Geochemistry of the Igneous Oceanic Crust

Treatise on Geochemistry

Volumn 3-9, Issue , 2003, Pages 433-463

  Klein, E M ^a  

^a DUKE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

OCEANOGRAPHY; SCHEMATIC DIAGRAMS; STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY; SUBMARINE GEOLOGY;

DIVERGENTS; HYDROTHERMAL CIRCULATION; MANTLE MELTING; OCEAN CRUST; OCEANIC CRUST; OFF-AXIS; PLATE BOUNDARIES; SOLID EARTH; SUBDUCTION ZONES; UPPER MANTLE;

SEAWATER;

EID: 84942434921     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B0-08-043751-6/03030-9     Document Type: Chapter

References (172)

1. Ahern J.L., Turcotte D.L. Magma migration beneath an ocean ridge. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1979, 45:115-122.
2. Allan J.F., Batiza R., Lonsdale P. Petrology and chemistry of lavas from seamounts flanking the East Pacific Rise, 21° N: implications concerning the mantle source composition for both seamount and adjacent EPR lavas. Am. Geophys. Union Monogr. 1987, 43:255-281.
3. Asimow P.D., Langmuir C.H. The importance of water to oceanic mantle melting regimes. Nature 2003, 421:815-820.
4. Asimow P.D., Hirschman M.M., Stolper E.M. An analysis of variations in isentropic melt productivity. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London Ser. A 1997, 355:255-281.
5. Asimow P.D., Hirschmann M.M., Stolper E.M. Calculation of peridotite partial melting from thermodynamic models of minerals and melts: IV. Adiabatic decompression and the composition and mean properties of mid-ocean ridge basalts. J. Petrol. 2001, 42:963-998.
6. Batiza R. Magmatic segmentation of mid-ocean ridges: a review. Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ. 1996, 103-130. Geological Society of America, Bath, UK, 118. C.J. MacLeod, P. Taylor, C.L. Walker (Eds.).
7. Batiza R., Vanko D. Petrology of young Pacific seamounts. J. Geophys. Res. 1984, 89:11235-11260.
8. Batiza R., Niu Y., Zayac W.C. Chemistry of seamounts near the East Pacific Rise: implications for the geometry of sub-axial mantle flow. Geology 1990, 18:1122-1125.
9. Batiza R., Niu Y., Karsten J.L., Boger W., Potts E., Norby L., Butler R. Steady and non-steady state magma chambers below the East Pacific Rise. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1996, 23:221-224.
10. Bedard J.H., Sparks R.S.J., Renner R., Cheadle M.J., Hallworth M.A. Peridotite sills and metasomatic gabbros in the Eastern Layered Series of the Rhum Complex. J. Geol. Soc. London 1988, 145:207-224.
11. Bender J.F., Hodges F.N., Bence A.E. Petrogenesis of basalts from the project FAMOUS area: experimental study from 0 to 15 kbars. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1978, 41:277-302.
12. Boudier F., Nicolas A., Benoit I. Magma chambers in the Oman Ophiolite: fed from the top and the bottom. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1996, 144:239-250.
13. Canales J.P., Detrick R.S., Bazin S., Harding A.J., Orcutt J.A. Off-axis crustal thickness across and along the East Pacific Rise within the MELT area. Science 1998, 280:1218-1221.
14. Caress D.W., Burnett M.S., Orcutt J.A. Tomographic image of the axial low-velocity zone at 12 degrees 50' N on the East Pacific Rise. J. Geophys. Res. 1992, 97:9243-9263.
15. Castillo P.R., Klein E., Bender J., Langmuir C., Shirey S., Batiza R., White W. Petrology and Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope geochemistry of mid-ocean ridge basalt glasses from the 11°45' N to 15°00″ N segment of the East Pacific Rise. Geochem. Geophys. Geosys. 2000, 1. 1999GC000024.
16. Cawthorn R.G. Degrees of melting in mantle diapirs and the origin of ultrabasic liquids. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1975, 27:113-120.
17. Chauvel C., Hofmann A., Vidal P. HIMU-EM: the French-Polynesian connection. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1992, 110:99-119.
18. Cogley J.G. Continental margins and the extent and number of the continents. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys 1984, 22:101-122.
