Task-rest modulation of basal ganglia connectivity in mild to moderate Parkinson’s disease

Brain Imaging and Behavior

Volumn 9, Issue 3, 2015, Pages 619-638

  Müller Oehring, Eva M ^a,c   Sullivan, Edith V ^a   Pfefferbaum, Adolf ^a,c   Huang, Neng C ^b   Poston, Kathleen L ^a   Bronte Stewart, Helen M ^a   Schulte, Tilman ^c  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b Valley Parkinson Clinic   (United States)

^c SRI INTERNATIONAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Cognitive control; fMRI; Neural compensation; Parkinson s disease; Response switching; Task related and resting state functional connectivity

Indexed keywords

DOPAMINE RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; LEVODOPA; MONOAMINE OXIDASE B INHIBITOR; ANTIPARKINSON AGENT;

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; BASAL GANGLION; BRAIN CORTEX; CAUDATE NUCLEUS; CLINICAL ARTICLE; COGNITION; COGNITIVE DEFECT; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CONNECTOME; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; FEMALE; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; HUMAN; IMAGE PROCESSING; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MOTOR CORTEX; MOTOR PERFORMANCE; NEUROMODULATION; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SCANNER; OCCIPITAL CORTEX; PARIETAL CORTEX; PARKINSON DISEASE; PRECUNEUS; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUTAMEN; RESPONSE TIME; REST; RESTING STATE NETWORK; STRIATE CORTEX; STROOP MATCH TO SAMPLE TASK; STROOP TEST; SUPRAMARGINAL GYRUS; TASK PERFORMANCE; TASK POSITIVE NETWORK; TASK REST MODULATION; TIME SERIES ANALYSIS; VOXEL BASED MORPHOMETRY; ATTENTION; BRAIN MAPPING; NERVE TRACT; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGY; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX;

AGED; ANTIPARKINSON AGENTS; ATTENTION; BASAL GANGLIA; BRAIN MAPPING; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; FEMALE; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NEURAL PATHWAYS; PARKINSON DISEASE; REST; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; STROOP TEST;

EID: 84942369270     PISSN: 19317557     EISSN: 19317565     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11682-014-9317-9     Document Type: Article

References (104)

1. Aarsland, D., Hutchinson, M., & Larsen, J. P. (2003). Cognitive, psychiatric and motor response to galantamine in Parkinson’s disease with dementia. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18, 937–941.
2. Aarsland, D., Bronnick, K., Williams-Gray, C., Weintraub, D., Marder, K., Kulisevsky, J., Burn, D., Barone, P., Pagonabarraga, J., Allcock, L., Santangelo, G., Foltynie, T., Janvin, C., Larsen, J. P., Barker, R. A., & Emre, M. (2010). Mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson disease: a multicenter pooled analysis. Neurology, 75, 1062–1069.
3. Albin, R. L., Young, A. B., & Penney, J. B. (1989). The functional anatomy of basal ganglia disorders. Trends in Neuroscience, 12, 366–75. Review.
4. Alexander, G. E., Crutcher, M. D., & DeLong, M. R. (1990). Basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits: parallel substrates for motor, oculomotor, “prefrontal” and “limbic” functions. Progress in Brain Research, 85, 119–146. Review.
5. Amaral, D. G., & Cowan, W. M. (1980). Subcortical afferents to the hippocampal formation in the monkey. The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 189, 573–591.
6. Arimura, N., Nakayama, Y., Yamagata, T., Tanji, J., & Hoshi, E. (2013). Involvement of the globus pallidus in behavioral goal determination and action specification. Journal of Neuroscience, 33, 13639–13653.
7. Baglio, F., Blasi, V., Falini, A., Farina, E., Mantovani, F., Olivotto, F., Scotti, G., Nemni, R., & Bozzali, M. (2011). Functional brain changes in early Parkinson’s disease during motor response and motor inhibition. Neurobiology of Aging, 32, 115–24.
