Poverty and root causes of resistance in developing countries

Antimicrobial Resistance in Developing Countries

Volumn 9780387893709, Issue , 2010, Pages 27-35

  Okeke, Iruka N ^a  

^a HAVERFORD COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 82655177026     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-89370-9_3     Document Type: Chapter

References (36)

1. Ballereau, F., Prazuck, T., Schrive, I., Lafleuriel, M., Rozec, D., Fisch, A., and Lafaix, C. 1997. Stability of essential drugs in the field: results of a study conducted over a two-year period in Burkina Faso. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 57:31-36.
2. Berkley, J. A., Lowe, B. S., Mwangi, I., Williams, T., Bauni, E., Mwarumba, S., Ngetsa, C., Slack, M. P., Njenga, S., Hart, C. A., Maitland, K., English, M., Marsh, K., and Scott, J. A. 2005. Bacteremia among children admitted to a rural hospital in Kenya. N. Engl. J. Med. 352:39-47.
3. Bi, P., Tong, S., and Parton, K. A. 2000. Family self-medication and antibiotics abuse for children and juveniles in a Chinese city. Soc. Sci. Med. 50:1445-1450.
4. D'Alessandro, U. and Buttiens, H. 2001. History and importance of antimalarial drug resistance. Trop. Med. Int. Health 6:845-848.
5. Ehrenberg, J. P. and Ault, S. K. 2005. Neglected diseases of neglected populations: thinking to reshape the determinants of health in Latin America and the Caribbean. BMC Public Health 5:119.
6. Engels, D., Madaras, T., Nyandwi, S., and Murray, J. 1995. Epidemic dysentery caused by Shigella dysenteriae type 1: a sentinel site surveillance of antimicrobial resistance patterns in Burundi. Bull. World Health Organ. 73:787-791.
7. Goma Epidemiology Group. 1995. Public health impact of Rwandan refugee crisis: what happened in Goma, Zaire, in July, 1994. Lancet 345:339-344.
8. Kariuki, S., Revathi, G., Kariuki, N., Kiiru, J., Mwituria, J., and Hart, C. A. 2006. Characterisation of community acquired non-typhoidal Salmonella from bacteraemia and diarrhoeal infections in children admitted to hospital in Nairobi, Kenya. BMC Microbiol. 6:101.
9. Kindermans, J. M., Vandenbergh, D., Vreeke, E., Olliaro, P., and D'Altilia, J. P. 2007. Estimating antimalarial drugs consumption in Africa before the switch to artemisininbased combination therapies (ACTs). Malar. J. 6:91.
10. Lamikanra, A. and Okeke, I. N. 1997. A study of the effect of the urban/rural divide on the incidence of antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli. Biomed. Lett. 55:91-97.
11. Lee, N. Y., Song, J. H., Kim, S., Peck, K. R., Ahn, K. M., Lee, S. I., Yang, Y., Li, J., Chongthaleong, A., Tiengrim, S., Aswapokee, N., Lin, T. Y., Wu, J. L., Chiu, C. H., Lalitha, M. K., Thomas, K., Cherian, T., Perera, J., Yee, T. T., Jamal, F., Warsa, U. C., Van, P. H., Carlos, C. C., Shibl, A. M., Jacobs, M. R., and Appelbaum, P. C. 2001. Carriage of antibiotic-resistant pneumococci among Asian children: a multinational surveillance by the Asian Network for Surveillance of Resistant Pathogens (ANSORP). Clin. Infect. Dis. 32:1463-1469.
12. Lester, S. C., del Pilar Pla, M., Wang, F., Perez Schael, I., Jiang, H., and O'Brien, T. F. 1990. The carriage of Escherichia coli resistant to antimicrobial agents by healthy children in Boston, in Caracas, Venezuela, and in Qin Pu, China. N. Engl. J. Med. 323:285-289.
13. Mthwalo, M., Wasas, A., Huebner, R., Koornhof, H. J., and Klugman, K. P. 1998. Antibiotic resistance of nasopharyngeal isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae from children in Lesotho. Bull. World Health Organ. 76:641-650.
14. Murray, C. J. and Lopez, A. D. 1997. Mortalityby cause for eight regionsofthe world: Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet 349:1269-1276.
15. Nys, S., Okeke, I. N., Kariuki, S., Dinant, G. J., Driessen, C., and Stobberingh, E. E. 2004. Antibiotic resistance of faecal Escherichia coli from healthy volunteers from eight developing countries. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 54:952-955.
16. Obadare, E. 2005. A crisis of trust: history, politics, religion and the polio controversy in Northern Nigeria. Patterns Prejudice 39:265-266.
