Tracers of Ocean Mixing

Treatise on Geochemistry

Volumn 6-9, Issue , 2003, Pages 223-246

  Jenkins, W J ^a  

^a WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; BIOGEOCHEMISTRY; INDICATORS (CHEMICAL); MIXING; OCEANOGRAPHY;

BACTERIAL DEGRADATION; BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE; BIOGEOCHEMICAL PROCESS; BIOLOGICAL FIXATION; BIOLOGICAL-CHEMICAL PROCESS; GEOCHEMICAL ELEMENTS; GEOLOGICAL PROCESS; OCEAN MIXING; PHYSICAL PROCESS; UPPER OCEAN;

DISSOLVED OXYGEN;

EID: 84942436265     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B0-08-043751-6/06110-7     Document Type: Chapter

References (130)

1. An S.-I., Jin F.-F. Collective role of thermocline and advective feedbacks in the ENSO mode. J. Climatol. 2001, 14:3421-3432.
2. Armi L. Dynamics of the bottom boundary layer of the deep ocean. Bottom Turbulence, Proceedings of the 8th International Liege Colloqium on Ocean Hydrodynamics 1977, 153-164. Elsevier. J.C.J. Nihoul (Ed.).
3. Armi L. The effects of variations in eddy diffusivity on property distributions in the ocean. J. Mar. Res. 1979, 37:515-530.
4. Armi L., D'Asaro E.A. Flow structures of the Benthic ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 1980, 85(C1):469-484.
5. Armi L., Millard R.C. The bottom boundary layer of the deep ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 1976, 81(27):4983-4990.
6. Armi L., Stommel H. Four views of a portion of the North Atlantic subtropical gyre. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 1983, 13:828-857.
7. Arons A.B., Stommel H. On the abyssal circulation of the world ocean: III. An advection-lateral mixing model of the distribution of a tracer property in an ocean basin. Deep-Sea Res. 1967, 14:441-457.
8. Broecker W.S., Peng T.H. Tracers in the Sea 1982, Eldigio Press.
9. 222Rn. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1968, 5:101-105.
10. Broecker W.S., Takahashi T., Li Y.-H. Hydrography of the central Atlantic: I. The two-degree discontinuity. Deep-Sea Res. 1976, 23:1083-1104.
11. Broecker W.S., Peng T.H., Stuiver M. An estimate of the upwelling rate in the equatorial Atlantic based on the distribution of bomb radiocarbon. J. Geophys. Res. 1978, 83(C12):6179-6186.
12. 2 into the deep-sea source regions. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1980, 49:438-463.
13. Broecker W.S., Takahashi T., Stuiver M. Hydrography of the central Atlantic: II. Waters beneath the two-degree discontinuity. Deep-Sea Res. 1980, 27A:397-419.
14. Broecker W.S., Peng T.H., Ostlund H.G., Stuiver M. The distribution of bomb radiocarbon in the ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 1985, 90(C4):6953-6970.
15. Bryan F. Parameter sensitivity of primitive equation ocean general circulation models. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 1987, 17(7):970-985.
16. Bullister J.L., Fine R.A., Smethie W.M., Warner M.J., Weiss R.F. Global integration and interpretation of WOCE CFC data. USWOCE Report 2000, 12:21-25.
17. Chung J.-Y., Craig H. Excess radon and temperature profiles from the eastern equatorial Pacific. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1972, 14:55-64.
18. Craig H. Abyssal carbon and radiocarbon in the Pacific. J. Geophys. Res. 1969, 74(23):5491-5506.
19. Csanady G.T. Turbulent Diffusion in the Environment 1972, Reidel.
20. Deleersnijder E., Campin J.-M., Delhez E.J.M. The concept of age in marine modelling: I. Theory and preliminary model results. J. Mar. Syst. 2001, 28:229-267.
21. Deleersnijder E., Mouchet A., Delhez E.J.M., Beckers J.-M. Transient behavior of water ages in the world ocean. Math. Comp. Model. 2002, 36:121-127.
22. Delhez E.J.M., Deleersnijder E., Mouchet A., Beckers J.-M. A note on the age of radioactive tracers. J. Mar. Syst. 2003, 38:277-286.
23. Deser C., Alexander M.A., Timlin M.S. Upper-ocean thermal variations in the North Pacific during 1970-1991. J. Clim. 1996, 9:1840-1855.
24. Doney S.C., Jenkins W.J. The effect of boundary conditions on tracer estimates of thermocline ventilation rates. J. Mar. Res. 1988, 46:947-965.