19. Coogan L.A., Gillis K.M., MacLeod C.J., Thompson G.M., Hekinian R. Petrology and geochemistry of the lower ocean crust formed at the East Pacific Rise and exposed at Hess Deep: a synthesis and new results. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 2002, 3. 2001GC000230.
20. Daines M.J., Richter F.M. An experimental method for directly determining the interconnectivity of melt in a partially molten system. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1988, 15:1459-1462.
21. Darbyshire F.A., White R.S., Priestley K.F. Structure of the crust and uppermost mantle of Iceland from a combined seismic and gravity study. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett 2000, 181:409-428.
22. Detrick R.S., Buhl P., Vera E., Mutter J., Orcutt J., Madsen J., Brocher T. Multi-channel seismic imaging of a crustal magma chamber along the East Pacific Rise. Nature 1987, 326:35-41.
23. Detrick R.S., Sinton J.M., Ito G., Canales J.P., Behn M., Blacic T., Cushman B., Dixon J.E., Graham D.W., Mahoney J.J. Correlated geophysical, geochemical, and volcanological manifestations of plume-ridge interaction along the Galapagos spreading center. Geochem. Geophys. Geosys. 2002, 3. doi:10.1029/2002GC000350.
24. Devey C.W., Albarede F., Cheminée J.-L., Michard A., Mühe R., Stoffers P. Active submarine volcanism on the Society hotspot swell (west Pacific): a geochemical study. J. Geophys. Res. 1990, 95:5049-5066.
25. Dewey J.F., Kidd S.F. Geometry of plate accretion. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 1977, 88:960-968.
26. Dick H.J.B., Fisher R.L., Bryan W.B. Mineralogic variability of the uppermost mantle along mid-ocean ridges. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1984, 69:88-106.
27. Douglass J., Schilling J.-G., Fontignie D. Plume-ridge interactions of the Discovery and Shona mantle plumes with the southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge (40°-55°S). J. Geophys. Res. 1999, 104:2941-2962.
28. Dupre B., Allegre C.J. Pb-Sr isotope variation in Indian Ocean basalts and mixing phenomena. Nature 1983, 303:142-146.
29. Eiler J.M., Schiano P., Kitchen N., Stolper E.M. Oxygen-isotope evidence for recycled crust in the sources of mid-ocean-ridge basalts. Nature 2000, 403:530-534.
30. Elthon D., Scarfe C.M. High-pressure phase equilibria of a high-magnesia basalt and the genesis of primary oceanic basalts. Am. Mineral. 1984, 69:1-15.
31. Faul U.H. Permeability of partially molten upper mantle rocks from experiments and percolation theory. J. Geophys. Res. 1997, 102:10299-10311.
32. Fornari D.J., Perfit M.R., Allan J.F., Batiza R., Haymon R., Barone A., Ryan W.B.F., Smith J., Srinken J., Puckman M. Geochemical and structural studies of the Lamont seamounts: seamounts as indicators of mantle processess. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1988, 89:63-83.
33. Fowler C.M.R., Keen C.E. Oceanic crustal structure: Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 45 degrees N. Geophys. J. Roy. Astronom. Soc. 1979, 56:219-226.
34. Francheteau J., Armijo R., Cheminee J.L., Hekinian R., Lonsdale P., Blum N. 1 Ma East Pacific Rise oceanic crust and uppermost mantle exposed by rifting in Hess Deep (Equatorial Pacific Ocean). Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1990, 101:281-295.
35. Francheteau J., Armijo R., Cheminee J.L., Hekinian R., Lonsdale P., Blum N. Dyke complex of the East Pacific Rise exposed in the walls of Hess Deep and the structure of the upper oceanic crust. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1992, 111:109-121.
36. Gast P.W. Trace element fractionation and the origin of tholeiitic and alkaline magma types. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1968, 32:1057-1068.
37. Ghiorso M.S., Sack R.O. Chemical mass transfer in magmatic processes: IV. A revised and internally consistent thermodynamic model for the interpolation and extrapolation of liquid-solid equilibria in magmatic systems at elevated temperatures and pressures. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 1995, 119:197-212.
38. Ghiorso M.S., Hirschmann M.M., Reiners P.W., Kress V.C. The pMELTS: a revision of MELTS for improved calculation of phase relations and major element partitioning related to partial melting of the mantle to 3 GPa. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 2002, 3:1030. doi:10.1029/2001GC000217.