8. Baudrexel, S., Witte, T., Seifried, C., von Wegner, F., Beissner, F., Klein, J. C., Steinmetz, H., Deichmann, R., Roeper, J., & Hilker, R. (2011). Resting state fMRI reveals increased subthalamic nucleus-motor cortex connectivity in Parkinson’s disease. Neuroimage, 55, 1728–38.
9. Baudrexel, S., Seifried, C., Penndorf, B., Klein, J. C., Middendorp, M., Steinmetz, H., Grünwald, F., & Hilker, R. (2014). The value of putaminal diffusion imaging versus 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography for the differential diagnosis of the Parkinson variant of multiple system atrophy. Movement Disorders, 29, 380–387.
10. Beck, A., Steer, R., & Brown, G. (1996). Manual for the beck depression inventory-II. San Antonio: Psychological Corporation.
11. Benjamini, Y., Drai, D., Elmer, G., Kafkafi, N., & Golani, I. (2001). Controlling the false discovery rate in behavior genetics research. Behavioural Brain Research, 125, 279–284.
12. Bergman, H., Feingold, A., Nini, A., Raz, A., Slovin, H., Abeles, M., & Vaadia, E. (1998). Physiological aspects of information processing in the basal ganglia of normal and parkinsonian primates. Trends in Neurosciences, 21, 32–38.
13. Betchen, S. A., & Kaplitt, M. (2003). Future and current surgical therapies in Parkinson’s disease. Current Opinion in Neurology, 16, 487–493.
14. Bhatia, K. P., & Marsden, C. D. (1994). The behavioural and motor consequences of focal lesions of the basal ganglia in man. Brain, 117, 859–876.
15. Boehler, C. N., Appelbaum, L. G., Krebs, R. M., Chen, L. C., & Woldorff, M. G. (2011). The role of stimulus salience and attentional capture across the neural hierarchy in a stop-signal task. PLoS One, 6, e26386.
16. Buhmann, C., Binkofski, F., Klein, C., Büchel, C., van Eimeren, T., Erdmann, C., Hedrich, K., Kasten, M., Hagenah, J., Deuschl, G., Pramstaller, P. P., & Siebner, H. R. (2005). Motor reorganization in asymptomatic carriers of a single mutant Parkin allele: a human model for presymptomatic parkinsonism. Brain, 128, 2281–2290.
17. Caballol, N., Martí, M. J., & Tolosa, E. (2007). Cognitive dysfunction and dementia in Parkinson disease. Movement disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society, 22, S358–366.
18. Cameron, I. G., Watanabe, M., Pari, G., & Munoz, D. P. (2010). Executive impairment in Parkinson’s disease: response automaticity and task switching. Neuropsychologia, 48, 1948–1957.
19. Camicioli, R., Gee, M., Bouchard, T. P., Fisher, N. J., Hanstock, C. C., Emery, D. J., & Martin, W. R. (2009). Voxel-based morphometry reveals extra-nigral atrophy patterns associated with dopamine refractory cognitive and motor impairment in parkinsonism. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, 15, 187–195.
20. Catalan, M. J., Ishii, K., Honda, M., Samii, A., & Hallett, M. (1999). A PET study of sequential finger movements of varying length in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Brain, 122, 483–495.
21. Cooper, J., Sagar, H., Doherty, S., Jordan, N., Tidswell, P., & Sullivan, E. (1992). Different effects of dopaminergic and anticholinergic therapies on cognitive and motor function in Parkinson’s disease. A follow-up study of untreated patients. Brain, 115, 1701–1725.
22. Costa, R. M., Lin, S. C., Sotnikova, T. D., Cyr, M., Gainetdinov, R. R., Caron, M. G., & Nicolelis, M. A. (2006). Rapid alterations in corticostriatal ensemble coordination during acute dopamine-dependent motor dysfunction. Neuron, 52(2), 359–369.
23. Crovitz, H. F., & Zener, K. (1962). A group-test for assessing hand- and eye-dominance. The American Journal of Psychology, 75, 271–276.
