Fear of crime in urban parks - What the residents of Kuala Lumpur have to say?

Urban Forestry and Urban Greening

Volumn 14, Issue 3, 2015, Pages 702-713

  Maruthaveeran, Sreetheran ^a,b   Van den Bosh, Cecil Konijnendijk ^a,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

^b FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE MALAYSIA   (Malaysia)

^c SWEDISH UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Concealment; Fear; Kuala Lumpur; Physical disorder; Qualitative study

Indexed keywords

CONCEALMENT BEHAVIOR; GREENSPACE; PARK MANAGEMENT; QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS; RESIDENT POPULATION; URBAN AREA; URBAN PLANNING;

KUALA LUMPUR [WEST MALAYSIA]; MALAYSIA; WEST MALAYSIA;

EID: 84942564082     PISSN: 16188667     EISSN: 16108167     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ufug.2015.05.012     Document Type: Article

References (93)

1. Abrams G., Ataov A., Courson W., Imeokparia T., Melsheimer W., Nasar J.L., Nix R. A Community Safety Guide for the City of Columbus 1993, Ohio State University, City and Regional Planning 851, Precinct Planning, Columbus, OH.
2. Adu-Mireku S. Fear of crime among residents of three communities in Accra, Ghana. Int. J. Comp. Sociol. 2002, 43:153-168.
3. Andrews M., Gatersleben B. Variations in perception of danger, fear and preference in a simulated natural environment. J. Environ. Psychol. 2010, 30:473-481.
4. Arnberger A. Recreation use of urban forests: an inter-area comparison. Urban For. Urban Green. 2006, 4:135-144.
5. Atkins S., Husain S., Storey A. The Influence of Street Lighting on Crime and Fear of Crime. Crime Prevention Unit Paper No. 28 1991, Home Office, London.
6. Bixler R.D., Floyd M.F. Nature is scary, disgusting and uncomfortable. Environ. Behav. 1997, 29:443-467.
7. Boakye K.A. Tourists' views on safety and vulnerability - a study of some selected towns in Ghana. Tour. Manag. 2012, 33:327-333.
8. Brownlow A. An archaeology of fear and environmental change in Philadelphia. Geoforum 2006, 37:227-245.
9. Burgess J., Harrison C.M., Limb M. People, parks and the urban green: a study of popular meanings and values for open spaces in the city. Urban Stud. 1988, 25:455-473.
10. Chiesura A. The role of urban parks for the sustainable city. Landsc. Urban Plan. 2004, 68:129-138.
11. Clark J. Fear in fear of crime. Psychiatry Psychol. Law 2003, 102:267-282.
12. Covington J., Taylor R.B. Fear of crime in urban residential neighborhoods: implications of between and within-neighborhood sources for current models. Sociol. Q. 1991, 32:231-249.
13. Crank J.P., Giacomazzi A., Heck C. Fear of crime in a nonurban setting. J. Criminal Justice 2003, 31:249-263.
14. Dammert L., Malone M.F.T. Does it take a village? Policing strategies and fear of crime in Latin America. Lat. Am. Polit. Soc. 2006, 48:27-51.
15. The Fear of Crime 2000, Ashgate, Aldershot. J. Ditton, S. Farrall (Eds.).
16. Farrall S., Bannister J., Ditton J., Gilchrist E. Social psychology and the 'fear of crime': re-examining a speculative model. Br. J. Criminol. 2000, 40:399-413.
17. Fattah E.A., Sacco V.F. Crime and Victimisation of the Elderly 1989, Springer Verlag, New York.
18. Federal Department of Town and Country Planning, Peninsular Malaysia National Urbanisation Policy. Kuala Lumpur 2006.
19. Ferraro K.F. Fear of Crime: Interpreting Victimization Risk 1995, State University of New York Press, Albany, NY.
20. Ferraro K.F. Women's fear of victimization: shadow of sexual assault?. Soc. Forces 1996, 75:667-690.
21. Fisher B.S., Nasar J.L. Fear of crime in relation to three exterior site features: prospect, refuge, and escape. Environ. Behav. 1992, 24:35-65.