17. Okeke, I. 2003. Antibiotic use and resistance in developing countries. In the resistance phenomenon in microbes and infectious disease vectors: implications for human health and strategies for containment - Workshop Summary, ed. S. Knobler, S. Lemon, M. Najafi, and T. Burroughs, pp. 132-139. Washington DC: Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Science.
18. Okeke, I. N., Fayinka, S. T., and Lamikanra, A. 2000. Antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli from Nigerian students, 1986 1998. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 6:393-396.
19. Okeke, I. N., and Lamikanra, A. 2003. Export of antimicrobial drugs by West African travelers. J. Travel. Med. 10:133-135.
20. Okeke, I. N., Klugman, K. P., Bhutta, Z. A., Duse, A. G., Jenkins, P., O'Brien, T. F., Pablos-Mendez, A., and Laxminarayan, R. 2005. Antimicrobial resistance in developing countries. Part II: strategies for containment. Lancet Infect. Dis. 5:568-580.
21. Okeke, I. N. 2006. Diagnostic insufficiency in Africa. Clin. Infect. Dis. 42:1501-1503.
22. Onwujekwe, O., Ojukwu, J., Shu, E., and Uzochukwu, B. 2007. Inequities in valuation of benefits, choice of drugs, and mode of payment for malaria treatment services provided by Community Health Workers in Nigeria. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 77:16-21.
23. Petti, C. A., Polage, C. R., Quinn, T. C., Ronald, A. R., and Sande, M. A. 2006. Laboratory medicine in Africa: a barrier to effective health care. Clin. Infect. Dis. 42:377-382.
24. Quagliarello, A. B., Parry, C. M., Hien, T. T., and Farrar, J. J. 2003. Factors associated with carriage of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae among Vietnamese children: a rural-urban divide. J. Health Popul. Nutr. 21:316-324.
25. Ringertz, S., Bellete, B., Karlsson, I., Ohman, G., Gedebou, M., and Kronvall, G. 1990. Antibiotic susceptibility of Escherichia coli isolates from inpatients with urinary tract infections in hospitals in Addis Ababa and Stockholm. Bull. World Health Organ. 68:61-68.
26. Schapira, A. 1994. A standard protocol for assessing the proportion of children presenting with febrile disease who suffer from malarial disease. Geneva: World Health Organization.
27. Siddique, A. K., Salam, A., Islam, M. S., Akram, K., Majumdar, R. N., Zaman, K., Fronczak, N., and Laston, S. 1995. Why treatment centres failed to prevent cholera deaths among Rwandan refugees in Goma, Zaire. Lancet 345:359-361.
28. Singh, J. A., Upshur, R., and Padayatchi, N. 2007. XDR-TB in South Africa: No time for denial or complacency. PLoS Med. 4:e50.
29. Songsore, J. 2004. Urbanization and health in Africa: exploring the interconnections between poverty, inequality and the burden of disease. Heath Clark Lecture delivered on June 2002 at the London School of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. Accra: Ghana Universities Press.
30. Toole, M. J., and Waldman, R. J. 1997. The public health aspects of complex emergencies and refugee situations. Annu. Rev. Public Health 18:283-312.
31. Tsegaye, G. 1998. Assessment of knowledge and practice in urban and rural communities in Jimma zone. J. Health Sci. 8:92-93.
32. Victora, C. G., Huicho, L., Amaral, J. J., Armstrong-Schellenberg, J., Manzi, F., Mason, E., and Scherpbier, R. 2006. Are health interventions implemented where they are most needed? District uptake of the integrated management of childhood illness strategy in Brazil, Peru and the United Republic of Tanzania. Bull. World Health Organ. 84:792-801.
33. Whyte, S. R., Geest, S. V. D., and Hardon, A. 2002. Social lives of medicines. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
34. Worku, S. and Abebe, G. 2003. Practice of self medication in Jimma town. Ethiop J. Health Dev. 17:111-116.
35. Zaidi, M. B., Zamora, E., Diaz, P., Tollefson, L., Fedorka-Cray, P. J., and Headrick, M. L. 2003. Risk factors for fecal quinolone-resistant Escherichia coli in Mexican children. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47:1999-2001.
36. Zhang, R., Eggleston, K., Rotimi, V., and Zeckhauser, R. J. 2006. Antibiotic resistance as a global threat: evidence from China, Kuwait and the United States. Global Health 2:6.