24. Damier, P., Hirsch, E. C., Agid, Y., & Graybiel, A. M. (1999). The substantia nigra of the human brain. II. Patterns of loss of dopamine-containing neurons in Parkinson’s disease. Brain, 122, 1437–1448.
25. Davis, S., Dennis, N., Daselaar, S., Fleck, M., & Cabeza, R. (2008). Que PASA? The posterior-anterior shift in aging. Cerebral Cortex, 18, 1201–1209.
26. DeLong, M. R., & Wichmann, T. (2007). Circuits and circuit disorders of the basal ganglia. Archives of Neurology, 64, 20–24. Review.
27. Desmond, J. E., & Glover, G. H. (2002). Estimating sample size in functional MRI (fMRI) neuroimaging studies: statistical power analyses. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 118, 115–128.
28. Dirnberger, G., & Jahanshahi, M. (2013). Executive dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease: a review. Journal of Neuropsychology, 7, 193–224.
29. Dubois, B., & Pillon, B. (1997). Cognitive deficits in Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Neurology, 244, 2–8. Review.
30. Dzirasa, K., Ramsey, A. J., Takahashi, D. Y., Stapleton, J., Potes, J. M., Williams, J. K., Gainetdinov, R. R., Sameshima, K., Caron, M. G., & Nicolelis, M. A. (2009). Hyperdopaminergia and NMDA receptor hypofunction disrupt neural phase signaling. Journal of Neuroscience, 29, 8215–8224.
31. Esposito, F., Tessitore, A., Giordano, A., De Micco, R., Paccone, A., Conforti, R., Pignataro, G., Annunziato, L., & Tedeschi, G. (2013). Rhythm-specific modulation of the sensorimotor network in drug-naive patients with Parkinson’s disease by levodopa. Brain, 136, 710–725.
32. Fahn, S., & Elton, R. L. (1987). Members of the UPDRS Development Committee. Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale. In D. Fahn, C. D. Marsden, D. Calne, & M. Goldstein (Eds.), Recent development in parkinson’s disease, Vol. 2 (pp. 153–163). Florham Park: Maacmillan Healthcare Information. 293–304.
33. Faust, M. E., Balota, D. A., Spieler, D. H., & Ferraro, F. R. (1999). Individual differences in information-processing rate and account: implications for group differences in response latency. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 777–799.
34. Fernández de Bobadilla, R., Pagonabarraga, J., Martínez-Horta, S., Pascual-Sedano, B., Campolongo, A., & Kulisevsky, J. (2013). Parkinson’s disease-cognitive rating scale: psychometrics for mild cognitive impairment. Movement Disorders, 28, 1376–1383.
35. Fling, B. W., Cohen, R. G., Mancini, M., Carpenter, S. D., Fair, D. A., Nutt, J. G., & Horak, F. B. (2014). Functional reorganization of the locomotor network in Parkinson patients with freezing of gait. PLoS One, 9, e100291.
36. Fuentes, R., Petersson, P., Siesser, W., Caron, M. G., & Nicolelis, M. A. (2009). Spinal cord stimulation restores locomotion in animal models of Parkinson’s disease. Science, 323, 1578–1582.
37. Gelb, D. J., Oliver, E., & Gilman, S. (1999). Diagnostic criteria for Parkinson disease. Archives of Neurology, 56, 33–39.
38. Giguere, M., & Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1988). Mediodorsal nucleus: areal, laminar, and tangential distribution of afferents and efferents in the frontal lobe of rhesus monkeys. The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 277, 195–213.
39. Grahn, J. A., Parkinson, J. A., & Owen, A. M. (2008). The cognitive functions of the caudate nucleus. Progress in Neurobiology, 86, 141–55.
40. Graybiel, A. M., Aosaki, T., Flaherty, A. W., & Kimura, M. (1994). The basal ganglia and adaptive motor control. Science, 265, 1826–1831.
41. Greenhouse, I., Gould, S., Houser, M., & Aron, A. R. (2013). Stimulation of contacts in ventral but not dorsal subthalamic nucleus normalizes response switching in Parkinson’s disease. Neuropsychologia, 51, 1302–1309.