39. Gillis K.M. Controls on hydrothermal alteration in a section of fast-spreading oceanic crust. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1995, 134:473-489.
40. 230Th disequilibrium. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1992, 109:255-272.
41. Goldstein S.J., Perfit M.R., Batiza R., Fornari D.J., Murrell M.T. Off-axis volcanism at the East Pacific Rise detected by uranium-series dating of basalts. Nature 1994, 367:157-159.
42. Graham D., Zindler A., Kurz M., Jenkins W., Batiza R., Staudigel H. He, Pb, Sr, and Nd isotope constraints on magma genesis and mantle heterogeneity beneath young Pacific seamounts. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 1988, 99:446-463.
43. Grove T.L., Bryan W.B. Fractionation of pyroxene-phyric MORB at low pressure: an experimental study. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 1983, 84:293-309.
44. Grove T.L., Kinzler R.J., Bryan W.B. Natural and experimental phase relations of lavas from Serocki volcano. Proc. ODP, Sci. Results 1990, 106/109:9-17.
45. Hamelin B., Dupre B., Allegre C.J. Pb-Sr-Nd isotopic data of Indian Ocean ridges: new evidence of large-scale mapping of mantle heterogeneities. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1986, 76:288-298.
46. Hanan B.B., Kingsley R.H., Schilling J.-G. Pb isotope evidence in the South Atlantic for migrating ridge-hotspot interactions. Nature 1986, 322:137-144.
47. Hanson G.N. Geochemical evolution of the suboceanic mantle. J. Geol. Soc. London 1977, 134:235-260.
48. Hart S.R. A large-scale anomaly in the Southern Hemisphere mantle. Nature 1984, 309:753-757.
49. Hart S., Zindler A. Constraints on the nature and development of chemical heterogeneities in the mantle. Mantle Convection: Plate Tectonics and Global Dynamics 1989, 261-387. Gordon and Breach, New York. W.D. Peltier (Ed.).
50. Hekinian R., Thompson G., Bideau D. Axial and off-axial heterogeneity of basaltic rocks from the East Pacific Rise at 12°35'N-12°51'N and 11°26'N-11°30'N. J. Geophys. Res. 1989, 94:17437-17463.
51. Hémond C., Devey C.W., Chauvel C. Source compositions and melting processes in the Society and Austral plumes (South Pacific Ocean): element and isotope (Sr, Nd, Pb, Th) geochemistry. Chem. Geol. 1994, 115:7-45.
52. Hirschmann M.M., Stolper E.M. A possible role for garnet pyroxenite in the origin of the "garnet signature" in MORB. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 1996, 124:185-208.
53. Hirschmann M.M., Ghiorso M.S., Stolper E.M. Calculation of peridotite partial melting from thermodynamic models of minerals and metals: III. Controls on isobaric melt production and the effect of water on melt production. J. Petrol. 1999, 40:831-851.
54. Hofmann A.W., Jochun K., Seufert M., White W.M. Nb and Pb in basalts: new constraints on mantle evolution. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1986, 79:33-45.
55. Hooft E.E.E., Detrick R.S., Toomey D.R., Collins J.A., Lin J. Crustal thickness and structure alone three contrasting spreading segments of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 33.5 degrees-3.5 degrees N. J. Geophys. Res. 2000, 105:8205-8226.
56. Humler E., Langmuir C., Daux V. Depth versus age: new perspectives from the chemical compositions of ancient crust. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1999, 173:7-23.
57. Johnson K.T.M., Dick H.J.B. Open system melting and temporal and spatial variation of peridotite and basalt at the Atlantis II fracture zone. J. Geophys. Res. 1992, 97:9219-9241.
58. Johnson K.T.M., Dick H.J.B., Shimizu N. Melting in the oceanic upper mantle: an ion microprobe study of diopsides in abyssal peridotites. J. Geophys. Res. 1990, 95:2661-2678.
59. Jokat W., Ritzmann O., Scmidt-Aursch M. C., Drachev S., Gauger S., and Snow J. (2003) Geohysical evidence for reduced melt production on the Arctic ultraslow Gakkel mid-ocean ridge. Nature,423, 962-965
60. Karson J.A. Geologic structure of the uppermost oceanic crust created at fast- to intermediate-rate spreading centers. Annual Reviews 2002, vol. 30:347-384. R. Jeanloz, A.L. Albee, K.C. Burke (Eds.).