22. Fisher B.S., Sloan J.J., Wilkins D.L. Fear of crime and perceived risk of victimization in an urban university setting. Campus Crime: Legal, Social, and Policy Perspectives 1995, Charles C. Thomas Publishing, Springfield, IL. B.S. Fisher, J.J. Sloan (Eds.).
23. Foster S., Giles-Corti B. The built environment, neighborhood crime and constrained physical activity: an exploration of inconsistent findings. Prev. Med. 2008, 47:241-251.
24. Foster S., Giles-Corti B., Knuiman M. Neighbourhood design and fear of crime: a social-ecological examination of the correlates of residents' fear in new suburban housing developments. Health Place 2010, 16:1156-1165.
25. Foster S., Giles-Corti B., Knuiman M. Does fear of crime discourage walkers? A social-ecological exploration of fear as a deterrent to walking in new suburbs. Environ. Behav. 2013, 46:698-717.
26. Fox K.A., Nobles M.R., Piquero A.R. Gender, crime victimization and fear of crime. Secur. J. 2009, 22:24-39.
27. Giles-Corti B., Timperio A., Bull F., Pikora T. Understanding physical activity environmental correlates: increased specificity for ecological models. Exerc. Sports Sci. Rev. 2005, 33:175-181.
28. Gobster P.H. Visions for nature: conflict and compatibility in urban park restoration. Landsc. Urban Plan. 2001, 56:35-51.
29. Gobster P.H. Managing urban parks for a racially and ethnically diverse clientele. Leis. Sci. 2002, 24:143-159.
30. Gordon N.T., Riger S. Fear and avoidance - a link between attitudes and behaviour. Victimology 1979, 4:395-402.
31. Groff E., McCord E.S. The role of neighbourhood parks as crime generators. Secur. J. 2011, 1-24.
32. Hale C. Fear of crime: a review of the literature. Int. Rev. Vict. 1996, 4:79-150.
33. Hanson R.F., Smith D.W., Kilpatrick D.G., Freedy J.R. Crime related fears and demographic diversity in Los Angeles County after the 1992 civil disturbances. J. Community Psychol. 2000, 28:607-623.
34. Hartig T., Evans G., Jamner L., Davis D., Garling T. Tracking restoration in natural and urban field settings. J. Environ. Psychol. 2003, 23:109-123.
35. Herzog T.R. A cognitive analysis of preference for field-and-forest environments. Landsc. Res. 1984, 9:10-16.
36. Herzog T.R., Flynn-Smith J.A. Preference and Perceived Danger as a Function of the Perceived Curvature Length, and Width of Urban Alleys. Environ. Behav. 2001, 33:653-666.
37. Hope T., Sparks R. Crime, Risk and Insecurity 2000, Routledge, London.
38. Hung K., Crompton J.L. Benefits and constraints associated with the use of an urban park reported by a sample of elderly in Hong Kong. Leis. Stud. 2006, 25:291-311.
39. Hwang E.G. A Multilevel Test of Fear of Crime: The Effect of Social Conditions, Perceived Community Policing Activities, and Perceived Risks in a Megapolis 2006, (Unpublished doctoral dissertation), Michigan State University, East Lansing.
40. Jacobs J. Death and Life of Great American Cities 1961, Random House, New York.
41. Jansson M., Fors H., Lindgren T., Wiström B. Perceived personal safety in relation to urban woodland vegetation - a review. Urban For. Urban Green. 2013, 12:127-133.
42. Jim C.Y., Chen W.Y. Recreation amenity use and contingent valuation of urban green spaces in Guangzhou, China. Landsc. Urban Plan. 2006, 75:81-96.
43. Johnson J.D. Fear of crime in Botswana: impact of gender, victimization, and incivility. Int. J. Comp. Appl. Criminal Justice 2006, 30:235-253.
44. Jorgensen A., Anthopoulou A. Enjoyment and fear in urban woodlands - does age make a difference?. Urban For. Urban Green. 2007, 6:267-278.
45. Jorgensen A., Hitchmough J., Calvert T. Woodland spaces and edges: their impact on perception of safety and preference. Landsc. Urban Plan. 2002, 60:135-150.