42. Haber, S. N., & Calzavara, R. (2009). The cortico-basal ganglia integrative network: the role of the thalamus. Brain Research Bulletin, 78, 69–74.
43. Hacker, C. D., Perlmutter, J. S., Criswell, S. R., Ances, B. M., & Snyder, A. Z. (2012). Resting state functional connectivity of the striatum in Parkinson’s disease. Brain, 135, 3699–3711.
44. Harrison, B. J., Shaw, M., Yücel, M., Purcell, R., Brewer, W. J., Strother, S. C., Egan, G. F., Olver, J. S., Nathan, P. J., & Pantelis, C. (2005). Functional connectivity during Stroop task performance. Neuroimage, 24, 181–191.
45. Hartberg, C. B., Sundet, K., Rimol, L. M., Haukvik, U. K., Lange, E. H., Nesvåg, R., Melle, I., Andreassen, O. A., & Agartz, I. (2011). Subcortical brain volumes relate to neurocognition in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder and healthy controls. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biological Psychiatry, 35, 1122–1130.
46. Helmich, R. C., Derikx, L. C., Bakker, M., Scheeringa, R., Bloem, B. R., & Toni, I. (2010). Spatial remapping of cortico-striatal connectivity in Parkinson’s disease. Cerebral Cortex, 20, 1175–1186.
47. Helmich, R. C., Janssen, M. J., Oyen, W. J., Bloem, B. R., & Toni, I. (2011). Pallidal dysfunction drives a cerebellothalamic circuit into Parkinson tremor. Annals of Neurology, 69, 269–281.
48. Herzog, J., Volkmann, J., Krack, P., Kopper, F., Pötter, M., Lorenz, D., Steinbach, M., Klebe, S., Hamel, W., Schrader, B., Weinert, D., Müller, D., Mehdorn, H. M., & Deuschl, G. (2003). Two-year follow-up of subthalamic deep brain stimulation in Parkinson’s disease. Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society, 18, 1332–1337.
49. Hoehn, M., & Yahr, M. (1967). Parkinsonism: onset, progression and mortality. Neurology, 17, 427–442.
50. Honey, G. D., Suckling, J., Zelaya, F., Long, C., Routledge, C., Jackson, S., Ng, V., Fletcher, P. C., Williams, S. C., Brown, J., & Bullmore, E. T. (2003). Dopaminergic drug effects on physiological connectivity in a human cortico-striato-thalamic system. Brain, 126, 1767–1781.
51. Jiménez, L., & Méndez, A. (2013). It is not what you expect: dissociating conflict adaptation from expectancies in a Stroop task. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance, 39, 271–284.
52. Jurica, P. J., Leitten, C. L., Mattis, S. (2004). DRS-2 Dementia Rating Scale-2. Professional manual: Psychological Assessment Resources.
53. Kim, S. H., Park, K. H., Sung, Y. H., Lee, Y. B., Park, H. M., & Shin, D. J. (2008). Dementia mimicking a sudden cognitive and behavioral change induced by left globus pallidus infarction: review of two cases. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 272, 178–182.
54. Kim, C., Johnson, N. F., & Gold, B. T. (2014). Conflict adaptation in prefrontal cortex: now you see it, now you don’t. Cortex, 50, 76–85.
55. Kirsch-Darrow, L., Fernandez, H. H., Marsiske, M., Okun, M. S., & Bowers, D. (2006). Dissociating apathy and depression in Parkinson disease. Neurology, 67, 33–38.
56. Koerts, J., Van Beilen, M., Tucha, O., Leenders, K. L., & Brouwer, W. H. (2011). Executive functioning in daily life in Parkinson’s disease: initiative, planning and multi-task performance. PLoS One, 6(12), e29254.
57. Kwak, Y., Peltier, S., Bohnen, N. I., Müller, M. L., Dayalu, P., & Seidler, R. D. (2010). Altered resting state cortico-striatal connectivity in mild to moderate stage Parkinson’s disease. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience, 4, 143.