61. Karson J.A., Hurst S.D., Lonsdale P. Tectonic rotations of dikes in fast-spread oceanic crust exposed near Hess Deep. Geology 1992, 20:685-688.
62. Karson J.A., Klein E.M., Hurst S.D., Lee C.E., Rivizzigno P.A., Curewitz D., Morris A.K., the Hess Deep '99 Scientific Party J.L. Structure of uppermost fast-spread oceanic crust exposed at the Hess deep Rift: implications for subaxial processes at the East Pacific Rise. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 2002, 3. 2001GC000155.
63. Karsten J.L., Delaney J.R., Rhodes J.M., Liias R.A. Spatial and temporal evolution of magmatic systems beneath the Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge: Tectonic and petrologic constraints. J. Geophys. Res. 1990, 95:19235-19256.
64. Keen M.J., Klein E.M., Melson W.G. Ocean ridge basalt compositions correlated with palaeobathymetry. Nature 1990, 345:423-426.
65. Kelemen P.B., Shimizu N., Salters V.J.M. Extraction of mid-ocean-ridge basalt from the upwelling mantle by focused flow of melt in dunite channels. Nature 1995, 375:747-753.
66. Kelemen P.B., Koga K., Shimizu N. Geochemistry of gabbro sills in the crust-mantle transition zone of the Oman Ophiolite: implications for the origin of the oceanic lower crust. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1997, 146:475-488.
67. Kingsley R.H., Schilling J.-G. Plume-ridge interaction in the Easter-Salas y Gomez seamount chain-Easter microplate system: Pb isotope evidence. J. Geophys. Res. 1998, 103:24159-24177.
68. Kinzler R.J., Grove T.L. Primary magmas of mid-ocean ridge basalts: 2. Applications. J. Geophys. Res. 1992, 97:6907-6926.
69. Klein E. M. (1992) Ocean ridge basalt phenocryst compositions reveal variations in extent of melting V. M. Goldschmidt Conference, The Geochemical Society, A-60p.
70. Klein E.M. Earth science: spread thin in the Arctic. Nature 2003, 423:932-933.
71. Klein E.M., Karsten J.L. Ocean ridge basalts with convergent margin geochemical affinities from the Chile Ridge. Nature 1995, 374:52-57.
72. Klein E.M., Langmuir C.H. Global correlations of ocean ridge basalt chemistry with axial depth and crustal thickness. J. Geophys. Res. 1987, 92:8089-8115.
73. Klein E.M., Langmuir C.H. Local versus global variations in ocean ridge basalt composition: a reply. J. Geophys. Res. 1989, 94:4241-4252.
74. Klein E.M., Langmuir C.H., Staudigel H. Geochemistry of basalts from the Southeast Indian Ridge, 115°N-138°E. J. Geophys. Res. 1991, 96:2089-2108.
75. Klingelhöfer F.Géli L., Matias L., Steinsland N., Mohr J. Crustal structure of a super-slow spreading centre: a seismic refraction study of Mohns Ridge, 72°N. Geophys. J. Int. 2000, 141:509-526.
76. Kodaira S., Mjelde R., Gunnarsson K., Shirobara H., Shimamura H. Crustal structure of the Kolbeinsey Ridge, North Atlantic, obtained by use of ocean bottom seismographs. J. Geophys. Res. 1997, 102:3131-3151.
77. Korenaga J., Kelemen P.B. Origin of gabbro sills in the Moho transition zone of the Oman Ophiolite: implications for magma transport in the oceanic lower crust. J. Geophys. Res. 1997, 102:27729-27749.
78. Korenaga J., Kelemen P.B. Melt migration through the oceanic lower crust: a constraint from melt percolation modeling with finite solid diffusion. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1998, 156:1-11.
79. Lachenbruch A.H. Dyanmics of a passive spreading center. J. Geophys. Res. 1976, 81:1883-1902.
80. Langmuir C.H. Geochemical consequences of in situ crystallization. Nature 1989, 340:199-205.
81. Langmuir C.H., Hanson G.N. An evaluation of major element heterogeneity in the mantle sources of basalts. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London 1980, 297:383-407.
82. Langmuir C.H., Hanson G.N. Calculating mineral-melt equilibria with stoichiometry, mass balance, and single-component distribution coefficients. Thermodynamics of Minerals and Melts, Advances in Physical Geochemistry 1981, vol. 1:247-271. Springer, New York. R.C. Newton, A. Navrotsky, B.J. Wood (Eds.).
