervosa: a systematic review. Nutr Clin Pract 28:358–364. doi:10.1177/0884533613476892
71. O’Connor G, Goldin J (2011) The refeeding syndrome and glucose load. Int J Eat Disord 44:182–185. doi:10.1002/eat.20791
72. Royal College of Psychiatrists (2012) Junior MARSIPAN: Management of Really Sick Patients under 18 with Anorexia nervosa. London
73. Le Grange D, Lock J, Accurso EC, Agras WS, Darcy A, Forsberg S, Bryson SW (2014) Relapse from remission at two- to four-year follow-up in two treatments for adolescent anorexia nervosa. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 53:1162–1167. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2014.07.014
74. Katzman DK (2012) Refeeding hospitalized adolescents with anorexia nervosa: is “start low, advance slow” urban legend or evidence based? J Adolesc Health 50:1–2. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.10.003
75. Le Grange D (2013) Examining refeeding protocols for adolescents with anorexia nervosa (again): challenges to current practices. J Adolesc Health 53:555–556. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.08.015
76. German Society for Nutritition (2013) Referenzwerte für die Nährstoffzufuhr. 1. Auflage
77. Russell GF, Szmukler GI, Dare C, Eisler I (1987) An evaluation of family therapy in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Arch Gen Psychiatry 44:1047–1056
78. le Grange D, Telch CF, Agras WS (1997) Eating and general psychopathology in a sample of Caucasian and ethnic minority subjects. Int J Eat Disord 21:285–293
79. Eisler I, Dare C, Hodes M, Russell G, Dodge E, Le Grange D (2000) Family therapy for adolescent anorexia nervosa: the results of a controlled comparison of two family interventions. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 41:727–736
80. Le Grange D, Lock J, Agras WS, Moye A, Bryson SW, Jo B, Kraemer HC (2012) Moderators and mediators of remission in family-based treatment and adolescent focused therapy for anorexia nervosa. Behav Res Ther 50:85–92. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2011.11.003
81. Agras WS, Lock J, Brandt H, Bryson SW, Dodge E, Halmi KA, Jo B, Johnson C, Kaye W, Wilfley D, Woodside B (2014) Comparison of 2 family therapies for adolescent anorexia nervosa: a randomized parallel trial. JAMA Psychiatry 71:1279–1286. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.1025
82. Murray SB, Le Grange D (2014) Family therapy for adolescent eating disorders: an update. Curr Psychiatry Rep 16:447. doi:10.1007/s11920-014-0447-y
83. Castro J, Gila A, Puig J, Rodriguez S, Toro J (2004) Predictors of rehospitalization after total weight recovery in adolescents with anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 36:22–30. doi:10.1002/eat.20009
84. van Elburg AA, Hillebrand JJ, Huyser C, Snoek M, Kas MJ, Hoek HW, Adan RA (2012) Mandometer treatment not superior to treatment as usual for anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 45:193–201. doi:10.1002/eat.20918
85. Godart N, Berthoz S, Curt F, Perdereau F, Rein Z, Wallier J, Horreard AS, Kaganski I, Lucet R, Atger F, Corcos M, Fermanian J, Falissard B, Flament M, Eisler I, Jeammet P (2012) A randomized controlled trial of adjunctive family therapy and treatment as usual following inpatient treatment for anorexia nervosa adolescents. PLoS One 7:e28249. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0028249
86. Hughes EK, Le Grange D, Court A, Yeo MS, Campbell S, Allan E, Crosby RD, Loeb KL, Sawyer SM (2014) Parent-focused treatment for adolescent anorexia nervosa: a study protocol of a randomised controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry 14:105. doi:10.1186/1471-244x-14-105
87. Raenker S, Hibbs R, Goddard E, Naumann U, Arcelus J, Ayton A, Bamford B, Boughton N, Connan F, Goss K, Lazlo B, Morgan J, Moore K, Robertson D, Schreiber-Kounine C, Sharma S, Whitehead L, Beecham J, Schmidt U, Treasure J (2013) Caregiving and coping in carers of people with anorexia nervosa admitted for intensive hospital care. Int J Eat Disord 46:346–354. doi:10.1002/eat.22068
88. Goddard E, Macdonald P, Treasure J (2011) An examination of the impact of the Maudsley Collaborative Care skills training workshops on patients with anorexia nervosa: a qualitative study. Eur Eat Disord Rev 19:150–161. doi:10.1002/erv.1042
89. Grover M, Naumann U, Mohammad-Dar L, Glennon D, Ringwood S, Eisler I, Williams C, Treasure J, Schmidt U (2011) A randomized controlled trial of an Internet-based cognitive-behavioural skills package for carers of people with anorexia nervosa. Psychol Med 41:2581–2591. doi:10.1017/s0033291711000766