25. 3He distributions. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 1994, 24:638-659.
26. Doney S.C., Glover D.M., Jenkins W.J. A model function of the global bomb-tritium distribution in precipitation, 1960-1986. J. Geophys. Res. 1992, 97:5481-5492.
27. Doney S.C., Jenkins W.J., Bullister J.L. A comparison of ocean tracer dating techniques on a meridional section in the eastern North Atlantic. Deep-Sea Res. 1997, 44(4):603-626.
28. Druffel E.R.M. Radiocarbon in annual coral rings from the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1981, 8(1):59-61.
29. Eckart C. An analysis of the stirring and mixing processes in incompressible fluids. J. Mar. Res. 1948, 7(3):265-275.
30. England M.H. The age of water and ventilation timescales in a global ocean model. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 1995, 25(11):2756-2777.
31. England M.H. Using chlorofluorcarbons to assess ocean climate models. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1995, 22(22):3051-3054.
32. England M.H., Maier-Reimer E. Using chemical tracers to assess ocean models. Rev. Geophys. 2001, 39(1):29-70.
33. England M.H., Garcon V., Minster J.-F. CFC uptake in a world ocean model: 1. Sensitivity to the surface gas forcing. J. Geophys. Res. 1994, 99(C12):25215-25233.
34. Fine R.A., Molinari R.L. A continuous deep western boundary current between Abaco (26.5N) and Barbados (13N). Deep-Sea Res. 1988, 35(9):1441-1450.
35. Fine R.A., Reid J.L., Ostlund H.G. Circulation of tritium in the Pacific Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 1981, 11:3-14.
36. Fine R.A., Peterson W.H., Rooth C.G., Ostlund H.G. Cross-equatorial tracer transport in the upper waters of the Pacific Ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 1983, 88:763-769.
37. Fine R.A., Peterson W.H., Ostlund H.G. The penetration of tritium into the tropical Pacific. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 1987, 17:553-564.
38. Fine R.A., Maillet K.A., Sullivan K.F., Willey D. Circulation and ventilation flux of the Pacific Ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 2001, 106(C10):22159-22178.
39. Gargett A.E. Vertical eddy diffusivity in the ocean interior. J. Mar. Res. 1984, 42:359-393.
40. Gargett A.E., Holloway G. Dissipation and diffusion by internal wave breaking. J. Mar. Res. 1984, 42(1):15-27.
41. Garrett C. Mixing in the ocean interior. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans 1979, 3:239-265.
42. Garrett C. (1983) On the initial streakiness of a dispersing tracer in two- and three-dimensional turbulence. , -.
43. Garrett C. A mixing length interpretation of fluctuations in passive scalar concentration in homogeneous turbulence. J. Geophys. Res. 1989, 94(C7):9710-9712.
44. Gent P.R., McWilliams J.C. Isopycnal mixing in ocean circulation models. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 1990, 20:150-155.
45. Gent P.R., Willebrand J., McDougall T.J., McWilliams J.C. Parameterizing eddy-induced tracer transports in ocean circulation models. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 1995, 25:463-474.
46. Gu D., Philander S.G. Interdecadal climate fluctuations that depend on exchanges between the tropics and extratropics. Science 1997, 275:805-807.
47. Guilderson T., Schrag D. Abrupt shift in subsurface temperatures in the tropical Pacific associated with changes in El Niño. Science 1997, 281:240-243.
48. Haine T.W.N., Hall T.M. A generalized transport theory: water-mass composition and age. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 2002, 32:1932-1946.
49. Hall T.M., Haine T.W.N. On ocean transport diagnostics: the idealized age tracer and the age spectrum. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 2002, 32(6):1987-1991.
50. Hamann I.M., Swift J.H. A consistent inventory of water mass factors in the intermediate and deep Pacific Ocean derived from conservative tracers. Deep-Sea Res. 1991, 38(suppl.1):S129-S169.
51. 226Ra in the northeast Pacific. Oceanolog. Acta 1998, 21(4):533-542.
52. 3He in the Sargasso Sea. J. Mar. Res. 1980, 38:533-569.
