Out-of-pocket health expenditures and antimicrobial resistance in low-income and middle-income countries: An economic analysis

The Lancet Infectious Diseases

Volumn 15, Issue 10, 2015, Pages 1203-1210

  Alsan, Marcella ^a,c   Schoemaker, Lena ^a   Eggleston, Karen ^a,c   Kammili, Nagamani ^b   Kolli, Prasanthi ^b   Bhattacharya, Jay ^a,c  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b GANDHI MEDICAL COLLEGE   (India)

^c NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AFRICA; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; ARTICLE; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; HEALTH CARE COST; HEALTH CARE SYSTEM; HUMAN; INFECTION CONTROL; LOWEST INCOME GROUP; MIDDLE EAST; MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRY; ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT; OUTCOME VARIABLE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SOCIAL STATUS; SOUTHEAST ASIA; DEVELOPING COUNTRY; DRUG UTILIZATION; HEALTH; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA;

ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT;

ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; DRUG RESISTANCE, BACTERIAL; DRUG UTILIZATION; GLOBAL HEALTH; HEALTH EXPENDITURES; HUMANS;

EID: 84942194142     PISSN: 14733099     EISSN: 14744457     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00149-8     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. Antimicrobial resistance: global report on surveillance WHO, (accessed May 4, 2014). http://www.who.int/drugresistance/documents/surveillancereport/en/.
2. Wolkewitz M, Frank U, Philips G, Schumacher M, Davey P Mortality associated with in-hospital bacteremia caused by Staphylococcus aureus: a multistate analysis with follow-up beyond hospital discharge. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011, 66:381-386. for the BURDEN Study Group.
3. de Kraker ME, Davey PG, Gundmann H Mortality and hospital stay associated with resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteremia: estimating the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. PLoS Med 2011, 8:e1001104. for the BURDEN study group.
4. Antibiotic resistance threats in the United States, 2013 US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (accessed July 24, 2014). http://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/threat-report-2013/pdf/ar-threats-2013-508.pdf.
5. Howard DH, Scott DR The economic burden of drug resistance. Clin Infect Dis 2005, 41:S283-S286.
6. Okeke IN, Klugman K, Bhutta Z, et al. Antimicrobial resistance in developing countries II: strategies for containment. Lancet Infect Dis 2005, 5:568-580.
7. Mathew AG, Cissell R, Liamthong S Antibiotic resistance in bacteria associated with food animals: a United States perspective of livestock production. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2007, 4:115-133.
8. Levy SB, FitzGerald GB, Macone AB Spread of antibiotic-resistant plasmids from chicken to chicken and from chicken to man. Nature 1976, 260:40-42.
9. Webster P Poultry, politics, and antibiotic resistance. Lancet 2009, 374:773-774.
10. Glass SK, Pearl DL, McEwen SA, Finley R Canadian province-level risk factor analysis of macrolide consumption patterns (2000-2006). J Antimicrob Chemother 2010, 65:148-155.
11. Glass SK, Pearl DL, McEwen SA, Finley R A province-level risk factor analysis of fluoroquinolone consumption patterns in Canada. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010, 65:2019-2027.
12. Reed S, Sullivan S, Laxminarayan R Socioeconomic issues related to antibiotic use. Appropriate antibiotic use 2001, 41-46. The Royal Society of Medicine Press, London. D.E. Low (Ed.).
13. Byarugaba DK A view on antimicrobial resistance in developing countries and responsible risk factors. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2004, 24:105-110.
14. Laxminarayan R, Duse A, Wattal C, et al. Antibiotic resistance-the need for global solutions. Lancet Infect Dis 2013, 13:1057-1098.