83. Langmuir C.H., Bender J.F., Batiza R. Petrologic and tectonic segmentation of the East Pacific Rise between 5°30'-14°30' N. Nature 1986, 322:422-429.
84. Langmuir C.H., Klein E.M., Plank T. Petrological systematics of mid-ocean ridge basalts: constraints on melt generation beneath ocean ridges. Am. Geophys. Union, Geophys. Monogr. Ser. 1992, vol. 71:183-280. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC. J.P. Morgan, D.K. Blackman, J.M. Sinton (Eds.).
85. LeDouaran S. Axial depth anomalies from 10 to 50 degrees north along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: correlation with other mantle properties. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1981, 54:29-47.
86. Lehnert K., Su Y., Langmuir C.H., Sarbas B., Nohl U. A global geochemical database structure for rocks. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 2000, 1. 10.1029/1999GC000026.
87. Longhi J. Comparative liquidus equilibria of hypersthene-normative basalts at low pressure. Am. Mineral. 1991, 76:785-800.
88. Lonsdale P. Structural pattern of the Galapagos Microplate and evolution of the Galapagos triple junctions. J. Geophys. Res. 1988, 93:13551-13574.
89. Lonsdale P., Blum N., Puchelt H. The RRR triple junction at the southern end of the Pacific-Cocos East Pacific Rise. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1992, 109:73-85.
90. Lundstrom C.C., Sampson D.E., Perfit M.R., Gill J., Williams Q. Insights into mid-ocean ridge basalt petrogenesis: U-series disequilibria from the Siqueiros Transform, Lamont Seamounts, and East Pacific Rise. J. Geophys. Res. 1999, 104:13035-13048.
91. Macdonald K.C., Fox P.J. The axial summit graben and cross-sectional shape of the East Pacific Rise as indicators of axial magma chambers and recent volcanic eruptions. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1988, 88:119-131.
92. Macdonald K.C., Fox P., Perram L., Eisen M., Haymon R., Miller S., Carbotte S., Cormier M., Shor A. A new view of the mid-ocean ridge from the behavior of ridge axis discontinuities. Nature 1988, 335:217-225.
93. Mahoney J.J., Natland J.H., White W.M., Poreda R., Bloomer S.H., Fisher R.L., Baxter A.N. Isotopic and geochemical provinces of the Western Indian ocean spreading centers. J. Geophys. Res. 1989, 94:4033-4052.
94. McClain K.J., Lewis B.T.R. Geophysical evidence for the absence of a crustal magma chamber under the northern Juan de Fuca Ridge: a contrast with ROSE results. J. Geophys. Res. 1982, 87:8477-8489.
95. McKenzie D. The generation and compaction of partially molten rock. J. Petrol. 1984, 25:713-765.
96. McKenzie D. The extraction of magma from the crust and mantle. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1985, 74:81-91.
97. McKenzie D., Bickle M.J. The volume and composition of melt generated by extension of the lithosphere. J. Petrol. 1988, 29:625-679.
98. Melson W.G., Byerly G.R., Nelson J.A., O'Hearn T., Wright T.L., Vallier T. A catalogue of the major element chemistry of abyssal volcanic glasses. Smithsonian Contrib. Earth Sci. 1977, 19:31-60.
99. Michael P.J., Bonatti E. Peridotite composition from the North Atlantic: regional and tectonic variations and implications for partial melting. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1985, 73:91-104.
100. Michael P.J., Cornell W.C. Influence of spreading rate and magma supply on crystallization and assimilation beneath mid-ocean ridges: evidence from chlorine and major element chemistry of mid-ocean ridge basalts. J. Geophys. Res. 1998, 103:18325-18356.
101. Michael P. J., Langmuir C. H., Dick H. J. B., Snow J. E., Goldstein S. L., Graham D. W., Lehnert K., Kurras G., Muhe R., and Edmonds H. N. (2003) Magmatic and amagmatic seafloor spreading at the ultraslow-spreading Gakkel ridge, Arctic Ocean. Nature,423, 956-961
102. Muller M.R., Minshull T.A., Timothy A., White R.S. Segmentation and melt supply at the Southwest Indian Ridge. Geology 1999, 27:867-870. (Boulder).