53. Jenkins W.J. The use of tracers and water masses to estimate rates of respiration. Heterotrophic Activity in the Sea 1984, 391-403. Plenum. J.E. Hobbie, P.L. Williams (Eds.).
54. 3He in the beta triangle: observations of gyre ventilation and oxygen utilization rates. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 1987, 17:763-783.
55. Jenkins W.J. Using anthropogenic tritium and 3He to study subtropical gyre ventilation and circulation. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London 1988, A325:43-61.
56. Jenkins W.J. Determination of isopycnal diffusivity in the Sargasso Sea. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 1991, 21:1058-1061.
57. 3He. J. Geophys. Res. 1998, 103:15817-15831.
58. Jenkins W.J., Rhines P.B. Tritium in the deep North Atlantic Ocean. Nature 1980, 286:877-880.
59. Jenkins W.J., Wallace D.W.R. Tracer based inferences of new primary production in the sea. Primary Production and Biogeochemical Cycles in the Sea 1992, 299-316. Plenum. P.G. Falkowski, A.D. Woodhead (Eds.).
60. Joyce T.M., Jenkins W.J. Spatial variability of subducted water in the North Atlantic. J. Geophys. Res. 1993, 98:10111-10124.
61. Kelley D., Van Scoy K.A. A basin-wide estimate of vertical mixing in the upper pycnocline: spreading of bomb tritium in the North Pacific Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 1999, 19:1759-1771.
62. Kunze E., Sanford T.B. Abyssal mixing: where it is not. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 1996, 26(10):2286-2296.
63. Ledwell J.R., Bratkovich A. A tracer study of mixing in the Santa Cruz basin. J. Geophys. Res. 1995, 100(C10):20681-20704.
64. Ledwell J.R., Hickey B.M. Evidence for enhanced boundary mixing in the Santa Monica basin. J. Geophys. Res. 1995, 100(C10):20665-20679.
65. Ledwell J.R., Watson A. The Santa Monica basin tracer experiment: a study of diapycnal and isopycnal mixing. J. Geophys. Res. 1991, 96(C5):8695-8718.
66. Ledwell J.R., Watson A.J., Law C.S. Evidence for slow mixing rates across the pycnocline from an open-ocean tracer-release experiment. Nature 1993, 364:701-703.
67. Ledwell J.R., Watson A., Law C.S. Mixing of a tracer in the pycnocline. J. Geophys. Res. 1998, 103(C10):21499-21529.
68. Ledwell J.R., Montgomery E.T., Polzin K.L., St. Laurent L.C., Schmitt R.W., Toole J.M. Evidence for enhanced mixing over rough topography in the abyssal ocean. Nature 2000, 403:179-182.
69. Li M., Garrett C. Mixed layer deepening due to Langmuir circulation. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 1997, 27(1):121-132.
70. Li Y.-H., Peng T.H., Broecker W.S., Ostlund H.G. The average vertical mixing coefficient for the oceanic thermocline. Tellus 1984, 36B:212-217.
71. Mackas D.L., Denman K.L., Bennett A.F. Least squares multiple tracer analysis of water mass composition. J. Geophys. Res. 1987, 92(C3):2907-2918.
72. McDougall T.J. Neutral surfaces in the ocean: implications for modelling. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1987, 14(8):797-800.
73. McWilliams J.C. Modelling of the general ocean circulation. Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech. 1996, 28:215-248.
74. Moore W.S. High fluxes of radium and barium from the mouth of the Ganges-Brahmaputra rivers during low river discharge suggest a large groundwater source. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1997, 150:141-150.
75. Moore W.S. The subterranean estuary: a reaction zone of groundwater and seawater. Mar. Chem. 1999, 65:111-125.
76. Moore W.S. Determining coastal mixing rates using radium isotopes. Continent. Shelf Res. 2000, 20:1993-2007.
77. Morris M.Y., Hall M.M., St.Laurent L.C., Hogg N.G. Abyssal mixing in the Brazil basin. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 2001, 31:3331-3348.
78. Munk W.H. Abyssal recipes. Deep-Sea Res. 1966, 13:707-730.
79. Musgrave D.L. A numerical study of the roles of subgyre-scale mixing and the western boundary current on homgenization of a passive tracer. J. Geophys. Res. 1985, 90(C4):7037-7043.