46. Jorgensen L.J., Ellis G.D., Ruddel E. Fear perceptions in public parks: interactions of environmental concealment, the presence of people recreating, and gender. Environ. Behav. 2013, 10.1177/0013916512446334.
47. Kaplan S., Kaplan R. Cognition and Environment: Functioning in an Uncertain World 1982, New York, Praeger.
48. Karakus O., McGarrell E.F., Basibuyuk O. Fear of crime among citizens of Turkey. J. Criminal Justice 2010, 38:174-184.
49. Kázmierczak A. The contribution of local parks to neighbourhood social ties. Landsc. Urban Plan. 2013, 109:31-44.
50. Knutsson J. Restoring public order in a city Park. Policing for Prevention: Reducing Crime, Public Intoxication and Injury 1997, vol. 7:133-151. Criminal Justice Press, Monsey, NY.
51. Kuo F.E., Sullivan W.C. Environment and crime in the inner city: does vegetation reduce crime?. Environ. Behav. 2001, 333:343-367.
52. Kuo F.E., Bacaicoa M., Sullivan W.C. Transforming inner-city landscapes: trees, sense of safety, and preference. Environ. Behav. 1998, 30:28-59.
53. Lane J., Meeker J.W. Women's and men's fear of gang crimes: sexual and nonsexual assault as perceptually contemporaneous offenses. Justice Q. 2003, 20:337-371.
54. Lewis D.A., Maxfield M.G. Fear in the neighborhoods: an investigation of the impact of crime. J. Res. Crime Delinq. 1980, 17:160-189.
55. Lindgren T., Nilsen M.R. Safety in residential areas. Tijdschr. Econ. Soc. Geogr. 2012, 103:196-208.
56. Loewen L.J., Steel G.D., Suedfeld P. Perceived safety from crime in the urban environment. J. Environ. Psychol. 1993, 13:323-331.
57. Madge C. Public parks and the geography of fear. Tijdschr. Econ. Soc. Geogr. 1997, 88:237-250.
58. Martin C., Warren P., Kinzig A. Neighborhood socioeconomic status is a useful predictor of perennial landscape vegetation in residential neighborhoods and embedded small parks of Pheonix, AZ. Landsc. Urban Plan. 2004, 69:355-368.
59. Mesch G.S. Perceptions of risk, lifestyle activities and fear of crime. Deviant Behav. 2000, 21:47-62.
60. Michael S.E., Hull R.B. Effects of Vegetation on Crime in Urban Parks. Interim Report for the U.S. Forest Service and the International Society of Arboriculture 1994, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Department of Forestry, Blacksburg.
61. Miethe T.D. Fear and withdrawal from urban life. Ann. Am. Acad. Polit. Soc. Sci. 1995, 539:14-27.
62. Nasar J.L., Fisher B.S. "Hot spots" of fear and crime: a multi-method investigation. J. Environ. Psychol. 1993, 13:187-206.
63. Nasar J.L., Jones K. Landscape of fear and stress. Environ. Behav. 1997, 29:291-323.
64. Nasar J.L., Fisher B.S., Grannis M. Proximate physical cues to fear of crime. Landsc. Urban Plan. 1993, 26:161-178.
65. Özgüner H. Cultural differences in attitudes towards urban parks and green spaces. Landsc. Res. 2011, 36:599-620.
66. Painter K. The influence of street lighting improvements on crime, fear and pedestrian street use, after dark. Landsc. Urban Plan. 1996, 35:193-201.
67. Peters B.E., Buijs A. Social interactions in urban parks: stimulating social cohesion?. Urban For. Urban Green. 2010, 9:93-100.
68. Rand M. Criminal Victimization, 2007 2008, United States Department of Justice, Washington D.C.
69. Reid L.W., Konrad M. The gender gap in fear: assessing the interactive effects of gender and perceived risk on fear of crime. Sociol. Spectr. 2004, 24:399-425.
70. Ross C.E., Mirowsky J. Disorder and decay: the concept and measurement of perceived neighborhood disorder. Urban Aff. Rev. 1999, 34:412-432.
71. Sampson R., Raudenbush S., Earls F. Neighbourhoods and violent crime: a multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science 1997, 277:918-924.