103. Mutter C.Z., Mutter J.C. Variations in thickness of Layer 3 dominated oceanic crustal structure. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1993, 117:295-317.
104. Natland J.H. Partial melting of a lithologically heterogeneous mantle: inferences from crystallization histories of magnesian abyssal tholeiites from the Siqueiros fracture zone. Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ. 1989, 41-70. Geological Society of London, London, 42. A.D. Saunders, M.J. Norry (Eds.).
105. Natland H., Dick H.J.B. Formation of the lower ocean crust and the crystallization of gabbroic cumulates at a very slowly spreading ridge. J. Volcanol. and Geotherm. Res. 2001, 110:191-233.
106. Navin D.A., Peirce C., Sinha M.C. The RAMESSES experiment II. Evidence for accumulated melt beneath a slow spreading ridge from wide-angle refraction and multichannel reflection seismic profiles. Geophys. J. Int. 1998, 135:746-772.
107. Nicolas A., Reuber I., Benn K. A new magma chamber model based on structural studies in the Oman Ophiolite. 1988, 151:87-105.
108. Nielsen R.L. EQUIL: a program for the modeling of low pressure differentiation processes in natural mafic magma bodies. Comput. Geosci. 1985, 11:531-546.
109. Nielsen R.L. The theory and application of a model of open magma system processes. In. Modern Methods of Petrology, Reviews in Mineralogy (eds. J. Nicholls and J. K. Russel). Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, DC 1990, vol. 24:65-106.
110. Nielsen R.L., Crum J., Bourgeois R., Hascall K., Forsythe L.M., Fisk M.R., Christie D.M. Melt inclusions in high-an plagioclase from the Gorda Ridge: an example of the local diversity of MORB parent magmas. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 1995, 122:34-50.
111. Niu Y., Batiza R. Chemical variation trends at fast and slow spreading mid-ocean ridges. J. Geophys. Res. 1993, 98:7887-7902.
112. Niu Y., Batiza R. Trace element evidence from seamounts for recycled oceanic crust in the eastern Pacific mantle. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1997, 148:471-483.
113. Niu Y., Collerson K., Batiza R., Wendt I., Regelous M. Origin of enriched-type mid-ocean ridge basalt at ridges far from mantle plumes, the East Pacific Rise at 11°20' N. J. Geophys. Res. 1999, 104:7067-7087.
114. Oxburgh E.R. Volcanism and mantle convection. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London 1965, 258:142-144.
115. Oxburgh E.R. Heat flow and magma genesis. Physics of Magmatic Processes 1980, 161-199. Princeton University Press. R.B. Hargraves (Ed.).
116. Pallister J.S., Hopson C.A. Samail ophiolite plutonic suite: field relations, phase variation, cryptic variation and layering, and a model of a spreading ridge magma chamber. J. Geophys. Res. 1981, 86:2593-2644.
117. Pedersen R.B., Furnes H. Nd- and Pb-isotopic variations through the upper oceanic crust in DSDP/ ODP Hole 504B, Costa Rica Rift. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2001, 189:221-235.
118. Penrose Conference Participants M.R. Penrose field conference on ophiolites. Geotimes 1972, 17:24-25.
119. Perfit M.R., Chadwick W.W.Jr., Magmatism at mid-ocean ridges: constraints from volcanological and geochemical investigations. Geophys Monogr. Ser. 1998, vol. 106:59-115. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC. W.R. Buck (Ed.).
120. Perfit M.R., Fornari D.J., Ridley W.I., Smith M.C., Bender J.F., Langmuir C.H., Haymon R.M. Small-scale spatial and temporal variations in mid-ocean ridge crest magmatic processes. Geology 1994, 22:375-379.
121. Phipps Morgan J. Melt migration beneath mid-ocean spreading centers. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1987, 14:1238-1241.
122. Phipps Morgan J., Chen Y.J. The genesis of oceanic crust: magma injection, hydrothermal circulation, and crustal flow. J. Geophy. Res. 1993, 98:6283-6297.
123. Plank T., Langmuir C.H. Effects of the melting regime on the composition of oceanic crust. J. Geophys. Res. 1992, 97:19749-19770.
124. Prinzhofer A., Lewin E., Allégre C.J. Stochastic melting of the marble cake mantle: evidence from local study of the East Pacific Rise at 12°50' N. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1989, 92:189-206.