80. 3He in the thermocline. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 1990, 20:344-373.
81. Musgrave D.L., Chou J., Jenkins W.J. Application of a model of upper-ocean physics for studying seasonal cycles of oxygen. J. Geophys. Res. 1988, 93:15679-15700.
82. Okubo A. Oceanic diffusion diagrams. Deep-Sea Res. 1971, 18:789-802.
83. Olbers D., Wenzel M., Willebrand J. The inference of North Atlantic circulation patterns from climatological hydrographic data. Rev. Geophys. 1985, 23:313-356.
84. Pickart R.S., Hogg N.G., Smethie W.M. Determining the strength of the deep western boundary current using the chlorfluoromethane ratio. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 1989, 19(7):940-951.
85. Pickart R.S., Smethie W.M., Lazier J.R.N., Jones E.P., Jenkins W.J. Eddies of newly formed upper Labrador Sea Water. J. Geophys. Res. 1996, 101:20711-20726.
86. Polzin K.L., Toole J.M., Schmitt R.W. Finescale parametrizations of turbulent dissipation. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 1995, 25:306-328.
87. Polzin K.L., Toole J.M., Ledwell J.R., Schmitt R.W. Spatial variability of turbulent mixing in the abyssal ocean. Science 1997, 276:93-96.
88. Poole R., Tomczak M. Optimum multiparameter analysis of the water mass structure in the Atlantic Ocean thermocline. Deep-Sea Res. 1999, 46:1895-1921.
89. Quay P., Broecker W.S., Hesslein R.H., Schindler D.W. Vertical diffusion rates determined by tritium tracer experiments in the thermocline and hypolimnion of two lakes. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1980, 25(2):201-218.
90. Redi M.H. Oceanic isopycnal mixing by coordinate rotation. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 1982, 12:1154-1158.
91. Rhines P. B. and Young W. R. (1983) How rapidly is a passive scalar mixed within closed streamlines. J. Fluid Mech. , -.
92. 3He age in the eastern North Atlantic thermocline: evidence for changes in ventilation?. J. Mar. Res. 1998, 56:1125-1161.
93. Robbins P.E., Price J.F., Owens W.B., Jenkins W.J. On the importance of lateral diffusion for the ventilation of the lower thermocline in the subtropical North Atlantic. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 2000, 30:67-89.
94. 14C transient in the Pacific Ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 1999, 105(C4):8489-8512.
95. Rooth C.G., Ostlund H.G. Penetration of tritium into the North Atlantic thermocline. Deep-Sea Res. 1972, 19:481-492.
96. 222Rn standing crops in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1980, 49:341-350.
97. Sarmiento J.L., Biscaye P. Radon 222 in the Benthic boundary layer. J. Geophys. Res. 1986, 91(C1):833-844.
98. Sarmiento J.L., Feely H.W., Moore W.S., Bainbridge A.E., Broecker W.S. The relationship between vertical eddy diffusion and buoyancy gradient in the deep sea. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1976, 32:357-370.
99. Sarmiento J.L., Broecker W.S., Biscaye P. Excess bottom radon 222 distribution in deep ocean passages. J. Geophys. Res. 1978, 83(C10):5068-5076.
100. Sarmiento J.L., Rooth C.G., Broecker W.S. Radium 228 as a tracer of basin wide processes in the abyssal ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 1982, 87(C12):9694-9698.
101. 39Ar section in the northeast Atlantic deep water. J. Geophys. Res. 1985, 90(C4):6945-6952.
102. Schlosser P., Bonisch G., Kromer B., Muennich K. O., and Koltermann K. P. (1990) Ventilation rates of waters in the Nansen Basin of the Arctic Ocean derived from a multitracer approach. , -.
103. Schlosser P., Bonisch G., Rhein M., Bayer R. Reduction of deepwater formation in the Greenland Sea during the 1980s: evidence from tracer data. Science 1991, 251:1054-1056.
104. 39Ar distribution in the central Arctic Ocean: implications for deep water formation. Radiocarbon 1994, 36:327-343.
105. Schlosser P., Smethie W.M. Transient tracers as a tool to study variability of ocean circulation. Natural Variability on Decade-to-Century Time Scales 1995, 274-289. National Research Council. N.R. Council (Ed.).