90. Hoyle D, Slater J, Williams C, Schmidt U, Wade TD (2013) Evaluation of a web-based skills intervention for carers of people with anorexia nervosa: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Eat Disord 46:634–638. doi:10.1002/eat.22144
91. Lock J, Fitzpatrick KK (2009) Advances in psychotherapy for children and adolescents with eating disorders. Am J Psychother 63:287–303
92. Fitzpatrick KK, Moye A, Hoste R, Lock J, le Grange D (2010) Adolescent focused psychotherapy for adolescents with anorexia nervosa. J Contemp Psychother 40:31–39. doi:10.1007/s10879-009-9123-7
93. Dalle Grave R, Calugi S, Doll HA, Fairburn CG (2013) Enhanced cognitive behaviour therapy for adolescents with anorexia nervosa: an alternative to family therapy? Behav Res Ther 51:R9–r12. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2012.09.008
94. Dalle Grave R, Calugi S, El Ghoch M, Conti M, Fairburn CG (2014) Inpatient cognitive behavior therapy for adolescents with anorexia nervosa: immediate and longer-term effects. Front Psychiatry 5:14. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00014
95. Fairburn CG (2008) Cognitive behavior therapy and eating disorders. Guilford Press, New York
96. Cooper Z, Stewart A (2008) CBT-E and the younger patients. In: Fairburn CG (ed) Cognitive behavior therapy and eating disorders. Guildford Press, New York, pp 221–230
97. McIntosh VV, Jordan J, Carter FA, Luty SE, McKenzie JM, Bulik CM, Frampton CM, Joyce PR (2005) Three psychotherapies for anorexia nervosa: a randomized, controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry 162:741–747. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.4.741
98. Carter FA, Jordan J, McIntosh VV, Luty SE, McKenzie JM, Frampton CM, Bulik CM, Joyce PR (2011) The long-term efficacy of three psychotherapies for anorexia nervosa: a randomized, controlled trial. Int J Eat Disord 44:647–654. doi:10.1002/eat.20879
99. Tchanturia K, Harrison A, Davies H, Roberts M, Oldershaw A, Nakazato M, Stahl D, Morris R, Schmidt U, Treasure J (2011) Cognitive flexibility and clinical severity in eating disorders. PLoS One 6:e20462. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020462
100. Tchanturia K, Anderluh MB, Morris RG, Rabe-Hesketh S, Collier DA, Sanchez P, Treasure JL (2004) Cognitive flexibility in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 10:513–520. doi:10.1017/s1355617704104086
101. Danner UN, Sanders N, Smeets PA, van Meer F, Adan RA, Hoek HW, van Elburg AA (2012) Neuropsychological weaknesses in anorexia nervosa: set-shifting, central coherence, and decision making in currently ill and recovered women. Int J Eat Disord 45:685–694. doi:10.1002/eat.22007
102. Dahlgren CL, Lask B, Landro NI, Ro O (2013) Developing and evaluating cognitive remediation therapy (CRT) for adolescents with anorexia nervosa: a feasibility study. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 19:476–487. doi:10.1177/1359104513489980
103. Calderoni S, Muratori F, Leggero C, Narzisi A, Apicella F, Balottin U, Carigi T, Maestro S, Fabbro F, Urgesi C (2013) Neuropsychological functioning in children and adolescents with restrictive-type anorexia nervosa: an in-depth investigation with NEPSY-II. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 35:167–179. doi:10.1080/13803395.2012.760536
104. Rose M, Davis J, Frampton I, Lask B (2011) The Ravello Profile: development of a global standard neuropsychological assessment for young people with anorexia nervosa. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 16:195–202. doi:10.1177/1359104511401191
105. Andres-Perpina S, Lozano-Serra E, Puig O, Lera-Miguel S, Lazaro L, Castro-Fornieles J (2011) Clinical and biological correlates of adolescent anorexia nervosa with impaired cognitive profile. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 20:541–549. doi:10.1007/s00787-011-0216-y
106. Lozano-Serra E, Andres-Perpina S, Lazaro-Garcia L, Castro-Fornieles J (2014) Adolescent Anorexia Nervosa: cognitive performance after weight recovery. J Psychosom Res 76:6–11. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2013.10.009
107. Lang K, Stahl D, Espie J, Treasure J, Tchanturia K (2014) Set shifting in children and adolescents with anorexia nervosa: an exploratory systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Eat Disord 47:394–399. doi:10.1002/eat.22235