58. Lebedev, A. V., Westman, E., Simmons, A., Lebedeva, A., Siepel, F. J., Pereira, J. B., & Aarsland, D. (2014). Large-scale resting state network correlates of cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease and related dopaminergic deficits. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience, 8, 45.
59. Leisman, G., & Melillo, R. (2013). The basal ganglia: motor and cognitive relationships in a clinical neurobehavioral context. Reviews in the Neurosciences, 24, 9–25.
60. Li, S., Arbuthnott, G. W., Jutras, M. J., Goldberg, J. A., & Jaeger, D. (2007). Resonant antidromic cortical circuit activation as a consequence of high-frequency subthalamic deepbrain stimulation. Journal of Neurophysiology, 98, 3525–3537.
61. Liu, X., Banich, M. T., Jacobson, B. L., & Tanabe, J. L. (2004). Common and distinct neural substrates of attentional control in an integrated Simon and spatial Stroop task as assessed by event-related fMRI. Neuroimage, 22, 1097–1106.
62. Matelli, M., Luppino, G., Fogassi, L., & Rizzolatti, G. (1989). Thalamic input to inferior area 6 and area 4 in the macaque monkey. The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 280, 468–488.
63. Martinu, K., & Monchi, O. (2013). Cortico-basal ganglia and cortico-cerebellar circuits in Parkinson’s disease: pathophysiology or compensation? Behavoral Neuroscience, 127, 222–236.
64. McNab, F., & Klingberg, T. (2008). Prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia control access to working memory. Nature Neuroscience, 11, 103–107.
65. Middleton, F. A., & Strick, P. L. (2000). Basal ganglia output and cognition: evidence from anatomical, behavioral, and clinical studies. Brain and Cognition, 42, 183–200.
66. Milham, M. P., & Banich, M. T. (2005). Anterior cingulate cortex: an fMRI analysis of conflict specificity and functional differentiation. Human Brain Mapping, 25, 328–335.
67. Murphy, K., Birn, R. M., Handwerker, D. A., Jones, T. B., & Bandettini, P. A. (2009). The impact of global signal regression on resting state correlations: are anti-correlated networks introduced? NeuroImage, 44, 893–905.
68. Nambu, A., Tokuno, H., & Takada, M. (2002). Functional significance of the cortico-subthalamo-pallidal 'hyperdirect' pathway. Neuroscience Research, 43, 111-117.
69. Norita, M., & Kawamura, K. (1980). Subcortical afferents to the monkey amygdala: an HRP study. Brain Research, 190, 225–230.
70. Obeso, I., Wilkinson, L., Casabona, E., Bringas, M. L., Álvarez, M., Álvarez, L., Pavón, N., Rodríguez-Oroz, M. C., Macías, R., Obeso, J. A., & Jahanshahi, M. (2011). Deficits in inhibitory control and conflict resolution on cognitive and motor tasks in Parkinson’s disease. Experimental Brain Research, 212, 371–384.
71. Obeso, I., Wilkinson, L., Rodríguez-Oroz, M. C., Obeso, J. A., & Jahanshahi, M. (2013). Bilateral stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus has differential effects on reactive and proactive inhibition and conflict-induced slowing in Parkinson’s disease. Experimental Brain Research, 226, 451–462.
72. Paolo, A. M., Tröster, A. I., Glatt, S. L., Hubble, J. P., & Koller, W. C. (1995). Differentiation of the dementias of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease with the dementia rating scale. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 8, 184–188.
73. Park, D. C., Polk, T. A., Mikels, J. A., Taylor, S. F., & Marshuetz, C. (2001). Cerebral aging: integration of brain and behavioral models of cognitive function. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 3, 151–165.
74. Pasquereau, B., Nadjar, A., Arkadir, D., Bezard, E., Goillandeau, M., Bioulac, B., Gross, C. E., & Boraud, T. (2007). Shaping of motor responses by incentive values through the basal ganglia. Journal of Neuroscience, 27(5), 1176–1183.