15. Okeke IN Poverty and root causes of resistance in developing countries. Antimicrobial resistance in developing countries 2010, 27-35. Springer, New York, NY. A. Sosa, D.K. Byarugaba, C. Amabile, P.-R. Hsueh, S. Kariuki, I.N. Okeke (Eds.).
16. Okeke IN, Laxminarayan R, Bhutta ZA, et al. Antimicrobial resistance in developing countries. Part I: recent trends and current status. Lancet Infect Dis 2005, 5:481-493.
17. Okeke IN, Lamikanra A Quality and Bioavailability of tetracycline capsules in Nigerian semi-urban community. Int J Antimicrob Agents 1995, 5:245-250.
18. Garg CG, Karan KK Reducing out-of-pocket expenditures to reduce poverty: a disaggregated analysis at the rural-urban state level in India. Health Policy Plan 2008, 24:115-128.
19. Lorenz C Out-of-pocket household health expenditures and their use in National Health Accounts: Evidence from Pakistan 2009, Stanford University Working Paper Series on Health and Demographic Change in the Asia-Pacific.
20. Whitehead M, Dahlgren G, Evans T Equity and health sector reforms: can low-income countries escape the medical poverty trap?. Lancet 2001, 358:833-836.
21. World health survey 2003, WHO, World Health Organization, Geneva.
22. Clotfelter CT Public services, private substitutes, and the demand for protection against crime. Am Econ Rev 1977, 67:867-877.
23. World development indicators. 1960-2013 World Bank, (accessed May 24, 2014). http://data.worldbank.org/indicator.
24. Development of country profiles and monitoring of the pharmaceutical situation in countries: pharmaceutical sector country profiles data and reports WHO, (accessed May 24, 2014). http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/coordination/coordination_assessment/en/index1.html.
25. Nikaido H Multiple antibiotic resistance and efflux. Curr Opin Microbiol 1998, 1:516-523.
26. Wennberg J, Barnes B, Zubkoff M Professional uncertainty and the problem of supplier-induced demand. Soc Sci Med 1982, 16:811-824.
27. Clemens J, Gottlieb J Do physicians' financial incentives affect medical treatment and patient health?. Am Econ Rev 2014, 104:1320-1349.
28. Dong H, Bogg L, Rehnberg C, Diwan V Association between health insurance and antibiotics prescribing in four counties in rural China. Health Policy 1999, 48:29-45.
29. Goossens H, Ferech M, Stichele RV, Elseviers M Outpatient antibiotic use in Europe and association with resistance: a cross-national database study. Lancet 2005, 365:579-587. for the ESAC Project Group.
30. Newhouse J Free for all? Lessons from the RAND health insurance experiment 1993, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
31. Nitzan O, Low M, Lavi I, Hammerman A, Klang S, Raz R Variability in outpatient antimicrobial consumption in Israel. Infection 2010, 38:12-18.
32. Matuz M, Benko R, Doro P, et al. Regional variations in community consumption of antibiotics in Hungary, 1996-2003. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2006, 61:96-100.
33. Onwujekwe O, Kaur H, Dike N, et al. Quality of anti-malarial drugs provided by public and private healthcare providers in south-east Nigeria. Malar J 2009, 8:1-9.
34. Paruk F, Richards G, Scribante J, Bhagwanjee S, Mer M, Perrie H Antibiotic prescription practices and their relationship to outcome in South African intensive care units: findings of the Prevalence of Infection in South African Intensive Care Units (PISA) study. S Afr Med J 2012, 102:613-616.
35. Hoffman J A way to check that drugs are not counterfeit. The New York Times Sept 26, 2011, (accessed Nov 21, 2014). http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/27/health/27counterfeit.html?_r=2&.
36. Bagcchi S India will make 50 essential drugs available free of charge. BMJ 2014, 349:4321.
37. Indian government revives plans for free essential drugs. Economics and country risk IHS, (accessed Aug 7, 2014). http://www.ihs.com/products/global-insight/industry-economic-report.aspx?id=1065990151.
38. Chen Z Launch of the health-care reform plan in China. Lancet 2009, 373:1322-1323.