125. Quick J.E., Denlinger R.P. Ductile deformation and the origin of layered gabbro in ophiolites. J. Geophys. Res. 1993, 98:14015-14027.
126. Rehkämper M., Hofmann A.W. Recycled ocean crust and sediment in Indian Ocean MORB. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1997, 147:93-106.
127. Reynolds J.R., Langmuir C.H., Bender J.F., Kastens K.A., Ryan W.B.F. Spatial and temporal variability in the geochemistry of basalt from the East Pacific Rise. Nature 1992, 359:493-499.
128. Ribe N.M. The deformation and compaction of partial molten zones. Geophys. J. Roy. Astron. Soc. 1985, 83:487-501.
129. Roeder P.L., Emslie R.F. Olivine-liquid equilibrium. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 1970, 29:275-289.
130. Salters J.M., Dick H.J.B. Mineralogy of the mid-ocean ridge basalt source from neodymium isotopic composition of abyssal peridotites. Nature 2002, 418:68-72.
131. Schilling J.-G. (1966) Rare earth fractionation in Hawaii volcanic rocks. PhD Dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
132. Schilling J.-G. Sea-floor evolution: rare-earth evidence. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London 1971, A268:663-706.
133. Schilling J.-G. Upper mantle heterogeneities and dynamics. Nature 1985, 314:62-67.
134. Schilling J.-G. Geochemical and isotopic variation along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge axis from 79°N to 0°N. The Geology of North America 1986, 137-156. Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO. P.R. Vogt, B.E. Tucholke (Eds.).
135. Schilling J.-G., Kingsley R.H., Devine J.D. Galapagos hot spot-spreading center system: 1. Spatial petrological and geochemical variations (83°W-101°W). J. Geophys. Res. 1982, 87:5593-5610.
136. Schilling J.-G., Zajac M., Evans R., Johnston T., White W., Devine J.D., Kingsley R. Petrological and geochemical variations along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge from 29°N to 73°N. Am. J. Sci. 1983, 283:510-586.
137. Schilling J.-G., Kingsley R.H., Hanan B.B., McCully B.L. Nd-Sr-Pb isotopic variations along the Gulf of Aden: evidence for Afar mantle plume-continental lithosphere interaction. J. Geophys. Res. 1992, 97:10927-10966.
138. Schouten H., Denham C. Virtual ocean crust. EOS, Trans., AGU 1995, 76:S48.
139. Scott D.R., Stevenson D.J. A self-consistent model of melting, magma migration, and buoyancy-driven circulation beneath mid-ocean ridges. J. Geophys. Res. 1989, 94:2973-2988.
140. Shaw D.M. Trace element fractionation during anatexis. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1970, 34:237-243.
141. Shen Y., Forsyth D.W. Geochemical constraints on initial and final depth of melting beneath mid-ocean ridges. J. Geophys. Res. 1995, 100:2211-2237.
142. Shimizu N. The geochemistry of olivine-hosted melt inclusions in a FAMOUS basalt ALV519-4-1. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 1998, 107:183-201.
143. Sinton C.W., Christie D.M., Coombs V.L., Nielsen R.L., Fisk M.R. Near primary melt inclusions in anorthite phenocrysts from the Galapagos Platform. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1993, 119:527-537.
144. Sinton J.M., Detrick R.S. Mid-ocean ridge magma chambers. J. Geophys. Res. 1992, 97:197-216.
145. Sinton J.M., Smaglik S.M., Mahoney J.J. Magmatic processes at superfast spreading mid-ocean ridges: glass compositional variations along the East Pacific Rise 13-23 S. J. Geophys. Res. 1991, 96:6133-6155.
146. Sinton J., Bergmanis E., Rubin K., Batiza R., Gregg T.K.P., Grönvold K., Macdonald K.C., White S.M. Volcanic eruptions on mid-ocean ridges: new evidence from the superfast spreading East Pacific Rise, 17°-19°S. J. Geophys. Res. 2002, 107. 10.1029/2000JB000090.
147. Sleep N.H. Segregation of magma from a mostly crystalline mush. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 1974, 85:1225-1232.
148. Sleep N.H. Tapping of magmas from ubiquitous mantle heterogeneities: an alternative to mantle plumes?. J. Geophy. Res. 1984, 89:10029-10041.