75. Pedraza, O., Lucas, J. A., Smith, G. E., Petersen, R. C., Graff-Radford, N. R., & Ivnik, R. J. (2010). Robust and expanded norms for the Dementia rating scale. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 25, 347–358.
76. Pirogovsky, E., Schiehser, D. M., Litvan, I., Obtera, K. M., Burke, M. M., Lessig, S. L., Song, D. D., Liu, L., & Filoteo, J. V. (2014). The utility of the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale in Parkinson’s disease mild cognitive impairment. Parkinsonism and Related Disorders, 20, 627–631.
77. Playford, E. D., Jenkins, I. H., Passingham, R. E., Nutt, J., Frackowiak, R. S., & Brooks, D. J. (1992). Impaired mesial frontal and putamen activation in Parkinson’s disease: a positron emission tomography study. Annals of Neurology, 32, 151–161.
78. Poline, J. B., Worsley, K. J., Evans, A. C., & Friston, K. J. (1997). Combining spatial extent and peak intensity to test for activations in functional imaging. Neuroimage, 5, 83–96.
79. Poston, K. L., & Eidelberg, D. (2012). Functional brain networks and abnormal connectivity in the movement disorders. Neuroimage, 62, 2261–2270.
80. Rodriguez-Oroz, M. C., Jahanshahi, M., Krack, P., Litvan, I., Macias, R., Bezard, E., & Obeso, J. A. (2009). Initial clinical manifestations of Parkinson’s disease: features and pathophysiological mechanisms. Lancet Neurology, 8, 1128–1139.
81. Ryan, N. S., Keihaninejad, S., Shakespeare, T. J., Lehmann, M., Crutch, S. J., Malone, I. B., Thornton, J. S., Mancini, L., Hyare, H., Yousry, T., Ridgway, G. R., Zhang, H., Modat, M., Alexander, D. C., Rossor, M. N., Ourselin, S., & Fox, N. C. (2013). Magnetic resonance imaging evidence for presymptomatic change in thalamus and caudate in familial Alzheimer’s disease. Brain, 136, 1399–1414.
82. Salo, R., Henik, A., & Robertson, L. C. (2001). Interpreting Stroop interference: an analysis of differences between task versions. Neuropsychology, 15, 462–471.
83. Sanchez-Lopez, J., Fernandez, T., Silva-Pereyra, J., Martinez Mesa, J. A., & Di Russo, F. (2014). Differences in visuo-motor control in skilled vs. novice martial arts athletes during sustained and transient attention tasks: a motor-related cortical potential study. PLoS One, 9, e91112.
84. Schulte, T., Mueller-Oehring, E. M., Rosenbloom, M. J., Pfefferbaum, A., & Sullivan, E. V. (2005). Differential effect of HIV infection and alcoholism on conflict processing, attentional allocation, and perceptual load: evidence from a Stroop Match-to-Sample task. Biological Psychiatry, 57, 67–75.
85. Schulte, T., Müller-Oehring, E. M., Javitz, H., Pfefferbaum, A., & Sullivan, E. V. (2008). Callosal compromise differentially affects conflict processing and attentional allocation in alcoholism, HIV, and their comorbidity. Brain Imaging and Behavior, 2, 27–38.
86. Schulte, T., Müller-Oehring, E. M., Vinco, S., Hoeft, F., Pfefferbaum, A., & Sullivan, E. V. (2009). Double dissociation between action-driven and perception-driven conflict resolution invoking anterior versus posterior brain systems. Neuroimage, 48(2), 381–390.
87. Schulte, T., Müller-Oehring, E. M., Chanraud, S., Rosenbloom, M. J., Pfefferbaum, A., & Sullivan, E. V. (2011). Age-related reorganization of functional networks for successful conflict resolution: a combined functional and structural MRI study. Neurobiology of Aging, 32, 2075–2090.