108. Tchanturia K, Davies H, Campbell IC (2007) Cognitive remediation therapy for patients with anorexia nervosa: preliminary findings. Ann Gen Psychiatry 6:14. doi:10.1186/1744-859x-6-14
109. Dahlgren CL, Lask B, Landro NI, Ro O (2014) Patient and parental self-reports of executive functioning in a sample of young female adolescents with anorexia nervosa before and after cognitive remediation therapy. Eur Eat Disord Rev 22:45–52. doi:10.1002/erv.2265
110. Hagman J, Gralla J, Sigel E, Ellert S, Dodge M, Gardner R, O’Lonergan T, Frank G, Wamboldt MZ (2011) A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of risperidone for the treatment of adolescents and young adults with anorexia nervosa: a pilot study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 50:915–924. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2011.06.009
111. Hebebrand J (2011) Pharmacotherapy of anorexia nervosa: more questions than answers. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 50:854–856. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2011.06.016
112. Kafantaris V, Leigh E, Hertz S, Berest A, Schebendach J, Sterling WM, Saito E, Sunday S, Higdon C, Golden NH, Malhotra AK (2011) A placebo-controlled pilot study of adjunctive olanzapine for adolescents with anorexia nervosa. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 21:207–212. doi:10.1089/cap.2010.0139
113. Lebow J, Sim LA, Erwin PJ, Murad MH (2013) The effect of atypical antipsychotic medications in individuals with anorexia nervosa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Eat Disord 46:332–339. doi:10.1002/eat.22059
114. Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Wewetzer C (2014) Eating disorders. In: Gerlach M, Warnke A, Greenhill L (eds) Psychiatric drugs in children and adolesscents. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 429–437
115. Fazeli PK, Calder GL, Miller KK, Misra M, Lawson EA, Meenaghan E, Lee H, Herzog D, Klibanski A (2012) Psychotropic medication use in anorexia nervosa between 1997 and 2009. Int J Eat Disord 45:970–976. doi:10.1002/eat.22037
116. Attia E, Haiman C, Walsh BT, Flater SR (1998) Does fluoxetine augment the inpatient treatment of anorexia nervosa? Am J Psychiatry 155:548–551. doi:10.1176/ajp.155.4.548
117. Ferguson CP, La Via MC, Crossan PJ, Kaye WH (1999) Are serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors effective in underweight anorexia nervosa? Int J Eat Disord 25:11–17
118. Walsh BT, Kaplan AS, Attia E, Olmsted M, Parides M, Carter JC, Pike KM, Devlin MJ, Woodside B, Roberto CA, Rockert W (2006) Fluoxetine after weight restoration in anorexia nervosa: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 295:2605–2612. doi:10.1001/jama.295.22.2605
119. Mitchell JE, Roerig J, Steffen K (2013) Biological therapies for eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord 46:470–477. doi:10.1002/eat.22104
120. Lebow J, Sim L (2013) The influence of estrogen therapies on bone mineral density in premenopausal women with anorexia nervosa and amenorrhea. Vitam Horm 92:243–257. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-410473-0.00009-x
121. Singhal V, Misra M, Klibanski A (2014) Endocrinology of anorexia nervosa in young people: recent insights. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 21:64–70. doi:10.1097/med.0000000000000026
122. Starr TB, Kreipe RE (2014) Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: brains, bones and breeding. Curr Psychiatry Rep 16:441. doi:10.1007/s11920-014-0441-4
123. Misra M, Katzman D, Miller KK, Mendes N, Snelgrove D, Russell M, Goldstein MA, Ebrahimi S, Clauss L, Weigel T, Mickley D, Schoenfeld DA, Herzog DB, Klibanski A (2011) Physiologic estrogen replacement increases bone density in adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa. J Bone Miner Res 26:2430–2438. doi:10.1002/jbmr.447
124. Elzakkers IF, Danner UN, Hoek HW, Schmidt U, van Elburg AA (2014) Compulsory treatment in anorexia nervosa: a review. Int J Eat Disord 47:845–852. doi:10.1002/eat.22330
125. Clausen L, Jones A (2014) A systematic review of the frequency, duration, type and effect of involuntary treatment for people with anorexia nervosa, and an analysis of patient characteristics. J Eat Disord 2:29. doi:10.1186/s40337-014-0029-8
126. Schmidt U, Campbell IC (2013) Treatment of eating disorders can not remain ‘brainless’: the case for brain-directed treatments. Eur Eat Disord Rev 21:425–427. doi:10.1002/erv.2257