149. Smallwood J.R., White R.S. Crustal accretion at the Reykjanes Ridge, 61 degrees-62 degrees N. J. Geophys. Res. 1998, 103:5185-5201.
150. Sobolev A.V. Melt inclusions in minerals as a source of principle petrologic information. Petrology 1996, 4:209-220.
151. Sobolev A.V., Shimizu N. Ultra-depleted primary melt included in an olivine from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Nature 1993, 363:151-154.
152. Sours-Page R., Johnson K.T.M., Nielsen R.L., Karsten J.L. Local and regional variation of MORB parent magmas: evidence from melt inclusions from the Endeavour Segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 1999, 134:342-363.
153. Sours-Page R., Nielsen R.L., Batiza R. Melt inclusions as indicators of parental magma diversity on the northern East Pacific Rise. Chem. Geol. 2002, 183:237-261.
154. Sparks D.W., Parmentier E.M. Melt extraction from the mantle beneath spreading centers. Earth Planet Sci. Lett. 1991, 105:368-377.
155. Sparks R.S.J. Magma chambers: in situ differentiation in magma. Nature 1989, 340:187.
156. Sparks R.S.J., Huppert H.E., Turner J.S. Fluid dynamics of involved magma chambers. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London 1984, A310:511-534.
157. Spiegelman M., McKenzie D. Simple 2-D models for melt extraction at mid-ocean ridges and island arcs. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1987, 83:137-152.
158. Stewart M.A., Klein E.M., Karson J.A. The geochemistry of dikes and lavas from the north wall of the Hess Deep Rift: insights into the four-dimensional character of crustal construction at fast-spreading mid-ocean ridges. J. Geophys. Res. 2002, 107:2238. doi:10.1029/2001JB000545.
159. Stewart M. A., Klein E. M., Karson J. A., and Brophy J. G. (2003) Geochemical relationships between dikes and lavas at the Hess Deep Rift: implications for magma eruptibility. J. Geophys. Res.108, 10.1029/2001JB001622
160. Stolper E. A phase diagram for mid-ocean ridge basalts: preliminary results and implications for petrogenesis. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 1980, 74:13-27.
161. Sturm M., Klein E., Graham D., Karsten J. Age constraints on crustal recycling to the mantle beneath the southern Chile Ridge: He, Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope systematics. J. Geophys. Res. 1999, 104:5097-5114.
162. Sun S.-S., McDonough W.F. Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: implications for mantle composition and processes. Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ. 1989, 42:313-345. Geological Society of London, London. A.D. Saunders, M.J. Norry (Eds.).
163. Sun S.-S., Tatsumoto M., Schilling J.-G. Mantle plume mixing along the Reykjanes ridge axis: lead isotope evidence. Science 1975, 190:143-147.
164. Sun S.-S., Nesbitt R.W., Sharaskin A.Y. Geochemical characteristics of mid-ocean ridge basalts. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1979, 44:118-119.
165. Thompson G., Bryan W.B., Melson W.G. Geological and geophysical investigation of the mid-Cayman rise spreading center: geochemical variations and petrogenesis of basalt glasses. J. Geol. 1980, 88:41-55.
166. Toomey D.R., Purdy G.M., Solomon S., Wilcox W. The three dimensional seismic velocity structure of the East Pacific Rise near latitude 9°30'N. Nature 1990, 347:639-644.
167. Vlastelic I., Aslanian D., Dosso L., Bougault H., Olivet J.-L., Geli L. Large-scale chemical and thermal division of the Pacific mantle. Nature 1999, 399:345-350.
168. Vogt P.R. Portrait of a plate boundary: the Mid-Atlantic Ridge axis from the equator to Siberia. The Geology of North America, vol. M., plate 1986, 8A. Geological Society of America. P.R. Vogt, B.E. Tucholke (Eds.).
169. Walker D., Shibata T., DeLong S.E. Abyssal tholeiites from the Oceanographer Fraction Zone: II. Phase equilibria and mixing. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 1979, 70:111-125.
170. Weaver J.S., Langmuir C.H. Calculation of phase equilibrium in mineral-melt systems. Comput. Geosci. 1990, 16:1-19.
171. 204Pb in MORB and open system evolution of the depleted mantle. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1993, 115:211-226.
172. Zindler A., Staudigel H., Batiza R. Isotope and trace element geochemistry of young Pacific seamounts: implications from the scale of upper mantle heterogeneity. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1984, 70:175-195.