88. Song, D. D., & Haber, S. N. (2000). Striatal responses to partial dopaminergic lesion: evidence for compensatory sprouting. Journal of Neuroscience, 20, 5102–5114.
89. Stafford, T., & Gurney, K. N. (2007). Biologically constrained action selection improves cognitive control in a model of the Stroop task. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B Biological Sciences, 362, 1671–1684.
90. Stanic, D., Parish, C. L., Zhu, W. M., Krstew, E. V., Lawrence, A. J., Drago, J., Finkelstein, D. I., & Horne, M. K. (2003). Changes in function and ultrastructure of striatal dopaminergic terminals that regenerate following partial lesions of the SNpc. Journal of Neurochemistry, 86, 329–343.
91. Stebbins, G. T., & Goetz, C. G. (1998). Factor structure of the Unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale: motor examination section. Movement Disorders, 13, 633–636.
92. Steinhauser, M., & Hübner, R. (2009). Distinguishing response conflict and task conflict in the Stroop task: evidence from ex-Gaussian distribution analysis. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance, 35, 1398–1412.
93. Strafella, A. P., Ko, J. H., Grant, J., Fraraccio, M., & Monchi, O. (2005). Corticostriatal functional interactions in Parkinson’s disease: a rTMS/[11C]raclopride PET study. European Journal of Neuroscience, 22, 2946–2952.
94. Tessitore, A., Esposito, F., Vitale, C., Santangelo, G., Amboni, M., Russo, A., Corbo, D., Cirillo, G., Barone, P., & Tedeschi, G. (2012). Default-mode network connectivity in cognitively unimpaired patients with Parkinson disease. Neurology, 79, 2226–2232.
95. Utevsky, A. V., Smith, D. V., & Huettel, S. A. (2014). Precuneus is a functional core of the default-mode network. Journal of Neuroscience, 34, 932–940.
96. van Nuenen, B. F., Helmich, R. C., Buenen, N., van de Warrenburg, B. P., Bloem, B. R., & Toni, I. (2012). Compensatory activity in the extrastriate body area of Parkinson’s disease patients. Journal of Neuroscience, 32, 9546–9553.
97. Vandenbossche, J., Deroost, N., Soetens, E., Spildooren, J., Vercruysse, S., Nieuwboer, A., & Kerckhofs, E. (2011). Freezing of gait in Parkinson disease is associated with impaired conflict resolution. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 25, 765–773.
98. Vassar, S. D., Bordelon, Y. M., Hays, R. D., Diaz, N., Rausch, R., Mao, C., & Vickrey, B. G. (2012). Confirmatory factor analysis of the motor unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale. Parkinson’s Disease, 2012, 719167. doi:10.1155/2012/719167.
99. Wang, T., Chen, Z., Zhao, G., Hitchman, G., Liu, C., Zhao, X., Liu, Y., & Chen, A. (2014). Linking inter-individual differences in the conflict adaptation effect to spontaneous brain activity. Neuroimage, 90, 146–152.
100. Wu, T., & Hallett, M. (2005). A functional MRI study of automatic movements in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Brain, 128, 2250–2259.
101. Wu, T., Wang, L., Chen, Y., Zhao, C., Li, K., & Chan, P. (2009). Changes of functional connectivity of the motor network in the resting state in Parkinson’s disease. Neuroscience Letter, 460, 6–10.
102. Wu, T., Wang, J., Wang, C., Hallett, M., Zang, Y., Wu, X., & Chan, P. (2012). Basal ganglia circuits changes in Parkinson’s disease patients. Neuroscience Letter, 524, 55–59.
103. Wu, T., Liu, J., Zhang, H., Hallett, M., Zheng, Z., Chan, P. (2014). Attention to automatic movements in Parkinson's Disease: Modified automatic mode in the Striatum. Cerebral Cortex, Epub ahead of print.
104. Yu, H., Sternad, D., Corcos, D. M., & Vaillancourt, D. E. (2007). Role of hyperactive cerebellum and motor cortex in Parkinson’s disease. Neuroimage, 35, 222–233.