106. 39Ar in the Greenland/Norwegian seas and the Nansen basin of the Arctic Ocean. Prog. Oceanogr. 1995, 35:1-28.
107. Schlosser P., Swift J.M., Lewis D., Pfirman S. The role of large-scale Arctic Ocean circulation on the transport of contaminants. Deep-Sea Res. 1995, 42(6):1341-1367.
108. Schlosser P., Bullister J.L., Fine R.A., Jenkins W.J., Key R.M., Lupton J.E., Roether W., Smethie W.M. Ocean Circulation and Climate: Observing and Modelling the Global Ocean. Transformation and age of water masses 2001, vol. 77:431-452. Academic Press. G. Siedler, J. Church, J. Gould (Eds.).
109. Schmitt R.W. Form of the temperature-salinity relationship in the central water: evidence for double-diffusive mixing. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 1981, 11:1015-1026.
110. Schmitt R.W. On the density ratio balance in the central water. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 1990, 20(6):900-906.
111. Schmitt R.W. Double diffusion in oceanography. Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech. 1994, 26:255-285.
112. Schmitt R.W. Double-diffusive convection. Ocean Modelling and Parametrization 1998, 215-234. Kluwer. E.P. Chassignet, J. Verron (Eds.).
113. Smethie W.M. Tracing the thermohaline circulation in the western North Atlantic using chlorofluorocarbons. Prog. Oceanogr. 1993, 31:51-99.
114. Spitzer W.S., Jenkins W.J. Rates of vertical mixing, gas exchange and new production: estimates from seasonal gas cycles in the upper ocean near Bermuda. J. Mar. Res. 1989, 47:169-196.
115. St.Laurent L.C., Schmitt R.W. The contribution of salt fingers to vertical mixing in the North Atlantic tracer release experiment. J. Geophys. Res. 1999, 29:1404-1424.
116. St.Laurent L.C., Toole J.M., Schmitt R.W. Buoyancy forcing by turbulence above rough topography in the abyssal Brazil basin. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 2001, 31:3476-3495.
117. Stommel H. Horizontal diffusion due to oceanic turbulence. J. Mar. Res. 1949, 8(3):199-225.
118. Sundermeyer M.A., Price J.F. Lateral mixing and the North Atlantic tracer release experiment: observations and numerical simulations of Lagrangian particles and a passive tracer. J. Geophys. Res. 1998, 103(C10):21481-21497.
119. Tennekes H., Lumley J.L. A First Course in Turbulence 1972, MIT Press.
120. Theile G., Sarmiento J.L. Tracer dating and ocean ventilation. J. Geophys. Res. 1990, 95:9377-9391.
121. Tomczak M. Some historical, theoretical and applied aspects of quantitative water mass analysis. J. Mar. Res. 1999, 57(3):275-303.
122. Tomczak M., Large D.G.B. Optimum multiparameter analysis of mixing in the thermocline of the eastern Indian Ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 1989, 94(C11):16141-16149.
123. Toole J.M., Polzin K.L., Schmitt R.W. Estimates of diapycnal mixing in the abyssal ocean. Science 1994, 264:1120-1123.
124. 224Ra distribution in surface and deep water of long island sound: sauces and horizontal transport rates. Continent. Shelf Res. 1996, 16(12):1545-1559.
125. Unterweger M.P., Coursey B.M., Schima F.J., Mann W.B. Preparation and calibration of the 1978 national bureau of standards tritiated-water standards. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isotopes 1980, 31:611-614.
126. Warner M.J., Weiss R.F. Solubilities of chlorofluorocarbons 11 and 12 in water and seawater. Deep-Sea Res. 1985, 32(12):1485-1497.
127. Warner M.J., Bullister J.L., Wisegarver D.P., Gammon R.H., Weiss R.F. Basin-wide distributions of chlorofluorcarbons CFC-11 and CFC-12 in the North Pacific, 1985-1989. J. Geophys. Res. 1996, 101:20525-20542.
128. Weiss W.M., Roether W. The rates of tritium input to the world oceans. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1980, 49:435-446.
129. Young W.R., Rhines P.B., Garrett C. Shear-flow dispersion, internal waves and horizontal mixing in the ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 1982, 12(6):515-527.
130. Zhang R.-H., Rothstein L.M., Busalacchi A.J. Origin of upper-ocean warming and El Niño change in decadal scales in the tropical Pacific Ocean. Nature 1998, 391:879-883.