72. Scarborough B.K., Like-Haislip T.Z., Novak K.J., Lucas W.L., Alarid L.F. Assessing the relationship between individual characteristics, neighborhood context, and fear of crime. J. Criminal Justice 2010, 38:819-826.
73. Schafer J., Huebner B., Bynum T. Fear of crime and criminal victimization: gender based contrast. J. Criminal Justice 2006, 34:285-301.
74. Schipperijn J., Stigsdotter U., Tofttager M., Bentsen O., Kamper-Jørgensen F., Randrup T.B. Factors influencing the use of urban green space: results from a Danish national representative survey. Landsc. Urban Plan. 2010, 95:130-137.
75. Schroeder H.W. Environment, behaviour and design research on urban forests. Advances in Environment, Behaviour and Design 1989, vol. 2. Plenum Publishing Corporation, New York.
76. Schroeder H.W., Anderson L.M. Perception of personal safety in urban recreation sites. J. Leis. Res. 1984, 16:178-194.
77. Skår M. Forest dear forest fear: dwellers' relationship to their neighbourhood forest. Landsc. Urban Plan. 2010, 98:110-116.
78. Skogan W.G. Fear of crime and neighborhood change. Crime Justice 1986, 8:203-229.
79. Skogan W.G. Disorder and Decline: Crime and the Spiral of Decay in American Neighborhoods 1990, The Free Press, Beverley Hills.
80. Skogan W.G. Measuring what matters: crime, disorder and fear. Measuring What Matters: Proceedings From the Police Research Institute Meetings 1999, National Institute of Justice, Washinton, DC. R.H. Langworthy (Ed.).
81. Sreetheran M., Van den Bosch C.C.K. A socio-ecological exploration of fear of crime in urban green spaces - a systematic review. Urban For. Urban Green. 2014, 13:1-18.
82. Stoks F.G. Assessing urban public space environment for danger of violent crime - especially rape. Conference on People and Physical Environment Research 1983, 331-343. Ministry of Works and Development, Wellington, NZ. D. Joiner, G. Brimikombe, J. Daish, J. Gray, D. Kernohan (Eds.).
83. Taylor R.B., Hale M. Testing alternative models of fear of crime. J. Criminal Law Criminol. 1986, 77:151-189.
84. Tinsley H.E.A., Tinsley D.J., Croskeys C.E. Park usage, social milieu and psychosocial benefits of park use reported by older urban parks users from four ethnic groups. Leis. Sci. 2002, 24:199-218.
85. Tulloch M. The meaning of age differences in the fear of crime. Br. J. Criminol. 2000, 40:451-467.
86. Van den Berg A.E., Ter Heijne M. Fear versus fascination: an exploration of emotional responses to natural threats. J. Environ. Psychol. 2005, 25:261-272.
87. Van Winsum-Westra M., De Boer T.A. Safety in Forest and Nature? An Exploration of Subjective and Objective Aspects of Social and Physical Safety in Forest and Nature Areas, Alterra 2004, University of Wageningen, Netherlands.
88. Vanderveen G. Experiencing safety: proposing a novel approach to scout differences between men and women. Crime Victimization in Comparative Perspective: Results from the International Crime Victims Survey 2002, 1989-2000. Federation Press, Annandale. P. Nieuwbeerta (Ed.).
89. Westover T.N. Perceptions of crime and safety in three Midwestern Parks. Prof. Geogr. 1985, 37:410-420.
90. Wilhelm-Stanis S.A., Schneider I.E., Pereira M.A. Parks and health: differences in constraints and negotiation strategies for park-based leisure time physical activity by stage of change. J. Phys. Act. Health 2010, 7:273-284.
91. Wolfe M., Mennis J. Does vegetation encourage or suppress urban crime? Evidence from Philadelphia, PA. Landsc. Urban Plan. 2012, 108:112-122.
92. Yeoh B.S.A., Yeow P.L. Where women fear to tread: images of danger and the effects of fear of crime in Singapore. GeoJournal 1997, 43:273-286.
93. Yokohari M., Amemiya M., Amati M. The history and future directions of greenways in Japanese new towns. Landsc. Urban Plan. 2006, 76:210-222.